We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Through this article we bring again in the attention of the Romanian historiography the past of a less known Bessarabian family. Gheorghe Bezviconi wrote some things about the Gonata boyars, his studies being the only serious contributions to this matter. Our research disclosed unknown details. We found out that they originated from Thessaloniki, Greece. Constantin Gonata, who was căminar [a collector of financial taxes in Moldavia and Wallachia] in Moldavia, studied in Paris, a fact recently discovered by V.V. Morozan in the Petersburg archives. However, his son, Ştefan, a well-known member of the Romanian Academy, did not study philosophy there, as it was incorrectly known, but agriculture and viticulture. The last bearer of the name Gonata, Natalia, born Gafencu, died in Bucharest in 1949. Last but not least, the Greek Constantin Gonata can represent an example of the way in which foreigners integrated and became a part of the Moldavian society in the 19th century.
More...
This paper presents some considerations regarding the legacy of Countess Ottilia Wass, one of the most outstanding cultural personalities of Cluj from the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century. Together with Count Imre Miko, founder of the Association of the Transylvanian Museum in Cluj (1859), Ottilia Wass was a great Maecenas of cultural life in Transylvania. At the beginning of the twentieth century she bequeathed to the Transylvanian Museum Association her home in the center of Cluj, as well as over a thousand decorative art objects (furniture, porcelain, glass, Oriental objects, etc.), which today are preserved in the National Museum of Transylvanian History in Cluj‑Napoca.
More...
The economic policies of the communist regime in Romania had a powerful impact on society, transforming it in many regards: behaviorally, professionally, demographically, etc. In this study we propose an analysis of how the ‘new worker’ was constructed, migration to cities and the relationship with the old workforce. For the purposes of our research, we focused on the case‑study of Cluj, taking advantage of its ethnic diversity which offers an extra layer for the analysis, but also because the city had an industrial sector before the communist period. Firstly, we aimed at explaining the demographic process through which a large number of people from the countryside moved to cities in search for an industrial job. This phenomenon can be linked to the effects of collectivization, which changed the social mobility model, as it dissolved the right to own land. Secondly, we aim to understand the ample process of integrating new workers in production and their tense relationship with the old proletariat. This must be understood within the context of urbanization, of migrants and the ‘ruralization of cities.’ The last element brought into discussion will be regarding the role played by old specialists in communist industrialization. Here we will focus on the interesting case of Dezideriu Jenei, chief‑engineer at Tehnofrig, one of the few examples we can retrace from the archives.
More...
This article analyses the sites of memory in Cluj, in order to highlight the process of the city’s symbolic Romanianization. The main sources are public monuments and street toponymy, while the methodology is based on anthropological literature and direct observation of sites and their corresponding social practices. The results of the research reveal the main ideological themes and symbolic functions associated with the monuments and names of Cluj.
More...
The tumultuous 1960s brought a multitude of inter- and intrastatal conflicts in international relations. Some of them derived from extinguished disputes as a subsequent effect of the decolonisation, while others were motivated by the aggressive intentions of states to conquerother states. An example was the Yemeni Civil War (1962–1970) which came in the spotlight of the international community because two neighbours countries, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Republic involved in the internal fight. The external involvement motivated and set the scene for the United Nations Organization to intervene and mobilise a peacekeeping operation which had to observe the withdrawal of the third parties and eventually facilitate the peace process.The study aims to analyze the UN peacekeeping mechanism, which is seen as a compromise created by the bipolarization of the international system that prevented the organization from fulfilling its task of keeping the international peace. Through the case study on the Yemeni peacekeeping operation which operated from 1963 to 1964, one could learn about how UN functioned during the Cold War years, what were the underlining processes supporting the authorization process of such an operation, about the contribution of the Secretary General to the functioning of the peacekeeping mechanism and lastly how the events in Yemen underlined the impact that the interests of involved actors had on the fulfillment of the given mandate of the UN operations.
More...
In the first part, the author gives a brief presentation of dioceses, whose districts were for a long time under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Senj. Those dioceses were: Senj, Krbava, Modruš and Otočac. The Bishop of Senj was for the first time mentioned in the letter of pope Innocent the First (402 - 417) and after that again only in 1169. The diocese of Krbava was founded in 1185. Its administrative centre was at Krbava. Mostly for the danger of Turks, bishop's headquarters were moved to Modruš and in 1493, the year of battle at Krbava, bishop was forced to escape to Novi Vinodolski. That diocese was around 1630 legally united to the diocese of Senj. For some time (1460 - 1534) in Gacka existed special diocese of Otočac. After liberation from Turks, under the administrative control of the Bishop of Senj came Lika and Krbava. Glagolitic script and old Slavic service were in use on thewhole area outside diocese headquarters since the 9th c. When in the 13th c. it seemed to the pontifikate that the old Slavic liturgy might prove useful in uniting orthodox Slavs with the Catholic church, pope Innocent the Fourth on the 29th March 1248 granted to Bishop Philip of Senj permision to glorify the God in old Slavic language wherever such a practice had already been in use. Thus, in the glagolitic circles entered also the Bishop of Senj and all his canons. Such a support to the glagolitism reflected very favourably on the religious and cultural activities of the Croatian glagolitic priests laying so the foundation to the golden age of the Croatian glagolitic culture. On that region will very soon develop numerous glagolitic codes of high artistic level and will also appear our first glagolitic printing-houses. The author further gives the survey of all clerical and printig activities and most of all the activities associated with Senj. He presents also his own reflections on the role of Martin Živković, the goldsmith from Senj, in the activities of the glagolitic printing-house at Senj. He introduces also one written document wherefrom some have deduced that before the foundation of printing-house from Senj there was one still older at Kosinj. When the glagolitic priests of modern world were not able to prepare required glagolitic books for printing, that task was then taken over by the Congregation for the Propagation of Faith at Rome (Propaganda), but under the influence of the Ruthenian monks our liturgical books have been russianized. For that reason, priests from our territories were hardly prepared to accept them and they gradually passed in liturgy to latin script and national language. In view of the fact that in those times it was not able that such a practice would get a consent from Rome, Dragutin ParČić prepares in 1893 glagolitic missal in which he restored Croatian editing. Likewise, since in those times the question of the old Slavic language in liturgy was a bit politicized, the people in dioceses of Senj and Modruš did not want to use in liturgy old Slavic instead of their national language. There were opposition even among some priests. Although the glagolitic missal was in the end in general accepted, it was nevertheless clear that the clergy was loath to learning glagolitic script. So, in 1927 Josip Vajs prepared new glagolitic missal but with latin script. In the first part of the 13th c. glagolitic monuments were occuring seldom which somehow suggested that glagolitism on our territory was on its beam ends. After the pope's letter to the Bishop Philip of Senj, the relations towards the glagolitism were changed in its favour, which may concede the conclusion that pope Innocent the Fourth and Bishop Philip of Senj were restorers of the glagolitism and old Slavic liturgy.
More...
On the example of family Vlahović from Senj, specially Drago Vlahović, the (woman) author of this article wants to emphasize that for the research-work of characteristics known from the economic and political life of a single person is rather important to know the history of his whole family. It is, perhaps, the only way for better elucidating and explaining the activities of such distinguished persons. Drago Vlahović, respectable salesman and good organizer from Senj, incorporated in the beginning of this century all the available material and spiritual forces to prevent the failure of Senj and its economy. He was the Mayor of the city until 1924, then the member of the Croatian Parliament, representing Senj, and also the member and last president of the Chamber of Commerce and Crafts trying to save his beloved city and the whole Croatian Coast region. As a member of Croatian Parliament, he was remarkable for his brilliantly prepared speeches. He was also trying to do his best as regards the problem of railways and highways through Lika. He coped also with the problem of raising funds for the survival of Senj, as a president of Chamber of Commerce and Crafts he exerted great efforts to prevent the impoverishing of Senj and was therefore fighting against the Hungarian economic politics towards the city of Senj.
More...
Oszkär Asboth, one of the most eminent slavicists towards the end of the nineteenth century, published at Budapest his essay on the glagolitic Missal from Senj dated 1494 in the periodical Magyar Konyvszemle. In that extensive work he dealt with a lot of problems linked to that matter, such as the establishment of the printing-house, the figure of Blaž Baromić, the analysis of the characteristics of Missal as regards its form, contents and origin. In view of a very interesting subject matter and the fact that ideas expressed therein were unaccessible to the general public of Croatia, Mrs. Orszolya Szentesi-Žagar, the slavicist, translated this work in the Croatian language.
More...
The written document Croatia rediviva by Pavao Ritter Vitezović results as an attempt of the author to establish the fact that the historically founded borders of Croatia were considerably wider than those drawn in his own time. It comprises of thirty two-pages and it is conceived as a preparation for future more comprehensive work. Vitezović authenticates his thesis with a number of quotations. He uses as many as fifty-six authors and sources, out of which thirty of them belong to the bibliography and twenty-six to sources. The most quoted sources are Constantinus Porphyrogenitus and Thomas Archdeacons while in the bibliography the most represented is loannes Lucius. It is good to mention that he uses the works of authors of various provenances and from various periods (antique, Byzantine, German, Bohemian and others), which he mainly correctly quotes, but he interprets the quotations in keeping with his ideological conception. In the supplement there is a facsimile and translation of the introductory part of the written document which includes an inscription to the emperors Leopold and Joseph and a poem titled "A Note for Preparation" where Vitezović briefly determines contours of his "revived" Croatia and represents himself not only as a competent historian but also as a poet, engraver and a printer. At the beginning of "The Preparation for Revived Croatia" Vitezović discusses the origin of the name Croatia. Then he goes on to the problem of her borders. By identifying Illyrians and Slavs with Croats he extends the borders of Croatia to all Slavic lands. He dedicates the other half of the document to the discussion with loannes Lucius dealing with Croatian kings, affiliation of Neretvans (people populating the banks of river Neretva) to Croats and the question of Dalmatia. By giving arguments for his theses as, according to his opinion contradictory quotations of Lucius as well as the claims of other writers, he concludes that Croats had their own kings in an uninterrupted continuity after Ostrivoius, that the people living by the Neretva are with no doubt Croatian people and that Dalmatia and especially its towns are a part of Croatia. He finishes this booklet with the conclusion that Croatia comprises Horn's "Triple Slavonia" and former Roman Illyric, except two Rhaetiae and a part of Noricum. With this work Vitezović in fact formed a political programme which will have an important influence on the members of Illyrican Movement.
More...
Quest'articolo, in base ai materiali dagli archivi veneziani, riporta la presenza e attivita degli abitanti di Segna a Vf neia dal '400 al '700. Si volge particolare attenzione all'intensitä d'immigrazione degli abitanti di Segna, ai loro mestieri, ai loro legami di di parentela e di amicizia, spezialmente se si riferiscono a relazioni con altri immigrati dalla sponda orientale dell'Adriatico. Viene riportata anche la vita spirituale degli abitanti di Segna e i loro legati dedicati alle instituzioni religiose di Venezia, come pure le loro pos-sibilitä economiche e le loro operazioni finanziarie. Viene messo in rilievo che gli abitanti di Segna, benche politicamente divisi dalle altre parti della costa orientale adriatica sottomesse alia Repubblica di Venezia, durante tutto questo periodo avevano diverse relazioni con gli altri nostri immigrati ed e quindi necessario considerare la presenza e l'attivita degli abitanti di Segna a Venezia negli ambiti della presenza e dell'attivitä degli immigrati da tutto il territorio croato nel tempo di lunga durata della loro evoluzione storica
More...
Die Lika und Corbavia waren in die Gewalt der Türken 1527 geraten und sind bis 1689 unterdriickt geblieben. Nach mangelhaften Daten aus dieser Zeit können wir Folge-rung ziehen, daß dieses Gebiet nicht ohne die Katholiker geblieben war, aber die Konti-nuität der kirchlichen Organisation ist doch unterbrochen worden. Zur Zeit der turkischen Regierung siedelten sich nicht nur die Tiirken sondern auch die Serben an. Nach der Be-freiung von den Tiirken plante der Wienerhof vor, dort ein selbstständiges Bistum zu stif-ten, weil im Mitellalter das Zenter des Bistums gerade in der Corbavia gewesen war. Später hat er diese Absicht abgegeben, und das befreite Gebiet an die Diözesen von Senj und Modruš angeschloßen. Der Bischof von Senj un Modruš Sebastijan Glavinić, als der nächste Bischof, hatte noch 1691 das befreite Gebiet in Verwaltung bekommen. Glavinić bemiihte sich die Missionäre dort zu senden. Unter dem heimischen Kler ragte Marko Mesić als Pastor hervor. Mit seiner Hilfe und Mitarbeit fing man an neue Pfarren zu stiften und neue Kirchen zu bauen. Sie wurden sehr oft auf den Griinden oder in der Nähe der mittelalterlichen kroatischen Kirchen gebaut. Die ersten Pfarren wurden in Perušić, Lički Novi, Budak und Pazarište gestiftet, und kurz danach in Bilaj (Ribnik), Lovinac, Podlapac, Udbina und Smiljan. Durch Verdienste von Marko Mesić um das Wohl dieses Gebietes wurde hier der Archidiakonat von der Lika und Corbavia formiert, und Mesić wurde zu seinem ersten Archidiakon. Als ein Missionsgebiet gehörten die Lika und Corbavia zur Kongregation „de Propaganda fide". Sie bemiihte sich tüchtige Missionäre dort zu senden und sie zu erhalten. Auf dem Feld der Sendbotschaft ragten die Kapuziner von Rijeka hervor: Marin und Isidor. Der erste stammte aus Senj und der zweite aus Brinje. Pater Marin hat besondere Verdienste um die Stiftung des Kapuzinerklosters in Karlobag, das fiir die Missionen der Lika und Corbavia gestiftet worden ist.
More...
Der Autor dieses Artikels sucht nach der Lösung des Problems des Wappens von der Stadt Senj. Die bisherigen Autoren, die die Senjer Vergangenheit bearbeitet haben, supponieren die Bestehung eines älteren Klosters des hl. Georg, das zuerst den Templern, und nach der Abfahrt derselben den Benediktinern gehorte. Bei diesem Kloster lag wahrscheinlich die Kirche des hl. Georg, nach der die Stadt Senj ihren Patron, und Sv. Juraj, der Ort siidlich von Senj, seinen Namen bekommen hat. Der Autor des Artikels setzt die Bestehung zweier Kirchen des hl. Georg voraus. Die eine lag auf der Stelle des heutigen Nehaj s; in dieser Kirche wurde der Patron von der Stadt Senj geehrt. Sie hatte schon vor den Templern existiert, die sie 1183/84 wie eine ausgebaute Kirche bekommen haben. Unabhängig von dieser Kirche existierte die Klosterkirche der Abtei des hi. Georg im Ort der heute den Namen dieses Heiligen trägt. Der Autor hat alle Daten gesammelt, die die paralelle Bestehung der Templer und der Benediktiner in der Nähe von Senj beweisen. Ihr Kloster wurde von der Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts sehr oft "Abtei des hi. Georg de Lisac" genannt. Die Kirche des Patrons von der Stadt Senj auf dem Berg wurde wahrscheinlich in den dreißigen Jahren des 16. Jahrhunderts zerstort, und auf ihrer Stelle wurde die Festung Nehaj gebaut. Als Entschädigung für diese zerstörte Kirche erbauten die Senjer ihrem Patron eine andere Kirche, die sich neben der Domkirche befindet. Aus der Inschrift an dieser Kirche geht voraus, daß sie nach derjenigen vor der Festung Nehaj entstanden sei; und nach dem Relief der an ihr gestanden war, trägt sie die Zeichen des Senjer Patrons. Diese Zeichen haben ihre Stelle an der Spitze des Altars der erneuten Domkirche im 18. Jahrhundert gefunden. Dieser Altar wurde im zweiten Weltkrieg zerstört, und in der Nachkriegsrestauration entfernt, und darum blieb Senj nicht nur ohne die Kirche, sondern auch ohne die deutliche Kennzeichnung, daß der hi. Georg sein Patron ware. Es besteht doch ein Relief des hi. Georg am äußeren Teil des Chors in der Kirche der hi. Maria von Art, und in der Kirche des hi. Kreuzes in Senjska Draga befindet sich die Statue des gleichnamigen Heiligen. Das ist aber nicht nur örtliche, sondern auch bildende Peripherie, deswegen ist es notwendig iiber eine stärkere Bindung der Senjer Heutigkeit mit der Senjer Vergangenheit nachzudenken, und der Ritter der hi. Georg driickt den Geist der Senjer Vergangenheit am besten aus.
More...
The purpose of the research is to study the influence of methodological pluralism as a meta-approach on the formation of modern historical science; to examine the role that diverse approaches played in the scientific study of the past; to demonstrate the importance of a multi-vector view of history as an integral part of the study of the past. The relevance of the research: these are interdisciplinary interactions between both socio-humanitarian and natural sciences. The consequence of this is the emergence of the phenomenon of methodological pluralism as the basis of modern historical science. Conclusions: in the process of research we discovered that diverse methodological approaches influence the historical science, which ultimately leads to the emergence of the new directions in historical knowledge. Research methods: analytical and synthetic, inductive and deductive, comparative approach. The novelty of the article lies in the analysis of the potential of methodological pluralism in the discourse of post-classical historical science. The productivity of using modern interdisciplinary approaches in the study of processes that have taken place in the past is substantiated.
More...
In order to get a real glimpse of the private space of the inhabitant of Galaţi, at the turn of the XIX-th and XX-th centuries, we have to investigate his life within his own house, to see him in the background of the ambiental fashion of the age and according to his own views of personal confort, according to his own financial condition. We also have to take notice of some of his attitudes inside the house (relations among the family members, relations between the family members and the neighbours, the compliance of his private life with the requirements of social interaction). We also have to take notice of his individual attitudes outside of the house, considered as a continously increasing opening of the private life towards the public life.
More...
Review of: Aneta M. Sokół - O niepodległości ekumenicznie. Wyznawcy róznych Kościołów dla Rzeczypospolitej (1918-1939), red. nauk. Sabina Bober, Sławomir Jacek śurek, Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II, Lublin 2018, 260 s. Jerzy Domasłowski - Rudolf Bazanowski, Kościoły i parafie Diecezji Mazurskiej. Przeszłość i teraźniejszość. Historia kościołów i parafii ewangelickich w zarysie ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ich losów po 1945 roku, Olsztyn 2019, t. 1, ss. 416; t. 2, ss. 399. Jerzy Domasłowski - Jan Szturc, współpraca: Aneta Sokół, Karol Długosz, Karol Karski, Działalność Polskiego Towarzystwa Ewangelickiego 1919 – 1983 – 2019, Zarząd Główny Polskiego Towarzystwa Ewangelickiego, Katowice 2019, ss. 408. Janusz Małłek - Manfred Richter, Oh sancta simplicitas! Über Wahrheit, die aus der Geschichte kommt. Ein Essay zum Ökumenismus. LIT Verlag, Theologische Orientierungen. Band 34, Berlin 2018, ss. 478. Jerzy Domasłowski - Rainer Zacharias, Evangelische Kirchengeschichte für die Stadt Marienburg und ihre beiden Werdergebiete an Nogat und Weichsel 1526 bis 1945. Entwicklungsstufen einer Glaubenslandschaft, Münster/Westfalen 2019, ss. 736. Marcin Hintz - Rafał Prostak, Ogród murem oddzielony od pustyni. Relacje Kościół – państwo, wolność sumienia i tolerancja religijna w myśli pierwszych baptystów, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Chrześcijańskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Warszawie, Warszawa 2020, ss. 253.
More...
The cultural periodicals represents a privileged ground whose investigation can reveal how a community of reading could contribute to the building of the imaginary modern national and pan-national discourses. My study looks at the monthly cultural journal „Ostland”, edited at Sibiu/Hermannstadt, the spiritual and political capital of the Germans in Great Romania. Departing from a previous rich body of literature, I suggest this journal must be approached for what it declared to have been and, therefore, be re-read in the context of the politically engaged Ostforschung and its subfield Deutschkunde. Programmatically, the journal came out already in 1919 as an attempt to support the reciprocal understanding of the German communities in the Great Romania. After a caesura in apparition, due to financial issues, it was republished starting with 1926. The new series outlined a re-dimensioned and reconfigured focus on Auslandsdeutschtum. In both periods of the publication, it expressed the Transylvanian Saxons‘ conservative elites, many of them Lutheran clergymen, standpoint on this matter. In the present research I show how by means of the essays written by ecclesiastical personalities on the topic, they strived to keep close to the Transylvanian Saxons‘ tradition in approaching the cultural pan – German agenda. I also highlight that this engagement with the topic, and the manner in which it was promoted by the Lutheran clerics and their secular collaborators from Great Romania, from the kinstate and/or from other German Siedlungsgebieten, was meant to function as a valve to deflate internal tensions and contestation movements. By reorienting the attention to a common goal, members of the German minorities from Great Romania and other eastern European states were encouraged to understand their belongingness to the Volksgemeinschaft as a noble mission to promote the German Kultur in the east. Undoubtedly, they sought to gain support from the kin-state where the interest in the Auslandsdeutschen was undeniably developing as a result of the Great War experience and its outcomes. However, as my paper shows the approach to this agenda had to be dealt with pragmatically and be negotiated according to a previous tradition developed by the Transylvanian Saxon bishops‘ family Teutsch. The accent put on adaptation of the discourses of Auslandsdeutschtum and of the cultural pan - Germanism in accordance to the historical and ethno-cultural local traditions was a strategy meant to serve various objectives. Through their prudent approach, Lutheran clerics and their secular collaborators had in view to preserve of the Transylvanian Saxon hegemony in the German minority in Great Romania, even to promote their model among various other German groups in the eastern Europe,and, finally, to answer back to the völkisch discourses visited by secular elites belonging to the generation of the war which progressively intended to devalue churchmen‘s role in the political representation of the Germans in Romania. Last but not least, by re-reading „Ostland”, which ended its publication in 1931, a year before the retirement of the Bishop Frierdich Teutsch – himself a long time and judicious promoter of the Auslandsdeutschum‘ s agenda-, I could show that by not blindly jumping into the arms of the radical pan-German promoters, ecclesiastical Lutheran leaders from Romania, who occupied seats in the Romanian Parliament and governmental departments, succeeded to avoid conflicts with the Romanian authorities which were very sensitive to the matter of the loyalties manifested by the minority groups.
More...
The need of study of the aspect of money counterfeiting in Russian empire for a long time went beyond the views of numismatists. The aim of the study in this article is to introduce into the scientific circulation of the counterfeits of the circulation coins of the time of the Russian Empire, which are stored in the collection of the sector of numismatics, phaleristics, medallions and bonistics of the National Museum of Ukrainian history (NMUH), indicating the history of their receipt and the attempt to localize their manufacture. We were able to detect the previous study and publish the examples of the forgeries of coins and paper money of that time from the museum collections of the Odessa Archaeological Museum, the Museum of Kyiv History, the National historic-ethnographic reservation of «Pereyaslav», as well as in the collections of foreign museums: the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, the National museum of history of the Republic of Belarus in Minsk and the Museum of the National Bank of Lithuania in Vilnius. Research methodology. Scientific knowledge of the processes of counterfeiting is not limited only to the list of facts of counterfeiting, which is typical of most works devoted to this topic. Illustrative, metrological, and iconographic methods were used in the process of studying the specimens of the fakes of the time in the museum collection. Additional data were used to thoroughly investigate counterfeit coins by photographing them and measuring technical parameters, editing photos in graphic editors by PC, and matching descriptions in historical sources – materials from pre-Soviet newspapers and the criminal cases in the historical archives. The scientific novelty is that most of the sources used in the study (punitive cases material from historical archives, reports from the old newspapers, and items from museum collections) are published for the first time. Museums are collecting, storing, studying, and promoting the antiquities. By collecting materials that comprehensively cover the history of the region, in order to promote the features of everyday life in the historic area, used objects of everyday life, museums regularly collect evidences of the historical past for its further study and display. In this article we have introduced into scientific circulation the contemporary counterfeits of the coins made on the prototype of circulating money of the Russian Empire, which are stored in the collections of the Numismatics, Phaleristics, Medallion and Bonistics sector of the National Museum of Ukrainian History. Anyway the counterfeits for the loss of the cash circulation are rare examples among the museum collections. Unfortunately, most of the counterfeits studied at that time in the museum collections did not record the locations and circumstances of the counterfeit, inventory and entry books with information about the origin of these coins in the museum collection indicate that most of these coins were transferred from private collections. So it already makes impossible to add these coins to the topography of the finds and to draw additional conclusions about these specimens, etc. In most museums, the overwhelming absence of specimens of contemporary coin counterfeiting is caused not only by the destruction of the latter after the investigation, but also by an imperfect strategy of collecting in museums, based solely on replenishment through free transfer to permanent storage by private persons and objects to the property of the state with their further transfer to the museum. Fake securities were no less popular than making counterfeit money. Technologically, the degree of complexity was even slightly smaller, and the potential amounts of the non-legal profit could be obtained from counterfeit bills sometimes reached impressive levels, as documented in the sources. A sample of 50 rubles promissory note paper was stored in the NMUH collection, which could be used by counterfeiters to forge paper money – the credit bills. With the rising costs of World War I, the need for money increased rapidly, prompting the Government of the Russian Empire to significantly increase the issue of paper money that completely filled the money supply. In order to save time and production resources, banknotes with a nominal value of 1, 3, 5 and 10 rubles were assigned the same, much shorter than the previous issue, number and letter series printed on the banknotes. It is a matter of course that such banknotes instantly caused distrust among the public, as the existence of identical serial numbers is often characteristic of counterfeits. The NMUH collection contains the samples of Russian credit bills with identical series and numbers issued during the First World War and, of course, that are the authentic government money. At that time, the counterfeits of the coins, the prototype for which were circulating coins of the Russian Empire, were stored in the NMUH in the amount of 9 pieces, all of which can be dated from the end of the XIX – the beginning of XX century. Some of the counterfeits belong to the storage group «AE», which unites the copper coins. Part of the forgeries belongs to the group of storage of silver coins «AR», because they came as a part of a single complex collection, or the fact of making these samples from precious metals was revealed by acid testing and determination of the composition of the metal on the test stone. The Conclusions. In the collection of the National Museum of Ukrainian History we discovered 9 old contemporary coins of the Russian Empire. Among them are 2 copies of 10 kopeck coins, 1 piece of 15 kopecks, two samples of counterfeits of 20 kopecks coins made by the prototype of the coins minted in 1878, as well as one-half and three counterfeit rubles: the sample of the most common years of minting of the original coins in 1899, 1901 and 1912. The coins were made of tin alloy, which was supposed to mimic the color of silver and the coating. One coin is made by soldering of the two plates. The source of the receipts of more than half of the coins is unknown, the funds documentation records the receipt of two coins from individuals, including a part of the collection, as well as a transfer from the Finance Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. It can be assumed that the forged collections of the NMUH coins originate from the findings of the Kyiv region and could have been produced in the territory of the former Kyiv province of Russian empire, since the facts of the detection of such counterfeits are known to us from a number of archival criminal cases and reports from the pre-Soviet newspapers. We believe that such a category of coins (as well as banknotes and money surrogates), as old private counterfeits made for the purpose of damage losses to money circulation and fraud, must be brought to a separate storage group in museum collections of both public and private institutions. Appropriate adjustments are also required in the museum’s accounting instructions. From the prospects of further research we see the detection, study and introduction into the scientific circulation of the contemporary counterfeit banknotes and coins from other museums in Ukraine and former Russian empire modern independent states. We hope that this publication will encourage museum staff to collaborate on the scientific elaboration of counterfeits of the materials of the museum collections.
More...
Austro-Ugarska je vladala Bosnom i Hercegovinom četrdeset godina u razdoblju od 1878. do 1918. godine. Ta je vladavina unijela brojne novine u školski sustav. Otvoreno je mnogo novih narodnih osnovnih škola, ali je poseban naglasak stavljen na razvoj srednjega školstva. Za srednje školstvo se može ustvrditi da je potkraj osmanlijske vlasti bilo u povojima. Stoga su nove vlasti brižno planirale razvoj srednjega školstva vodeći računa o svim aspektima lokalnih sredina u kojima su se trebale otvarati srednje škole. To se posebno odnosilo na gimnazije i učiteljske škole koje su smatrane najelitnijim školama toga vremena. Osim ovih, elitnih srednjih škola, vlasti su također vodile računa i o školovanju radničkoga podmlatka. [...]
More...