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This paper focuses on four Latin American countries, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, and it provides an overview of their societies in the early nineteenth-century. The aim of a comparative analysis is to touch the social conditions and to describe the greatest continuities and discontinuities between the colonial and national periods. Also examined the impact of independence of La Plata region from Spain and Portugal.
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From the middle of the 1920’s, a massive rivalry started to develop between Germany and France to establish the European-South American intercontinental air route. The „Transozeanprojekt” became one of the largest undertakings of the Weimar Republic. The most significant task was executed by the research vessel called Meteor that conducted systematic meteorological surveys between April of 1925 and June of 1927 to reveal the so called „Luftozean", the climate circumstances of the South Atlantic. This enabled the development of a safe foundation for the air mail service between Berlin, Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires. While the hang-glider (217 units) program examined the lower layers of the atmosphere, the pilot-balloons (814 units) that were used to gain meteorological data analyzed the higher layers of the atmosphere. The 14,000 km long air route, the „vertical dimension” proved to be the best „civilian” solution for the German aircraft industry to circumvent the military restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles. After the test flights and meteorological research conducted between 1924 and 1934, the Luft Hansa air mail flight began to operate – with a 5 day long flight – between Berlin and Buenos Aires from February of 1934. Despite being defeated in WWI, Germany surpassed its French rival.
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The British Empire has never interested in to conquer the northern and southern American airspace until the 1930’s, however the british company Handly Page already had a plan in 1919 to operate airmail service between Great Britain and South America. The plans were rejected because of the lack of financial background. The principal project was the developement of an air route system from London to India and further to Australia. Also the British government tried to reach South Africa using the west-coast of the African continent across the colonial Gambia. British Gambia was the only african possibility to connect an air route to Brasil and Argentina. Finally the government decided to build the South African air route from London to Cape Town across Khairo. The other solution was to cooperate with the US and operate the air mail system using the North Atlantic air routes from London to New York and then to the Bermudas. Further plans were to reach the airspace of South America from the Bermudas. However these attempts were failed.
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At the end of 1938, with two flying-boats on her board, German catapult ship Schwabenland – a former freighter, which was converted and used as a floating airbase – left the docks of Hamburg to execute her secret task in the Southern Ocean: the aerial surveying and mapping of the Antarctic mainland area between the longitudes 12˚W and 20˚E. Officially, the expedition – which was organized by the German government – was a scientific journey; but in the background, Nazi Germany prepared to claim for herself a South Polar district. However, the abovementioned territory was not absolutely derelict, because Norwegian explorers visited these coasts of Antarctica several times previously. Norway also vindicated sovereignty rights over the region, thus the international conflict was unavoidable between the two countries.
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French presence in the South-East part of the Kingdom of Hungary and the everyday life of the Settlers.
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The structure and the staff of the Hungarian Foreign Ministry after 1945.
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Les relations entre les États-Unis et l'Iran dans les années 1970 étaient basées sur l’application de la „Doctrine Nixon” dans la zone du Golfe. Même si la „Politique des Deux Piliers” et ses implications garantissaient des relations excellentes entre les deux États, les changements de valeurs au niveau global et l’émergence de l’opinion publique comme acteur de la scène internationale imposaient de nouveaux efforts aux responsables de la politique étrangère. À travers l’analyse comparative de sources non-gouvernementales et diplomatiques, nous souhaitons explorer le lien entre les changements culturels, la politique et la diplomatie aux États-Unis et la mesure de son impact sur les relations avec l’Iran. Les trois dimensions analysées – intérieure américaine, diplomatique entre les deux pays et intérieure iranienne – montrent respectivement le maintien des prérogatives gouvernementales sur les décisions de l’assistance militaire à l’Iran à travers le contournement de la Public Law 94-329; la coopération entre les diplomaties américaines et iraniennes afin de contraster les critiques aux régime et améliorer l’image de l’Iran au niveau global; les initiatives du Shah directement liées au mouvement pour les droits de l’homme.
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Selected Drama And Verse by Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłłowa Edited by Patrick John Corness and Barbara Judkowiak. Translated by Patrick John Corness. Introduction by Barbara Judkowiak. The Toronto Series 37 (The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe). Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, vol. 478. Toronto, Ontario and Tempe, Arizona: Iter Academic Press (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies), 2015. xv + 395 pages. Illustrations, bibliography, index. ISBN 978-0- 86698-532-1. Softcover. $45.00 from Amazon.com.
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Year Zero. A History of 1945 By Ian Buruma. New York: The Penguin Press, 2013. 368 pages. ISBN 978-1-59420-436- 4. Hardcover.
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Kaleidoscope of Poland. A Cultural Encyclopedia By Oscar E. Swan with Ewa Kołaczek-Fila. Foreword by Adam Zamoyski. Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 2015. xxvii + 366 pages. English and Polish indexes. ISBN 13- 978-0-8229-4438-6. Hardcover. $39.95.
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Cienie moich czasów [The shadows of my time], by Bronisław Wildstein. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Zysk (www.zysk.com.pl), 2015. 451 pages. ISBN 978-83-7785-701-4. Paper. In Polish. Comparisons and Contexts: Essays on Central-Eastern European Literature and Culture, edited by Bogusław Bakuła, Dobrochna Dabert, and Emilia Kledzik. Poznań: Biblioteka Porównań, 2015. 300 pages. Index, photographs. ISBN 978-83-62298-75-4. Scriptorum: Fragmenty Pism, czyli uwagi o wojnie i pokoju [Notes on war and peace, 1660], by Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro. Translated from Latin by Jagoda Chmielewski and Bartłomiej Bednarek. Introduction and notes by Marek Tracz-Tryniecki. Warsaw: Narodowe Centrum Kultury (www.nck.pl), 2014. 845 pages. Index, notes, photographs. ISBN 978-83-7982-063-4. Hardcover. In Polish. Ojczyzna literatura: O środowisku skupionym wokół Związku Pisarzy Polskich na Obczyźnie, by Regina Wasiak-Taylor. London: Poets’ and Painters’ Press (Oficyna Poetów i Malarzy, 103 Colindeep Lane, London NW9 6DD), 2013. 294 pages. Index of names, biographies of writers, Reproductions of paintings and drawings. ISBN 978-0-9570372-1-2. In Polish. Historia według poetów: Myślenie metahistoryczne w literaturze polskiej, 1764- 1848 [History according to poets: Metahistorical thinking in Polish literature, 1764–1848], by Andrzej Waśko. Kraków: Arcana, 2016. 515 pages. Bibliography, index of names. ISBN 978- 83-65350-03-9. Hardcover. In Polish. The Quest for a Free Ukraine, by Olena Chekan. Edited by Bohdan Rodyuk Chekan. Vienna: Der Konterfei, 2015. 94 pages. ISBN 978-3-903043-04-6. Paper. In English and Ukrainian.
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