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In this article – based on selected examples and with no certainty that they havebeen aptly chosen – I would like to point out and make a preliminary analysisof certain positions in Polish public discourse which currently display strikingelements of transference in the sense of Dominick LaCapra’s meaning of theterm. They reverberate with reflections of Polish imagined community’s experiencesfrom the Occupation period. In this description, I shall rely on the classiccategor isation introduced by Raul Hilberg, successively discussing the identificationof subjects with the positions of perpetrator, victim and witness.
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The memory has a special meaning both in the Jewish as well as the Christian tradition.It differs from other religious and cultural traditions. Its heart comes fromthe commandments Zakhor, Remember which means the permanent actualisationof the events which founded and essentially shaped the identity of Jews andChristians. The notion of zikkaron (memorial) reveals the duty to be in relationwith the past in function of the present and the future in order not to be separatedfrom God. Thus these two traditions allow to their believers to discover andnot to lose the very sense of the human life with its most challenging aspects assuffering, weakness and death. Probably the most influential event in the historywithin this path of reflection was the Shoah, erroneously named Holocaust, thecata strophe which happened to the Jewish people in result of the Nazi ideology.If we don’t include this horrifying genocide into the Jewish, Christian and humanhistory as a subject of a deep biblical and profound thinking, we cannot avoid twotraps: to be fixed and lost in the past or to lose our memory and identity.
More...Uwagi na przykładzie wpisów dotyczących holokaustu na stronach serwisu Twitter.com
The paper presents hypertext as a matrix of contemporary forms of remembering.This text is a part of research focused on the representations of the Holocauston the Internet. The main thesis of this article is: the ways of remembering ofthe Holocaust on Twitter imply and form also the ways of oblivion of the past.The article consists of four main parts. First part, titled Open cognitive categories,refers to methodological issues. Second part, titled Hypertext as a mediumof postmemory, reveals relations between digital media and contemporary formsof remembering. Third part, titled Almost diary, shows examples of hypertextualrepresentations of the Holocaust on Twitter. Fourth part, titled Two vectors, concernsconfrontation between postmemory and postoblivion of the Holocaust.
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The aim of this paper is to introduce dilemmas and challenges connectedwith presenting the past and history to thanatourists. For this purpose, wewill explain the main features of dark tourism, which deals with the so calleddifficult/dissonant heritage. This characteristic will help to pay attention tothe difficulties with exhibiting dark objects, which, in the course of time, becomemore and more commercialized. The last problem, raised in this article,is confrontation between tour guides’ narration about history and its perceptionamong tourists representing different cultures. Information derived fromnon -directive interview with Cracow tour guides will serve as examples fortheoretical reflection.
More...Dzieło sztuki jako manifestacja postpamięci
The text is an attempt to determine the relationship between post -memory (or –in other words – “vicarious memory”) and art. Particular attention is given tovisual arts. The works of artists of the younger generation, such as Libera, Bałka,Żmijewski, and to some extent Betlejewski, who explored the memory of theShoah, were discussed. Their works can be considered a form of manifestationof post -memory. Assuming that the analysis of artistic phenomena is not possiblewithout reference to the social context in which art is created and its socialresponsibility, the works of these artists were confronted with the material tracesof memory (including Jedwabne, Kolno, Jeleniewo) that shape the social backgroundof artistic creativity, its reception and debate about it.
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In the post -memory discourse the visual and textual remains – images andnarrations – function as the main media connecting the present and the past.Whereas this text concentrates on the meaning of the body as a medium ofmemory transmission. On the one hand, recalling the corporeal aspects presentin Marianne Hirsch’s works, on the other – Rebecca Schneider’s the oriesplacing the question of the body as an archive in the very centre, as well asAlison Landsberg’s concept of prosthetic memories, the author shows howtoday’s theatre, performance and video art concerned with the issue of theShoah, try to offer the possibility of the body -to -body transmission of historyand collective experience.
More...Architektura współczesnych założeń upamiętniających
Since the 1980s the concepts of spatial forms commemorating Holocaust, or toembrace it wider, the victims of the Nazi regime, have been increasingly movingaway from the principle presented in the period of “memory witnesses and guardians”.For a good reason here Robert Musil’s opinion is commonly quoted; claimingthe monuments which had been erected to draw a great attention, remain invisible.James E. Young – the author of the term counter -monument referring toobjects representing a new way of thinking of their messages, their roles and formsthey are able to express – wrote at the beginning of the 1990s: “The further shiftedin the past are the events of WWII, the more glamorous its monuments become”.Whereas several most significant commemorating monuments of a new trend gaintheir minimalist, nearly non -existing form, a great majority of them are of incomparablylarger scale with a wider range of means of expression. The examples selectedto be analysed are contemporary Polish projects of commemorating formsin Bełżec (proj. A. Sołyga, Z. Pidyk, M. Roszczyk, DDJM), in Gross -Rosen (proj.Nizio Design International), in Michniów (proj. Nizio Design International) andin Sobibór (proj. M. Urbanek, P. Michalewicz, Ł. Mieszkowski). In linear narrativethere is an active presence of the visitors provoked; the scenery is meant to evokethreat, confusion and seclusion. Commemorating forms designed with a flourishare becoming total monuments, accused of aestheticization of death. Monumentsas culture memory bearers in the meaning suggested by Aleida Assmann, have alwaysbeen expressions of their founders’ intentions and their attitudes towards thepast, and like in all other times, they constitute a reflection of us– the contemporary.
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The huge constructivist apartment house built in the 1930s in downtownMoscow, on the bank of the Moskva river, owes its present -day name to YuryTrifonov’s novel The House on the Embankment (1976). Being an example ofarchitecture typical of the Stalinist regime and a symbol of the regime’s triumphand dominance over man, the house functions as a very special character inTrifonov’s novel. It represents both individual and collective memory, shows thedestructive influence of history and politics on the life of an individual and thewhole nation. The House on the Embankment, related to the archetypal imageof house, which is traditionally perceived as a space of love, safety and family ties,emerges in Trifonov’s novel as an anti -house, a dehumanizing space in which theintergenerational relations are destroyed and which signifies man’s submission toand fear of authorities.
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This paper investigates an approach for multiple attribute decision making (MADM) problems with interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IVIFNs). To do that, the nonlinear score, accuracy and hesitation functions of IVIFNs are developed based on the normal distribution. The novelty of these nonlinear functions is that they have an additional variance value, which can have more information to rank IVIFNs than Xu and Chen’s score function and Ye’s accuracy function. Based on these nonlinear functions, a ranking method for IVIFNs is proposed. Furthermore, a nonlinearly optimized model is proposed to obtain attribute weights by integrating these nonlinear functions. Then, we develop an approach for interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy MADM programs in which two cases are considered: the attribute weight information is known and particularly known. In the end, we apply the proposed approach to select green supplier.
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The theory of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets provides an intuitive and feasible way of addressing uncertain and ambiguous properties. Many useful models and methods have been developed for multiple criteria decision analysis within the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment. In contrast to the elaborate existing methods, this paper establishes a simple and effective method for managing the sophisticated data expressed by interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets. An inclusion comparison possibility defined on interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets is proposed, and some important properties are investigated. Then, an inclusion-based index that considers positive and negative ideals is offered. Considering the maximal comprehensive inclusion-based indices, this paper constructs a linear programming model (for consistent information) and an integrated, nonlinear programming model (for inconsistent information) to estimate the criterion weights and the optimal ranking order of the alternatives under an incomplete preference structure. The feasibility of the proposed method is illustrated by a practical example of selecting a suitable bridge construction method, and a comparative analysis with other relevant methods is conducted to validate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed methodology.
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Different from traditional distances between Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS), the spherical distance between two IFSs relies not only on their relative differences but also their absolute values. In this paper, we generalize the properties of spherical distance measures between IFSs, and investigate the applications of spherical distance measures in group decision making, pattern recognition and medical diagnosis. We develop an optimization spherical distance model with IFS preference in group decision making, and demonstrate that this model is feasible and practical with an evaluation model of drought risk. By using comparative analysis method, we show that this new spherical distance can also be applied in other fields such as pattern recognition and medical diagnosis.
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The method of ELimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité (ELimination and Choice Expressing Reality, ELECTRE) is a well-known and widely used outranking method for handling decision-making problems. The purpose of this paper is to develop an interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy ELECTRE (IVIF-ELECTRE) method and apply it to multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) involving the multiple criteria evaluation/selection of alternatives. Using interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy (IVIF) sets with an inclusion comparison approach, concordance and discordance sets are identified for each pair of alternatives. Next, concordance and discordance indices are determined using an aggregate importance weight score function and a generalised distance measurement between weighted evaluative ratings, respectively. Based on the concordance and discordance dominance matrices, two IVIF-ELECTRE ranking procedures are developed for the partial and complete ranking of the alternatives. The feasibility and applicability of the proposed methods are illustrated with a multiple criteria decision-making problem of watershed site selection. A comparative analysis of other MCDA methods is conducted to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed IVIF-ELECTRE methods. Finally, an empirical study of job choices is implemented to validate the effectiveness of the current methods in the real world.
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In the real decision-making, there are many multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) problems, in which there exists the prioritised relationship among decision-making attributes. In this paper, with respect to the prioritised multi-criteria decision-making problems under intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy information, a new decision-making method on the basis of the intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy prioritised ordered weighted aggregation operator has been proposed. Firstly, the definitions, operational rules and characteristics of intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy numbers and POWA operator have been introduced. Then, intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy prioritised ordered weighted aggregation (ITFPOWA) operator has been defined as well as the computational method of associated weight, and some properties have been studied and proved. Furthermore, based on the ITFPOWA operator, an approach to the multi-criteria decision-making with intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy numbers has been established. Finally, an illustrative example has been given to prove the evaluation procedures of the developed approach and to demonstrate its practicality and validity.
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NHS Trusts in England must adopt appropriate levels of continued investment in routine and backlog maintenance if they are to ensure critical backlog does not accumulate. This paper presents the current state of critical backlog maintenance within the National Health Service (NHS) in England through the statistical analyses of 115 Acute NHS Trusts. It aims to find empirical support for a causal relationship between building portfolio age and year-on-year increases in critical backlog. It makes recommendations for the use of building portfolio age in strategic asset management. The current trend across this sample of NHS Trusts may be typical of the whole NHS built asset portfolio and suggests that most Trusts need to invest between 0.5 and 1.5 per cent of income (depending upon current critical backlog levels and Trust age profile) to simply maintain critical backlog levels. More robust analytics for building age, condition and risk-adjusted backlog maintenance are required.
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Service life prediction assumes a primary role as it allows a more rational use of construction elements. This constitutes a useful tool in the definition of preventive maintenance plans providing an increase in performance. The main objective of this research is the development of a statistical methodology for the service life prediction of external painted surfaces. This research is based on field data collected via a survey of the state of deterioration of in-service buildings. The degradation is defined by a number of factors that together contribute to the deterioration of painted surfaces thus ending their service life. In this study a mathematical model was defined using a multiple linear regression analysis and this enables the coating's deterioration over time to be expressed as a function of various degradation factors. 220 painted coatings were inspected in 160 buildings of varying construction types. Analytical tools were devised to monitor the performance of paint coatings on walls and estimate their service life. This study contributes to the automation of the maintenance of painted facades, allowing a more rational management of the maintenance of buildings, converted into economic and performance gains.
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This paper is focused on a proposed valuation method including real estate market cycle analysis in real estate valuation process. Starting from early works on this field (d'Amato 2003) the work highlight the dangerous gap between academic research on property market cycles and professional practice of property valuation. The danger of this gap comes from the fact that in spite it is well documented that the property market has a “natural” cyclical behaviour, the opinions of value based on income approaches still relies on assumption of a stable or perpetually growing (or decreasing) income. This may be one generating factors of the real estate bubble and the subsequent financial markets crisis experienced recently. This paper offers a general introduction on cyclical capitalization as a further family of valuation methodologies based on income approach. This method includes in the traditional Dividend Discount Model more than one g-factor in order to plot property market cycle. An empirical application of Cyclical Capitalization is offered to the office market of the Eastern London.
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We study the persistence and reversion patterns of housing price growth by computing variance ratios applying Kim's (2006) Wild bootstrapping and using finnish data for the period 1987–2010. The momentum effect in housing price growth is found to be long-lasting and substantially greater in size than the eventual reversion. The results indicate that high-order autocorrelations are important concerning the long-horizon attractiveness of housing investments and that housing is a notably riskier asset in the long term than suggested by conventional portfolio analysis. The analysis further shows that the dynamics vary across regional housing markets and across dwelling types. The findings have important implications for investors, credit institutions, and policy makers.
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Price and residential housing attributes have long been identified as key determinants of home sales and, as such, they can explain time-on-the-market (TOM). It is acknowledged, however, that there are other factors (or determinants) that influence home sales and TOM, which are of great importance but seldom taken into account in the appraisal process of residential real estate. Based on the use of fuzzy cognitive mapping, we propose a framework that adds value to the way that key determinants of housing sales and TOM are identified. This framework is the result of a process involving several residential real estate experts (i.e. appraisers and realtors), and follows a constructivist approach. Our findings suggest that the use of fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) allows the number of omitted determinants to be reduced and the understanding of the relationships between them to be improved. The strengths and weaknesses of our methodological framework are also discussed.
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