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The image of Gotse Delchev is among the most recognizable in Bulgarian history, which is why talking and writing about him is both very easy and very difficult. The descriptions of the contemporaries about the external, physical appearance of the Apostle of Macedonia and about his inner, spiritual world, coincide almost completely. Above all, Gotse Delchev deserves to remain as he was remembered by the people who left testimonies about him – perhaps the kindest revolutionary, the brightest image in the history of Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO), guardian of historical justice for Macedonian Bulgarians.
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Apart from the history of the Bulgarian national liberation struggles in Macedonia and the Adrianople region, Gotse Delchev deservedly remains in the history of Bulgarian education, enlightenment and spirituality. From the time he graduated from the military school until his transition into illegality, the only legal activity that Gotse Delchev performed was teaching. Therefore, we can rightfully place him in the ranks of prominent Bulgarian revivalists, in the ranks of people’s awakeners, in the ranks of Bulgarian teachers – revolutionaries along side Botev, Levski, Rakovski and Dame Gruev.
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The issue of Gotse Delchev ’s inclusion in IMARO’s disciplinary policy is part of a wider debate about the Committee’s purposeful attempts to infiltrate the daily lives of its members, primarily the Bulgarian population in the Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace regions of the Ottoman Empire. This policy was important for IMARO from the point of view of expediency and raising its authority. G. Delchev showed an attitude towards the innovations that the Organization imposed in the field of revolutionary justice, education and morality. All these components were subordinated to the revolutionary purposefulness, on the one hand, and to the desire to cultivate a new civilized social order, on the other.
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Based on a specific case, Gotse Delchev’ s desire to expand, even at the cost of certain compromises, the organizational base and influence of IMARO is shown. Although the head of the Detachment Institute (the paramilitary structure of the Internal Organization), in his personal practice Delchev considered violence as a last resort and usually refrained from it. This significantly distinguishes him from the other combat leaders of IMARO.
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The article analyzes the first program documents of IMARO (Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization) – the statutes and regulations of BMARC (Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees) from 1896 and the statutes and regulations of SMARO (Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization)from 1902. Their continuity with the normative base of the Internal Revolutionary Organization (IRO) before the Liberation of Bulgaria (1878) and with the revolutionary formations in the period1878 – 1893 is examined. A parallel is also drawn with the Statutes of the Macedonian-Adrianople Organization (MAO) in the Principality of Bulgaria. The main emphasis is placed on the participation of Gotse Delchev in the preparation of the program documents of the Internal Organization, as well as his diverse activities during this period.
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This paper deals with the reading histories of a formally-educated fictional woman within the pages of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre (1847). Jane Eyre’s reading habits raise questions concerning the dissemination of texts, the anxieties surrounding intellectual, lively women in the 19th century and the moral, spiritual and psychological repercussions of their reading interests in an era predominantly defined by anti-fiction prejudices. Although between the 1860s and the 1890s novels partially stopped raising eyebrows; sentimental fiction, Gothic romances and other popular genres were still associated with outrageous actions and promiscuous scenarios. Reading was affiliated with passivity, escapism, delusion and rebelliousness, no matter how hard novelists tried to bail their texts out and make a bona fide effort to encourage active, critical reading. Nowadays, the controversial status of female readers has not melted away completely, it has only avoided attracting attention to itself. The present paper shows how Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre serve as a gateway to the cultural and political atmosphere of the 19th century and, by extension, assesses the reading practices enacted by women in the informing context of the Victorian period.
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We go to the encounter with Christ with disinterested, enlightened, unlimited faith. This is how the faith of a true Christian must be: it must have as its center not one's own self, but the infallible word of God. We believe because God is true and because He has spoken. We believe in faith, not because we can control its truth directly, but only relying on God, who in his sublime intelligence can neither deceive nor deceive us, and who in his great goodness wanted to reveal truths inaccessible to the human intellect alone. The individual and the community must strengthen their faith with a profound study of the revealed truths, adequate to their intelligence and responsibilities.
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The paper presents the historical development and the huge contribution of the Department of Pediatrics at the Medical University of Sofia and its first leader - Prof. S Vatev for the development of pediatrics and children’s healthcare in Bulgaria. The main scientific fields in the research and clinical activities of the numerous collaborators of the Department are outlined.
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Introduction: Professional organizations have a significant contribution to the development of individual professions, including those in the area of healthcare by guiding the development of the profession from education to recommendations for practice for the benefit of society. No less important is their role in the planning, organization and implementation of continuous vocational training of health professionals, given the present rapid technological progress. Objective: To study the emergence and development of healthcare professional organizations and in particular X-ray technicians organization in Bulgaria, and their role in the development of the profession – X-ray technician. Methods: Documentary analysis was used. Results: The processes that led to the emergence of professional organizations in the field of healthcare and their contribution to the development of the professions are reviewed in historical perspective. Globally, the role of healthcare professional organizations and in particular those of X-ray technicians is constantly growing in terms of regulations for the profession, development of training guidelines and determining the necessary professional competences. Given the rapid development of technology, increasing attention is paid to the continuous professional development of personnel as an important factor for provision of adequate healthcare services.
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Our article proposes to bring in the pipeline the complex personality of George Cătană (1865-1944): a remarkable teacher of his time, serving the confessional school in Valeadeni, where he lived all his life, remarkable folklorist, author of fairy tales, short stories and shorter short stories about the war. There were numerous articles about his personality and activity published during his lifetime, but his name appeared in various journals in Banat and not only where he signed reports on teachers’ conferences, aspects of the teacher’s life, stories, folklore pages etc.
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The article examines the tradition of the election of bishops in the Statutes of the post-war Archbishopric of the Russian Churches in Western Europe as well as the heritage of Council in general. The terms related to the elections of bishops will also be discussed. The emphasis will be placed on the two aspect of the heritage of the Moscow Council: first, on the viability of the way chosen by the Council and, secondly, on the fragility of its heritage. The essential message is that keeping awareness of the heritage is vital, and a theological discussion of the heritage is crucial.
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From Evlia Celebi to Cora Irineu, from Ion Slavici and Milos Crnjanski to contemporary prose, the region of Banat is described as a multiethnic place, where different histories, religions, confessions mingle, and Timisoara is a city where buildings, churches, synagogues rewrite the city's history. Whether we talk about travel notes, memories or fiction, various authors have presented Banat as a place where ethnic groups live together, trying and most of the time succeeding in preserving their own traditions, faith, culture. Over the real cities, through which we walk, the images of cities formed by words overlap. Each of us feels differently the asphalt of a street, the shadow of a tree, the history of a house. In this essay, we will reveal only at piece of this history, because it continues, both the real and the fictionalized histories are still here and are given back to different readers, in the literature written today.
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In the present approach, the author refers to the existence of the human being marked by permanent necessary transcendences, imposed or voluntary, which highlight a series of constants defining the condition of exile or emigrant of the traditional man. Whether it is through alienation, soldiering, marriage, death, transhumance, outlawry, etc., alienation or uprooting oscillates emotionally between two social environments: one, which reflects the notion of „home”, specific to a traditional folk habitat, and another – that of „black foreignness”, which includes a series of negative connotations generated by the transformations to which the emigrant subjected. Leaving parents' home or one's own home sometimes impels a perception of a habitat that is disintegrating due to forced emigration. „Home” is no longer the primary model of organizing the world, but a decomposed, ruined space. Analyzing several examples generated by the immaterial folk creation, we will notice that the „foreignness” gradually becomes autochthonous, obtaining a regional character, being associated with the neighborhood, the estate, or the neighboring village. During the research, we will notice that the reasons for alienation, uprooting, and loneliness reflected in popular creation are conclusive arguments that demonstrate realities of the past. Constantly conveyed, they allow the reconstruction of historical, social, psychological, cognitive aspects of a traditional mentality. Relevant in this sense are the folk songs through which the folklore performer expresses his emotional and emotional states related to this condition of alienation, separation from loved ones, and being in strangers. An analytical examination allows us to distinguish a complex repertoire of specific symbolic images, which emanates a different semantic load, depending on the folkloric context.
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The current article aims to present facts about the development of the profession of the dental technician from its origin to the formation of its present status which is a result of the great social and political changes taking place near the end of 20th and the beginning of the 21st century in Bulgaria. To achieve the goal, we studied literature sources, normative documents, personal archives, in-depth interview narratives related to the history of the association “Union of Dental Technicians in Bulgaria”. The profession begins its development as a private practice activity. The practitioners are apprentices, journey- men and dental master technicians. Along with the private practice, a small number of public laboratories and organized cooperatives emerge. After the beginning of 1974 dental technicians work only for state and departmental laboratories. Subsequently, the state dental technical laboratories are transformed into municipal ones. After 1990 dental technicians working for the state sector are given the opportunity to register and work additionally from 2 to 4 hours as private entre- preneurs. Gradually the municipal and departmental laboratories are closed. The laboratories subordinate to the dental faculties remain the only active ones and private practice becomes predominant.
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The life and creative path of a professor Dr. Peter Mullens is traced - brilliant parasitologist, malariologist, microbiolo- gist, chief army hygienist, professor, author of numerous publications. The focus is on the contribution of Prof. Mullens in the organization of the fight against malaria in the Bulgarian army during the First World War, his work on the successful elimination of malaria in the southern regions of the country, his efforts in organizing the experimental work of the Institute in Burgas.
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The Gura Satului review, the first satire and humor publication issued in Arad in March 1871 after moving it’s headquarters from Pesta, came to the fore at the turn of the XXth century, as a publishing national and local landmark. The magazine does more than making fun, by holding on to thorough principles accomplished by its copy editors and contributors despite numerous drawbacks such as the censorship imposed by the foreign rulers or financial worries. For 17 years (1871-1879; 1881; January 1890; 1901-1903; 1912-1914; 1934) the magazine was for the people in Arad, a catalyst of Romanian intellectual creativity by publishing both written literature and folklore, promoting young writers and cultural soirees, and a means for reflecting those times’ reality tackled in satire and humor, in a period in which the Transylvanian history suffered numerous social and political convulsions. Last but not least, Gura Satului played an important role not only in entertainment by publishing humor literature, anecdotes, jokes but it also played a moralizing role by condemning social flaws with the aid of satire and pamphlet. But, above all, Gura Satului was a literary platform that stimulated creativity and the inclination towards literature, the reception and dissemination of the written text in Romanian language, the approach to different literary species.
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This article explores the concept of “morality” as it developed in the field of criminal justice under the Habsburg monarchy during and after the Enlightenment reforms. Two penal codes, ratified in 1787 and 1803–1804, established a new, separate category for serious police offences with a heavy focus on acts against morality. Some of these offenses were grouped according to their explicitly public dimension, like endangering the public peace or serving as a bad example. Morality was also considered when administrative officials reviewed data gathered from new statistical overviews of crime, which had been compiled in the Habsburg monarchy since the 1810s. In contrast to the concept of “sin,” immorality was no longer viewed as the root of all criminality and a clear distinction was now being made between behaviours stemming from socioeconomic causes and those with a background in morality.
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