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New tensions arise between Sofia and Skopje over identity and history.
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As fickle as the recent moves of Yushchenko and his party may look, they highlight Our Ukraine's deep-seated motivations.
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European literature scholar Irena Grudzinska Gross kicks off an occasional series of informal essays on new books.
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New video footage of war crimes gives Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks an opportunity to roll out their myths about the Bosnian war.
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II a été demandé à un groupe de 30 personnes d'évaluer leur impression de l'intensité physique dans chacune des 22 strophes du poème ,,Eli, Eli, lama sabachtani!" de Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević. Bien que l'intensité ne soit pas directement décrie que dans une ou deux strophes,les appréciations des sujets concernant I'intensité sont homogènes; ceci veut dire qu'il est possible d'avoir une impression précise d'intensité meme si celle-ci n'est pas directement décrite. D'autre part, cette étude prouve également que les procédés stylistiques ont leurs réalisation s sonores correspondantes: la ligne d 'intensité évaluée pour tout le poème, où les endroits de l'intensité la plus forte et la plus faible se trouvent l'un à coté de l'autre, correspond à la structure stylistique dominante du poème - le contraste - et nous indique clairement les vers clés du poème.
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Im Aufsatz wird die Bedeutung der mündlich tradierten Dichtung für die kroatische literarische Nachkriegsprosa ausführlich dargestellt, damit aber auch die Bestimmung von Funktionalität und Kausalität der Poetik beider in ihrem zusammenhang nachgewiesen. Es ergibt sich der überzeugende Schluß, daß der Stoff der mündlich tradierten Dichtung, bedingt durch die Umwelt, in der diese Dichtung entsteht und lebt, von so entscheidender Bedeutung für die modeme kroatische Prosa ist, daß erst die Rücksichtnahme darauf einen umfassenden, zuverlässigen, zuweilen den einzig möglichen Erkenntnisweg zum schriftlichen Literaturwerk ermöglicht. Den im Aufsatz geführten Nachweis müßte auch die der mündlich tradierten Dichtung gewidmete Forschung zur Kenntnis nehmen, sowohl bei der Darstellung literarischer Sachverhalte in ihrem genetischen und kommunikativen Prozeß, wie auch als bedeutendes, bisher aber unbekannt gebliebenes Forschungsgebiet, ein Teilgebiet von Status und Schicksal des mündlichen Schöpferturns in der Gegenwart. In den Nachkriegsjahren nimmt die kroatische Kunstprosa keine einheitliche Stellung ein gegenüber der mündlichen Tradition, wie sie auch sonst Einheitlichkeit vermissen läßt. Als typisch und kohärent in ihrer Beziehung zur Sprache der Folklore, zu ihrem Umfang und ihrer Funktion ragt unter allen anderen eine Schrift stellergruppe hervor, die "durch ihre Herkunft mit Motivik und Thematik der Welt" von Dalmatinska Zagora (Hinterland von Dalmatien) verbunden ist. Sie verwerten die mündlich tradierte Dichtung primär als Ausdruck eines nationalen Fundamentalismus, während sie bei einigen anderen Autoren als Ausdruck eines individuellen Fundamentalismus erscheint. Abschließend werden interferente Gebiete des Mündlichen und des Schriftlichen in der sog. jungen Prosa aufgewiesen.
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Zu dem Leben und den Menschen, die ihn umgaben, verhielt sich Juraj Habdelic nicht auf konventionelle Weise bloß religiös-erzieherisch, er stand zu ihnen auch in menschlich emotiver Beziehung. Habdelics betont zum Ausdruck gebrachtes Mitgefühl mit den leibeigenen Bauern, seinem Volk, und ihrem schweren Leben, verleiht seiner Prosa einen starken humanen, literarisch bedeutsamen Charakter. Um diesen neuen Zug seiner Sprache zu gestalten, wußte er sich der ihm gebotenen sprachlichen Möglichkeiten schöpferisch zu bedienen. Obwohl er dem barocken Sprachstil seiner Zeit verhaftet blieb, wußte er die Ausdrucksfähigkeiten des Kajkawischen nach allen Seiten hin auszuweiten und sie schöpfensch zu heben. Effektvolle rhetorische Wiederholungen, psychologisch eindrucksvolle Steigerungen, sowie lebensnahe Metaphern mußten ihm dazu dienen, seine Thesen zu intensivieren und seinem Text überzeugungskraft mitzuteilen. Echte Stilkunst, auf Reichtum des Ausdrucks gegründet, hebt Habdelics didaktische Prosa häufig in den Bereich künstlerischer Werte.
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Linguists, especially during the last fifteen years, have become increasingly interested in situated language and communicative competence. The basic communication model (fig l) was first made relevent for literature by Jakobson building on Biihler (fig 2). In later linguistic communication models it was soon remarked that sender and source need not be one, nor need receiver and addressee. This is an important notion for critics and teachers of literature, since students frequently receive texts not direct but through the medium of another mind. More important the notion of noise came to be extended from physical to psychological noise, this refers to something in speaker or hearer preventing the message from being received as intended. Individuals have a repertoire of communication abilities which come into play both in sending and receiving messages. This repertoire is built up over time and composed of the whole amalgam of what makes us individuals. Layer on layer it is created from our linguistic skills, national, family, moral and social background, the jobs we do, the generation to which we belong. Linguistic competence and social competence together form our communicative competence. The more situations an individual can function in, in our sense the more writing he is capable of appreciating, the greater the breadth and sensitivity of his coifununication abilities. Fig 3 shows this extended model of communication. The vital area here is the shaded section. The more nearly sender's and receiver's repertoires coincide the more extensive will be the shaded section, and the more nearly will the message get through as intended. The relevance of this model for literature is clear. It would seem that an important part of our work as teachers and critics would be a reduction of psychological noise. But we must never forget that we too are part of the context of situation. We too are subject to psychological noise. Thus we have communication model 4. This is a double communication situation and a double possibility of noise, one between source repertoire and sender's (critic's or teacher's) repertoire and the second between critic's or teacher's repertoire and the repertoire of the ultimate addressee. In so far as there are a number of ultimate addressees then the noise will be different in each case. Multiple receivers means multiple kinds of noise. Another dimension of literary criticism and teaching made apparent by this model is the possibility for critics of succeeding generations, and for individuals within the course of their lifetime, to make continual reinterpretations and reassessments of literary works. This is possible because psychological mise becomes less or different and in the case of the students the final message received may be the culmination of the insights of many previous scholars and periods. A final model (no. 5) is a dynamic model as given by Argyle in the Psychology of Interpersonal Communication.
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The subject of this study is the issue of collapse of sociocultural systems as a specific kind of a cultural change. In this study I determine collapse as such, together with its basic features and mechanisms. The central category of the analysis is the phenomenon of complexity growth concerning sociocultural systems, which – as a secondary product of technological advancement – brings on one hand economic advantages and enables more feasible production of goods and services, but on the other hand it results into growth of entropy, manifestations of retardation and subsequent developmental regression. Paradoxically, as a consequence, the complexity growth changes into an indispensable necessity, which persists for reasons of securing inertial functionality of the society. Investments into complexity become more and more expensive and energy-intensive. Concomitant phenomena accompanying the complexity growth are surplus creation and ever decreasing profits. The scope of the study is to carry out an analysis of the complexity growth and collapse in the context of a wider range of interconnected demographic, economic, social, technologic and environmental factors. In the first part of the study I present sources and factors of collapse as a specific kind of a cultural change on the example of factors that caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire. In the second part the analysis focuses more on modern industrial societies and relative processes of economic integration and globalization. The crucial hypothesis is the statement that in current societies the threat of a collapse is linked to expansion of multinational companies. The study strives to contribute to theory of sociocultural change through culturological analysis of one of the most actual phenomena of the present time – complexity growth of the modern civilization.
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as the regulation of trust is representing a news within the Romanian legislation, its significance will be noted in the close future. Its regulation points out marked effect, presenting however, certain imperfections approached in the present study.
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The main objective of this paper consists in the reflection of the interdependence between comparative law and the law of the European Union, with necessary references to the foreign law, international law or European Union law, trying to emphasize the fact that - despite the peculiarities of each of these law branches with elements of transnational specificity - between them resides connections which reach the same common law principles. In the content of the paper, it is also presented a general perspective of the different characteristics of these types of legislations, the concepts could not have been misinterpreted, given the numerous citations of other papers that have analyzed the respective law branches from an exclusive perspective. Therefore the current paper aims at outlining the existence of the inter linkages between these law branches, offering a different analytical approach to some information previously treated individually and from a stiffer perspective.
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The sources of international human rights law are legal means to express the rules of this branch of law. An important role is played, in the contemporary period, in addition to international treaties, by custom, judicial decisions and doctrine in the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. Promoting the understanding of the development in today’s international human rights protection through this means represents the essence of the present article.
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Electoral fraud is a phenomenon affecting many contemporary democracies and a challenge for many electoral management bodies involved in running up of elections. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to election fraud, analyzing different forms of electoral corruption associated to the specific activities and periods of the electoral cycle can undoubtedly improve the integrity of elections, increase professionalism of electoral players, and constitute a guarantee of credibility in future electoral processes. This article intends to investigate the multiple facets of the complex phenomenon of electoral fraud – the definition of the concept, characteristics, electoral players, favoring factors associated with frauds or electoral corruption, electoral frauds in the context of the electoral cycle. At the end, the article will take into account current developments of technology in the prevention of electoral fraud.
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European Union has enormous public diplomacy potential – the combined “infopolitik” might of the 27 member states and the Commission is formidable at least in theory. It is true that there are several political and administrative obstacles to a unified and integrated EU.
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