Българската държава и кризата във ВМОРО в следилинденския период
The failure of the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903 inflicted serious damage on the conceptual and organizational state of IMARO.
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The failure of the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903 inflicted serious damage on the conceptual and organizational state of IMARO.
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In the process of building socialism, like the other communist parties in Eastern Europe, PCR was based on a set of values and principles with origins in the Marxist-Leninist ideology. However, the dissident attitude of the Romanian communism towards Moscow in the sixties would imprint some peculiarities of a doctrinal identity. In PCR’s case, an expression of this identity has constantly manifested in the international relations engaged by the Romanian state, a domain in which Ceaușescu used to consider himself as a spokesman of the socialist doctrine. In its definition and argumentation, the concept of democracy was vital, both for the discourse of the socialist or communist parties in Western Europe and for that of the parties in the Eastern Block. But amid the historical demarcation between socialism and capitalism, the communist would use the concept of democracy in their own terms and acceptations, because, as compared to the political regimes with single party, the West-European communist/socialist parties had developed and functioned within multiparty democracies, sharing a different vision of the construction of socialism. The goal of the present article is to analyse the ideological identity of the Romanian communism, having as documentary source the content of the dialogues between PCR and the Belgian Left parties. The research identifies Ceaușescu’s vision on multiparty systems and regimes and on the ones with single party, as well as the concept of democracy in its particular acceptations.
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The purpose of the article is to present the evolution of Oskar Halecki’s interpretation of the Ukrainian problem, including the way in which this distinguished Polish historian viewed the issue of Poland’s eastern border, the attitude he adopted towards the idea of Ukraine’s independence and the role he gave Ukraine to play in the community of nations that he defined as ‘Central and Eastern Europe’. The article’s main concern is how Halecki’s historical views affected the interpretation of the Ukrainian question in Polish political thought.
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The main purpose of the paper is to present and discuss some Keckermann’s thoughts on history and the art of historiography, expressed in the treatise De natura et proprietatibus historiae commentarius (Hanovie 1610), published posthumously by his student, David Schumann. According to the humanist from Gdańsk, history is not art, science, or discipline, because it does not have own commonplaces (loci communes), regarded as the basis for method. Nevertheless, history plays an important role in teaching of the practical arts such as politics or economy, because it is an inexhaustible source of examples, taken from narratives about the past events to illustrate general rules related to human life and actions. An excellent historian would be only someone who is able to combine searching for the truth with frankness in its telling. Therefore, he is obliged to use a simple style without almost any rhetorical devices. In relation to single events history serves as a tool of description and explication. Thus it provides the necessary illustrative material in the form of examples for the practical disciplines.
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The article discusses the fate while in exile of the eminent Polish pedagogue Aleksander Lewin, who during the World War II ran a Polish orphanage in the village of Monetna in the Sverdlovsk oblast. Children placed there came from Polish families forcibly deported deep into the USSR territories during the Soviet occupation of the Second Polish Republic in 1939–1941. Lewin was associated with Janusz Korczak while studying new theories of education. In the Soviet Union, he tried to combine Korczak’s ideas with the extremely popular concepts of Anton Makarenko.
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The Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising from the year 1903 was preceded by decadal church-national and national liberation struggles which helped the Bulgarian people establishing their ethnical borders.
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The paper outlines the defense of the Aegean coast by the Second Bulgarian Army in the period from August 1916 until November 1917.
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This study shows how ASTRA intended to support the economic development of the Romanians in Transylvania. Realizing that the vast majority of them lived in villages, the most important actions were undertaken in the field of agriculture. Efforts were focused on two levels, one concerning the theorization of new agricultural techniques, the introduction and implementation of a cooperative system and of machinery, and a practical one, involving the organization of conferences for the dissemination of such information, practical demonstrations, and the development of a distinct cooperative system.
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This article represents the second part of a study that explores the way Athanasius of Alexandria’s anti-Arian motifs were appropriated in the Old Slavonic tradition. While the first part focused on Athanasius’ Life of Antony, the present discussion considers the reception of his main anti-Arian work Orations against the Arians, and most of the attention is given to such issues as why it was translated and how it was used in the polemical context of the so-called heresy of the Judaizers in medieval Russia. For this purpose, two particular writers are considered (Iosif Volotskij and metropolitan Daniil), and the question of which of the existing manuscripts they used is also discussed. The article interacts with the views of Prof. Pirinka Penkova in her recently published critical editions of the second and third Orations, and also explores the reception of Athanasius’ anti-Arian motifs in the True Books Indices.
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The main political symbols of the country are the state emblem, the national flag and the anthem. The text and graphical elements in this symbols consists a rich historical experience, important national worth, the traditions related with the main achievements of the relevant nation and the development of the nation during the centuries-long.
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Until the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) in Thessaloniki continues the Bulgarian cultural and educational work development. Under the direction of the Bulgarian Exarchate in 1912 in the town were built Secondary school of boys, Secondary school of girls and Secondary school of trade.
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This article looks at the presence of the Ottoman legacy in the historical culture of contemporary Macedonia. In particular, the everday life of this Balkan society abounds with Ottoman features—a phenomenon reflected amply in the Macedonian language.
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