Честит юбилей! По случай 75-годишнината на Н. Ф. Бугай
A presentation of the scholarly activity of prof. dr.sc. N.F.Bugay
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A presentation of the scholarly activity of prof. dr.sc. N.F.Bugay
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The batch of studied coins is rather small but it contains a variety of denominations and issuers: 1 AR (denár), Hungary, I. Mátyás, Körmöcbánya, the years 1479–1485 or 1482–1486; 1 AR (akçe), Ottoman Empire, Murad III, Filibe, after 1584–1586; 1 AR (akçe), Ottoman Empire, the 17th century; 1 AR (szeląg), Poland: Ryga, Zygmunt III Waza, Ryga, 1586; 1 AR (szeląg) Poland: Lithuania, Zygmunt III Waza, szeląg, Wilno, 1623; 1 AR (Schilling), Sweden, Kristina Augusta Waza, Ryga (city), 1638. The coins form a unitary group, found on the same archaeological level of a dwelling during the systematic excavations from the medieval site of Negreşti. Undoubtedly, an important matter concerning the present batch research refers to its dating. Its constituent pieces have been issued in a relatively extended chronological range that exceeds a century and a half. But most of them, except the Hungarian denár, concentrate in the last decade of the 16th century and first decades of the next century. The analysis of isolated discoveries and especially of the boards constituted of similar issues has shown that they were simultaneously used in the monetary circulation of Moldova much later, around mid-seventeenth century. The isolated coins discovered at Ia ("Barnovschi" monastery), and especially the large deposit recently found in the city, on “Vasile Lupu” street, confirm this situation. The numismatic material discovered inside the dwelling no. 2 seems to date the complex most likely in the second third of the 17th century, without excluding, however, the possibility of extending the upper limit of this chronological range.
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"Where the slopes of the mountains Belasitza and Ograzhden converge and form the Klyuchka ravine, on a hill on the right bank of the river Strumeshnitsa, the Gradishteto is located known amidst the locals as the "Samuil's Fortress".
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This article is devoted to an incompletely studied problem affecting the legal status of the citizenship / nationality of the Bulgarian refugee and migrant families arrived before and especially after September 9, 1944 from the newly annexed in 1941 lands.
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The study analyzed eleven articles of the famous Bulgarian poet Peyo Yavorovpublished by him in the newspaper "Pravo" ("Law") (Publication of Macedonian-Adrianople interests) from August 1902 to January 1903.
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We continue the regular publishing of the coins found in Moldova, by presenting random isolated finds from different points of Vaslui county. The coins are kept in private collections (Costel Giurcanu collection – 10 pcs., Marian Bolum collection – 7 pcs., other collections – 6 pcs.) and collections hosted by local institutions (the “Ştefan cel Mare” Museum Collection of Vaslui – 9 pcs., the School of Grăjdeni Museum collection – 1 pc.). The coins date back to the Roman, medieval and modern times and were found in the following locations: Bârlad (nos. 1–2, 14–31), Fruntişeni (no. 3), Giurcani (nos. 4–6), Griviţa (no. 7), Măluşteni (nos. 8–10), Şuletea (no. 11), Vutcani (nos. 12–13), Murgeni (nos. 32–33).
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With the occasion of the archaeological excavations undertaken at Lozna, Botoşani co., in order to study a habitat dated to the 8th–9th centuries AD, 25 incineration funeral compounds were discovered in the north-west area of the habitat. Initially, the cemetery was probably larger but the excessive humidity of the soil due to the presence of superficial phreatic water, as well as the agricultural works frequently undertaken led to the destruction of the funeral compounds. Although, in a first stage this cemetery was assigned to the 6th–7th centuries AD, a cautious analysis of the discovered vestiges, of the stratigraphic position or of the ritual elements, provides the necessary arguments for the chronological classification of the funeral compounds of Lozna during the period of the 8th–9th centuries AD and connect them to the first evolution phase of the agglomeration dated to the early Middle Ages located in their neighborhood.
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The rivers Ἕβρος and Τόνζος are very well known and it is possible to assume a link between Τονζενίς and the Τόνζος river. A problem before such a hypothesis comes from the fact that Τονζενίς, the phyle from Anchialo, was located very far from the Tonzos river. However, it is possible to assume that the inhabitants of Anchialo belonged to the phyle Τονζενίς, whose origin was not from the settlement Τόνζος. The latter is known only from Claudius Ptolemy and the coins with countermark Τόνζου, and it was probably too small to send colonists to Anchialo. Therefore, it would be more plausible to assume that the settlement was located closer to Anchialo, i.e., that it was a settlement that had relations along the Black Sea coast. The assumption that Claudius Ptolemy made a mistake by assuming that the river Τόνζος was not a tributary to the Ἕβρος, but flowed into the Black Sea, is not convincing. It seems strange that Claudius Ptolemy does not mention a river Τόνζος and Hadrianopolis, which was located at the estuary of the river where it flows into the Maritsa. The reasons for this remain unclear. Maybe Claudius Ptolemy used an older source in which the name Hadrianopolis did not occur yet. If a name from Thrace can be defined as Indo-European, this does not mean that it was necessarily Thracian. Therefore, it is necessary to judge very well whether the name Τόνζος and the same name of the Black Sea are not pre-Thracian, because that was not a rare occurrence: Ὀδησσός, Λάρισα, Thera and Asine. It is a fact that the name of the Τόνζος river does not occur anywhere else in the area of the Thracian language, and the presence of the second name Ἀρτησκος/Ἀρτακος next to Τόνζος suggests more likely the Tundja river.
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The paper studies a group of objects made of silver with gilt and of iron, found in the area of the settlement Surcea, Covasna region, in Transylvania, in the Eastern Carpathians, during the Dacian antiquity. It consists of a not very big oval plaque (phalera?), a smaller round phalera, four semicircular objects – all of which made of silver with gilt – and other finds. The oval plaque is decorated with a horseman in armour, with greaves and with a bird with spread wings above his head. A winged griffin is depicted on the smaller phalera. According to the author, the objects had been made by a travelling craftsman who worked in a Dacian environment. There is a wide area of dissemination of such objects, covering the entire Balkan-Pontic area. There are differing views on the dating of the treasure: from the 3rd to the 1st century BC. A chronological ordering of phalerae is made, which shows the continuity from the Bronze Age to the New Iron (La Tène) Age. The similarity between the image of the horseman from Surcea and the phalera from Galiche is pointed out. Different hypotheses have been expressed on the origin of this type of objects, e.g., in the direction of the Pontos Euxeinos. Another possible lead can be considered to be Celtic, which can be illustrated by means of certain artefacts from the civilisation of the eastern branch of the Celts. The Celtic necropolis near Ciumeşti is such an example, which yielded the following finds: armour, greaves, spears and – above all – an iron helmet on which metal eagle with spread wings is perched. This is evidence of real presence of Celts and of their art along the borders of the Dacian world. They are in harmony with the information on the march of Burebista against the Celts. The author also adduces examples of coins of Celtic origin found in the territories in question. Following this line of thought, the bird above the head of the horseman from Surcea apparently tends to be evidence of Celtic rather than of Northern Pontic influence. The helmet, the shield, the torques, the bracelets, the fibulae and other similar finds from the grave in Ciumeşti are typically Celtic. On the other hand, the ceramic finds are of Dacian type and belonged to the Hallstatt tradition. Consequently, that burial testifies to a process of amalgam between Celts and Dacians. The necropolis is dated ca. 300 BC. In conclusion, the author claims that the appliqué with the horseman and the bird is evidence of the dual character of the theme under consideration, combining the constant of tradition with the added foreign influence.
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The paper addresses the issue of the import of Attic ceramics along the Western Black Sea coast and in the hinterland. The study covers predominantly Attic painted ceramics, as well as black burnished pottery. The author makes a cultural-historical survey of the import of Attic ceramics into Pontic Thrace between the end of the 7th and the 4th century BC. With the exception of a ceramic fragment from Histria, dated to the last quarter of the 7th century BC, the earliest imported Attic pottery is dated to the beginning of the 6th century BC. The presence of Attic pottery here raises the issue of the beginning of trade relations between Athens and the Pontic region – as a whole, and the Western Pontic coast – more specifically. On the grounds of the presence of Attic black-figured ceramics in the Pontic region, some researchers are inclined to date that beginning to the first years of the 6th century BC, associating it with the interests of Solon in that area. On the basis of the archaeological data, the increase of the import into Pontic Thrace was noted only after the mid-6th century BC. This could be explained with the imposition of the power of Athens over the Straits and the consolidation of the rule of Miltiades the Elder in the Chersonesos. The presence of Attic ceramics in the Pontic region did not mean direct contacts so much as links mediated by merchants from Miletus, Chios, Samos, etc. The author continues his historical analysis by drawing attention to the import of mass produced pottery and to the absence of luxury objects, the conquering of Propontis and of the Straits by the Persians as an unfavourable factor for trade, their subsequent liberation, the establishing of the Athenian League, the place of Apollonia in the Athenian tribute lists, the relations of dependence of the Greek cities on the Thracian dynasts, the Peloponnesian War and the loss of Athens. Those processes outline the context in which the trade in ceramic ware was conducted. The last significant ceramic painted works from the Classical Period are dated to the 4th century BC. The import of Attic pottery did not stop in the second half of the 4th century BC, but the exquisite painted works were missing. The import of ceramics was not interrupted abruptly, but there was a decline in trade. During the Hellenistic Age, Athens continued to produce decorated ceramics, but new participants also appeared on the Western Pontic markets. The author illustrates his presentation with examples from the archaeological material found.
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The paper presents an extensive analysis of the primary sources of the mythological metaphor about the two paths, known from the Early Christian literature. It is emphasised that its deep rules lie in ancient Greek literature and culture. The idea was known in the Old Testament and New Testament literature, its presence being most intensive in apocryphal works: especially in the Qumran texts, as well as in the writings by the Apostolic fathers. The author makes a detailed survey of Early Christian monuments on the two paths before the soul and the respective instructions, and defends the theory that the metaphor of the two paths can be traced back to a stable Orphic-Pythagorean tradition that had been preserved and perpetuated in the Early Christian literature. That tradition can be reconstructed by means of the texts on the Orphic gold tablets and the mythologem connected with them about the arc/bridge of Alexander the Great in the Romance of Alexander and appeared also in the Vitae of St. Macarius the Roman, as well as through the tradition of the novels describing paradigmatic travel to the end of the world and their medieval variants that were closely connected with the Romance of Alexander. In conclusion, the author emphasises that the similarities between the indicated texts could be explained not only with direct links and mechanical borrowing, but also with common mythical and literary sources, sustainable throughout the antiquity also in the broad cultural area of the Eastern Mediterranean, which interpret similar aeschatological notions that are very close to the ones suggested in the texts on the Orphic tablets.
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Created in the second half of the nineteenth century evangelical churches and communities among the Bulgarians in Macedonia are the result of the work of the American Board of Congregational Churches in the Ottoman Empire.
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