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Sprawozdanie z cyklu seminariów pt. W poszukiwaniu nowych rozwiązań we wczesnej edukacji: Forum wymiany myśli i doświadczeń . Dolnośląska Szkoła Wyższa, Wrocław A report of the series of seminars entitled In search of new practices in early education: A forum for exchanging thoughts and experiences. Dolnośląska Szkoła Wyższa, Wrocław
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In this text I have taken up a reflection upon one of the most important works by J.J. Rousseau, “Confessions”. The book is considered to belong to personal literature, so I treated it as an autobiographical narration. In the methodological research I used both the category of a linguistic view of the world and the category of constructing an identity in the linguistic and cognitive analysis. On the one hand Rousseau’s work can be considered as an autobiographical narrative, but on the other hand it can be treated as fiction. And it is the dualism of construction that allows the interpretation of the text in many ways, formal or poetic, as well as referring to the writer’s life. I recommend reading Rousseau’ s biography again in order to see the intersection of history and fictitious reality, to reconstruct the linguistic strategy of giving meaning by J.J. Rousseau in constructing “Confessions” as well as in constructing identity.
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The 18th century brought a sequence of outlook changes to Europe. Although contemporary transformations occurred slowly, their scale exceeded the previously circumscribed frame. Interpenetration of various ideas and cultural achievements, as well as “transnational exchange”, supported information for the coming into existence of the first theories of childhood. One of such theories was born thanks to Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), thanks to which the Enlightenment and the Romanticism discovered the noble savage child immersed in nature. Reflection on the phenomenon of childlike philosophizing conducted exactly from the perspective of this romantic vision of the child is the purpose of this paper.
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The presented text focuses on the normative concept of the rights of the child. The inspiration to re-read this currently dynamic pedagogical and legal category is the persona and ideas of Jean- Jacques Rousseau. The presented reflections are an attempt at a new interpretation of the category of children’s rights in the context of pedagogical naturalism and the rationalism of a philosopher of the Enlightenment. This text may become an argument in defense of the concept of basing the relations between adults and children on the ideas of children’s rights. We are faced with the following question: To what extent does the category of children’s rights, as determined by positive law, and its ensuing implications in terms of children’s status and their relations with adults, result from the nature of man and society, and to what extent do they constitute a mere “pretence of decency”, becoming an enslaving category? Given the degraded nature of man, how can we justify the need to regulate children’s rights and develop education based on these rights, and to what extent do these rights in fact contribute to this degradation, becoming a source of children’s suffering? Contrary to appearances, the answers to these questions are not unequivocal. This text attempts to re-read and re-analyze the fundamental rights of the child set forth in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the main legal regulations that form its basis with reference to the ideas of the Enlightenment philosopher. The defense of the contemporary concept of children’s rights with reference to the thought of J.J. Rousseau is also a critical voice in the debate on the assumptions, form, and implementation of children’s rights in modern society.
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The paper takes into consideration the Foucauldian concept of confession as an analytical category attractive for educational research. The article consists of three parts. Part one, based on Michel Foucault’s lectures at the Collége de France and “The History of Sexuality”, contains definitions of the key concepts: “the regime of truth” and “the regime of confession”. Part two provides an overview of selected studies in which the category of confession was used in the analyses of contemporary education. The last part refers to the Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s “Confessions” and presents selected aspects of research on educational discourse in the light of the concept of confession.
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A few notes on knowledge of the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, “Émile, in other words – about upbringing” in Poland in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries “Émile, in other words – about upbringing”, the work by J.J. Rousseau published in 1762 was read relatively soon in Poland, and for a long time in French. We can see traces of “Emil” both in the memoirs of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, as well as in novels. Among the former, particularly interesting are the memoirs of women – Henrieta z Działyńskich Błędowska and Wiridianna Fiszerowa. They describe the upbringing practices of their childhood and also how they brought up their own children. By analyzing these memories one can see that the attitude towards Rousseau’s concept of upbringing was different: some have used his recommendations, and others criticized them. In the second group of sources one should mention the works of Ignacy Krasicki, Dymitr Michał Krajewski, or Fryderyk Skarbek, in which there are also references to upbringing and the human model described in the work of Rousseau.
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This article presents the findings of research into time accessibility of Szadek, analysed from individual transport perspective. In terms of spatial extent, the study covers the area of Łódź voivodeship. All analyses presented in the article were carried out in February 2015. The methods of time accessibility assessment used in this study include cumulative accessibility, transport-settlement efficiency ratio, and indicators based on the range and shape of ideal and theoretical isochrones. It has been assumed, for research purposes, that traffic regulations are the only factor affecting the speed of vehicle movement between Szadek and the remaining 43 towns of the region.
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The church under the invocation of the Holy Virgin Mary and St James the Apostle, destroyed by the Teutonic Knights in 1331, was soon reconstructed, most likely in a wooden version. Consecrated in 1335, the church existed in this form for over a century, until it was replaced in 1438–1448 by a church built of brick. In 1451 it was decorated with paintings by Jan of Wrocław. In 1551, Rev. Rafał Wargawsk covered the church with roof at his own expense. The 17th century was a period when Szadek was governed by starosts of the Wierzbowski family (coat of arms Jastrzębiec), who treated the church as family necropolis. Lack of repair and conservation caused considerable destruction of the church building. Restoration work was undertaken by Rev. Michał Zdzieniecki in 1788. The year 1802 brought a disaster – a fire destroyed the roof and the tower, only the walls and vaulting remained. A temporary shingle roof prevented a complete destruction of the building. The restoration which took place in 1868 changed the architectural appearance of the church building. Successive repair and restoration works were carried out in 1923–1924 and 1969–1971, but they did not change the outer appearance of the church.
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Szadek was liberated from German occupation on 20 January 1945 by the soldiers of 33 Army of the Belorussian Front and 9 Armoured Guard Corps. However, the advent of Red Army soldiers in Szadek commune had tragic consequences for some of the inhabitants. In the village of Kotlinki, 5 km west of Szadek, they killed seven people. After the end of the war, in the socialist period, according to the official propaganda it was the retreating Wermacht troops that were guilty of this tragedy. All the killed persons, except S. Kaczmarek and one of the Soviet soldiers, were buried in a collective grave at St Lawrence cemetery in Szadek.
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The requirement to keep the records of births, baptisms, marriages and deaths was decreed in 1563 by the Council of Trent. In Poland, this requirement started being observed quite soon, already at the end of the 16th century. In the parish of Korczew, the keeping of such records began in 1603. Until the World War II the registers for the years 1649–1805 were kept in the parish archive, from where they were taken away by the Nazis and most probably were destroyed. A preserved inspection report contains a list of these documents, which was included in an article for those who are interested in demographic research. Fortunately, the registers for the years 1806–1945 have survived and are kept in the Diocese Archive in Włocławek, the State Archive in Łódź and the Registry in Zduńska Wola. They contain a wealth of information interesting for both historians engaged in professional research and persons looking for records concerning their predecessors.
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The stamp of the shoemakers’ guild in Szadek was made at the beginning of the 19th century, in accordance with legal regulations of 1816, which reorganized craftsmen’s guilds in the Kingdom of Poland. These regulations, in force throughout the whole 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, defined the structure and the way of managing a guild, professional competences of masters and craftsmen, and rules for professional advance. The regulations of 1816 also affected the shape and functions of craftsmen’s stamps. Under these rules, a guild was governed by a board of elders, which was reflected in the legends of the stamps. The term “profession” to refer to the work of craftsmen was introduced at that time. The legend of the seal of the shoemakers’ guild in Szadek speaks about “the shoemakers’ profession”. As regards the appearance of craftsmen’s stamps, they differed from other official stamps (e.g. those of administrative authorities) of the Kingdom of Poland in that they contained elements representative of particular “professions”. In the case of Szadek shoemakers’ it was a high boot with a heel spur, a knife and an awl. This stamp was evidently carved by a very skilful engraver. It is now part of the collection of the Sieradz Museum.
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Thanks to a satirical poem attributed to Stanisław Ciołek, Mikołaj Bruchrink of Szadek is known not only from historical records, but also from literature. Mikołaj began his career about the year 1413, working in royal registry. A funny five-verse poem about the notary Bruchrink with a hole in his tooth refers to this period in his life. By writing it, the would-be deputy chancellor of king Władysław Jagiełło supposedly intended to dissuade him from supporting Hussites. In 1413 Mikołaj was appointed vicar of the Szadek parish, to be finally (in 1434) promoted to the post of canon in Łęczyca chapter.
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This article presents the results of geographical and historical research exploring rural settlement on royal lands within Szadek district in the pre-Partition period. In the first part the origins of the villages are examined, mainly on the basis of preserved documents, including their location and ownership/administrative status. They belonged either to a separate Szadek tenure or Sieradz starosty estate, or constituted isolated, small leaseholds on the monarch’s land. Next, analysis of socio-economic changes in the villages is carried out, based on tax registers of 1511, 1518 and 1552–1553, inspections and inventories of royal estates of 1564, 1616–1620, 1628–1632, 1659–1665, and hearth-tax rate of 1775. The study includes the demographic potential of the villages, their socio-agrarian structure, area, types of agricultural activity, profitability and sources of income, and the range of feudal dues. Dynamic and comparative research used in the study made it possible to identify development stages: period of economic prosperity and population growth (16th century), period of regress and depopulation (17th century), and period of restoration and economic reactivation (18th century).
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Peasants from Hessia and Badenia appeared in the Polish Kingdom in the years 1835–1837. The reasons for their emigration were the difficult economic situation in their countries of origin (overpopulation of villages) and encouragement by the Polish Kingdom government and owners of landed estates, who were interested in creating new villages in their lands. As a result, several such settlements were set up (Srebrna, Bechcice, Łobudzice) in the estate of Mikołaj Krzywiec Okołowicz, on the border of Kalisz and Mazowsze voivodeships. The assistance offered by the squire helped the newcomers overcome the difficulties of the first years in the new place. In later years their villages distinguished themselves positively by economic stability. The immigrants from Hessia (Protestants) maintained their distinct character in the Polish (Catholic) environment, while the peasants from Badenia (Catholics) integrated with the Polish population.
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