Publikacje za rok 2017
List of publications on Wadowice and the surrounding area, which appeared in 2017.
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List of publications on Wadowice and the surrounding area, which appeared in 2017.
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Starting from the historical realities that made possible the appearance of the Duchy of Bukovina on the map of the Habsburg Empire and considering as temporal limits the transformations caused by the new administration in 1775 and 1848, the author tries to present in this article some of the reforms generating new attitudes and mentalities in society, promoted by the Court of Vienna in the smallest province of the empire: links built over time between several cultural-creating institutions, such as school, press, literature; relations between these institutions and their beneficiaries; their importance in the emergence of national consciousness at first and, later, of aesthetic consciousness to writers who could assert themselves beyond the borders of Bukovina, in the wider Romanian space.
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The text below presents a short history of primary education in Bukovina and capitalizes on the historical data gathered by Nicodim Ițcuș regarding the establishment of primary schools in this province. At the same time the author presents some relevant data regarding the schooling of pupils in normal schools in Bukovina in 1913-1914 and 1927-1928.
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Reviews: CULTURA COSTIŞA ÎN CONTEXTUL EPOCII BRONZULUI DIN ROMÂNIA, COORD. VALERIU CAVRUC ŞI GHEORGHE DUMITROAIA, PIATRA NEAMŢ, EDITURA "CONSTANTIN MATASĂ", 2001, 138 P. + 82 PLANŞE (Lăcrămioara Elena lstina) PETRE GHERGHE, REPERTORIUL INFORMAŢIILOR ŞI DESCOPERIRILOR ARHEOLOGICE DIN OLTENIA. EPOCA LATÈNE, CRAIOVA, EDITURA UNIVERSITARIA, 2001, 145 P. (Lăcrămioara Elena lstina) LULIAN ANTONESCU, LIBERŢII ÎN SOCIETATEA ROMANĂ A SECOLELOR I-II, CONSTANŢA, EDITURA EX PONTO, 2000, 80 P. (Ioan Mitrea) D. PROTASE, AUTOHTONII ÎN DACIA, VOLUMUL II. DACIA POSTROMANĂ PÂNĂ LA SLAVI, CLUJ-NAPOCA, EDITURA RISOPRINT, 2000, 388 P. (Ioan Mitrea) IOAN MURARIU, ISTORIA SATELOR CRISTINEŞTI, DĂMILENI ŞI DRAGALINA (JUDEŢUL BOTOŞANI), BACĂU, EDITURA PLUMB, 2001, 220 P. TEXT + 23 P. ILUSTRAŢll (Ioan Mitrea) MOLDVAI MAGYAROK- CSANGO MAGYAROK, ÎNGRIJIT DE FARKAS TIBOR, KECSKÉS JOSEF, DR. POZSONY FERENC, DR. KOLTA DORA, BUDAPEST, EDITURA GODOLO, 2000, 68 P. (Anton Coşa) NICOLAE MISCHIE, VASILE LASCĂR REFORMATOR ÎN ADMINISTRAŢIA DE STAT, CLUJ-NAPOCA, EDITURA "CLUSIUM", 2000, 264 P. (Elena Artimon)
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Among the families with an important role in the history of Buzău lands are the Marghilomans,with significant contributions in the socio-economic and political life of the country. Among them, Nicolae Marghiloman was the heir of Maria Cioran, who died before 1787. According to the records from 1829 and 1831,Nicolae Marghiloman, who lived in Buzău, had a son, Matache (Dumitru) Marghiloman, who had two sons Mihai (Miahalache) and Ion (Iancu). Ion (Iancu) Marghiloman great owner, deputy and senator, together with his wife, Irina, descendant of the family of the Oltenian boyars Izvoranu, had three children, two boys Alexandru,the future prime minister and Mihail (Mişu), about whom it was said that he did not do politics and lived longerin Paris, where he married, and a daughter, Elena, married Scarlat (Charles) Pherekyde.
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The communication presented, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the enthronement of Alba Iulia, wishes a tribute and pious gratitude to King Ferdinand and the politician of deep patriotic resonance, who was for almost 15 years the president of the Conservative Party – Alexandru Marghiloman. Both the king and the true conservative politician were animated in the years of the First World War, by a special perseverance to fulfill the great desideratum of the full unication of all Romanian territories and the creation of Great România. The “unifying” king, closely advised by a competent chamberlain, I would say, who had at his top the incomparable liberal leader I.I.C. Brătianu and Queen Maria. Even if he did not excel in the specific skills of at rue political leader, being more inclined to scientific and cultural concerns, King Ferdinand knew how to choose his advisers and engage them in the fulfillment of national ideals. Such was the case of Alexandru Marghiloman, who, due to his special abilities, was elected by I.I.C. Brătianu and proposed to the king to form a government that would treat and conclude peace with the Central Powers, when the country was in great danger, in the spring of1916. In our paper, we insisted on the most realistic presentation of the way in which Alexandru Marghiloman and his team acted to save the country, but especially of those measures and actions taken under the conditions of concluding the armistice and signing the separate capitulation by the defeated Central Powers. I also insisted on a more realistic presentation of the two personalities of the time, who also left their mark on the front page of what would become, through the joint efforts of the sovereign, also of the president of the Conservative Party, Greater Romania.
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The holy act of reuniting with Bessarabia (March 27 / April 9, 1918) is intrinsically linked to the personality of the conservative politician Alexandru Marghiloman. According to him, the process of denationalization of Romanians had reached much more alarming levels in Bessarabia than in Transylvania.The brightest moment of his government was the union of Bessarabia with the Kingdom of Romania which interfered with both the military and the Orthodox church.The renowned author of the Political Notes 1897–1924 provides us with valuable information about the memorable historical moments and about the mood of the artisans of those long-awaited moments, integral parts of the multisecular project of National Integration.In the sense of the “Wallachian lord”, the union of Bessarabia with the Motherland, after 106 years of Tsarist occupation, was the fruit of divine providence.
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The Prime Minister of Romania Alexandru Marghiloman had a stay in Chișinău for only two days, participating in the works of the Country Council (Sfatul Țării) on March 27, 1918. We set out, based on the „Political Notes”, to re-establish the route followed by Al. Marghiloman to know the Chișinău of those times to see the metamorphoses of the city and how today’s generation contributes to the rehabilitation and promotion of this important part of the cultural and historical heritage. Our itinerary includes Chișinău station, The London Hotel, V. Herța’s urban villa, Gymnasium no. 3, Chisinau Military Circle, Cathedral of Christʼs Nativity and The Club of Nobility.
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Being monuments endowed with ideological dimension, the Orthodox Bishopric Serbijan palaces from Vârșeț and Timișoara present interesting stylistical evolutions, from 18th century’s late Baroque to 20th Century Viennese Secession. Symbolizing the power of Orthodox Church rulers, these constructions adopted the Catholic Baroque style, crossed through the Romantic period with the rebirth of neoclassical values and ended in what was configured at the beginning of the 20th century as the closure with the academic dimension and the introduction of the Secession style. The hypothesis of the paper states the importance of European artistic values in defining identity, as the case of these two palaces with their evolution, an evolution that culminated in synthesis. Art patronage from this perspective has implications for the evolution, as such, the two monuments illustrate Serbian religious authority and its reaction to the modern art. In this case the palaces stand as hallmarks for the ecclesiastical architecture of the Banat, a focal point in the general phenomenon.
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Endowment as a possessed form of charity was very much present in the life of Serbian communities. Endowments are one of the best examples of an individual's love and respect for their nationality and for the spiritual and intellectual support of Serbian youth and intellectuals. The times that followed the Second World War diminished the public's interest in this type of charity, ie the fate of these funds became uncertain until they were extinguished. Today, when they are no more, the learned good deeds and the significance they had in life testify to them the most. Archival material, as well as other rich bibliography, provide a real opportunity to present the life of these endowments and their creators, as a phenomenon of exceptional importance in the Serbian people. Leaving their endowments to those who will come into the world after them, the endowments are permanently ugly. Conscious of their presumed role in a given time and space must not replace the work of those who, through self-preservation, love for the people and their neighbors and noble feelings, considered it our duty to publish their immortal deeds.
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La ville de Timișoara a occupé une place importante dans la politique de la démarcation du Royaume des Serbes, Croates et Slovènes lors de la conférence de paix à Paris. Les revendications territoriales du Gouvernement yougoslave et de sa délégation à Paris envers Timișoara et ses environs sont justifiées par les victoires et la force militaires, la loi historique ainsi que les attitudes et les souhaits de la population de la zone contestée. Cependant, il est également essentiel de savoir quel rôle l’opinion publique du Royaume de la SCS a joué à cet égard. Afin de créer une image de l’importance de cette ville pour les Serbes, la presse accorde une attention particulière aux épithètes et aux syntagmes qui décrivent Timișoara. Cette agglomération y a été décrite positivement et poétiquement. Dans la presse elle est présentée par comme exemple: «la perle de Banat» ou «la clé de Banat»… C’est pourquoi dans notre article nous présenterons et expliquerons de nombreuses épithètes que les auteurs ont utilisées en écrivant sur Timișoara dans les années d'après-guerre. Nous donnerons un contexte historique plus large qui montre l’importance de cette ville d’appartenir au Royaume de SCS.
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Aurel Cosma jr., one of the prominent personalities in the 20th century Banat, an exponent of the Romanian culture and one of the most important political activists, had a notable contribution in preparing the works of the future peace conference after World War II. The government‘s approach intensified after the events of 1940 which had shaken both the Romanian public opinion and governmental circles in Bucharest. To organize the coming peace, many institutions and personalities, men of science, politicians, diplomats, and library experts were contacted within the national strategy schedule, the government understanding that the future of Romania depended on the way the materials and the whole process would be prepared. As a former deputy in the Parliament commission for foreign affairs and councilor at the Ministry of National Propaganda, Aurel Cosma jr. involved himself in the side-scenes of the future conference, both as a member of the organizing committee and an author of library reports. The present study follows all this aspects in developing, according to the evolution of external events, a proof of his exceptional professional abilities, for which in change he payed a high price - his own liberty.
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At the beginning of the 80s the last century, Romania passed through a crisis with negative results on the population’s living standard. The notes I have examined in the present study, belonging to the chef of the Inspectorate of the Internal Affairs Ministry, sent to the prime-secretary of Timiș County Committee of the Romanian Communist Party in 1981, realistically expressed the population’s dissatisfaction for the law supplies with most needed food (bread, milk, cream, cheese, sugar, meat, eggs, white flour, corn flour, onion, potatoes, etc.); the lack of those ones in public shops generated immense files in front of the them, strains and incidents (Timișoara, Jimbolia), and mainly the people’s tiredness for needing to be late for their jobs to secure what they needed. Stoppage of electricity, warm water, and heat, etc. came to fulfill the people’s dissatisfactions. It is extremely important that people than drew a parallel between the situation in Romania and the one in Poland, and there were voices to assert that the things were at risk to degenerate like in Poland. The authorities felt concern about a letter that a group of Romanian physicians, including ones from Timișoara, sent by means of radio “Radio Free Europe”, to minister of Health, Professor Eugen Proca. The signatories expressed their dissatisfaction concerning the law salaries in the Romanian health system at the time, the substantial diminution of medicaments importing that prejudiced the medical aid, and required for its resuming. They also contested the rational eating program the Romanian Communist regime provided for, underlining that the Romanian authorities wanted to use medicine as a screen to cover the economic crisis.
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During the 19th and 20th century in Romania were discovered many historic documents about Cyril and Methodius missionary activity which were translated, adapted and published by several Romanians scholars like: B. P. Hașdeu, A. D. Xenopol, M. Ștefănescu, I. Bărbulescu , Ioan Bogdan, P. P. Panaitescu, P. Olteanu și Damian P. Bogdan. Romanian Scholars working within the different scientific field must have recognized the importance of these Slavic-Romanian documents, for that they were in a position to offer much importance according to a national scale and were therefore able to attract other specialists who have considerable expertise in their field. In spite of all linguistics and historic studies about the apostle Cyril and Methodius and their missionary activity among Central and East European Slavs and even Romanian population there are several other scientific sources. But, all these studies were based upon old theological, historic documents and books so that in this short essay we intend to underline some aspects of a particular issue of the image/personality of the two byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius and how they were also mentioned into Romanian historic and school manuals published between 1830 and 1900. During our researching work into Romanian Academy Library we have found several books in which were mentioned the two missionary brothers. These books are especially about Romanian early medieval history but there we found some very interesting information about our researching aims. For actual researching field, few things are more important than reevaluating old researching studies, but we can choose to have rather a different approach about this very interesting domain. In this essay, the information is refined and reinterpreted because its various structure, but before deciding where to interfere, we need to examine the differences between the two types of documents, particularly as regards the old linguist interpretation and scientific achievement. It is clear, therefore, that there are significant differences between the old theological and Slavic-Romanian documents and the schools manuals which may offer some pale advantages. The benefits of interpretation from so very different range of information presented in this type of modern documents must be great by the researching method itself. Despite some similarities, there are a number of marked differences in the way that linguist and historic researching methods operate. The range of subjects concerning into these school books and manuals is largely limited by the demands of the 19th century national curricula. In contrast, the old Slavic-Romanian documents can offer a greater choice of subjects, because they generally have more information, than schools manuals have. We intend to extract proper historic information that achieves somewhat higher academic standards.
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Every Slavic culture and literature preserves, in some manner, the memory of brothers Constatine and Methodius: either in literature, liturgy, historical writings, or even through the use of Cyrillic letters. Considering the fact that the old Romanian culture displays a strong Slavonic character, many an author have wandered if it also preserves, just like other cultures that have inherited Slavonic Culture, the memory of the "Slavic apostles". The present paper discusses mentions of the historical characters Constantine and Methodius in Romanian historical writings until the nineteenth century (chronicles and histories) and it analyzes their origin and use.
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This article provides an overview of the criminal prosecution of Jews from the Warsaw ghetto by German court entities during the Nazi occupation of the General Government. As the title suggests, a specific focus lies on how the residents of the ghetto were pushed into a legal gray area by an increasingly dense network of anti-Jewish legal guidelines. As this article also highlights, however, committing acts that the occupiers had deemed criminal offenses also sometimes aided Jews in their survival of imprisonment in ghettos. This article takes a chronological approach: it begins with a discussion of the history of “Jewish ghettos” from the Middle Ages onwards, leading up to the establishment of ghettos in the General Government throughout the early 1940s. Since the legal sphere is the focus of this article, it outlines the Nazi definition of a criminal offense in the Warsaw ghetto will and which social and personal changes the imprisonment in ghettos meant for Jews during occupation. Even though the Nazi restrictions made several dozen offenses legally punishable, even by death, committing these criminal offenses could ensure Jews’ survival, for example, by participating in illegal trade, smuggling, or the forging of identity cards or money. In this way, criminality became an increasingly frequent part of everyday life and survival of Jews imprisoned in ghettos. Through the establishment of so-called German Courts and Special Courts in the district capitals of the General Government, the occupiers set up a dense and expansive legal network through which they were able to prosecute any criminal activity on a seemingly official basis. In an attempt to make this history more tangible, this article discusses cases of smuggling, illegal trade, bribery, spreading rumors, and derogatory language as brought in the German Court and Special Court in Warsaw against Jewish defendants. Even though the German Criminal Code and a plethora of continuously issued legal decrees were rigously applied in these court proceedings, the verdicts of the German Court and Special Court in Warsaw were seldom consistent or stringent throughout the years of occupation.
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This article is meant to discuss the cultural, literary and historical values of the recorded notes that could be found on the church books from Banat area in the medieval and modern age. These recorded notes are relevant in describing the identity of Romanian and Serbia communities, pointing out their religious and everyday life. They extended and took the shape of the “local chronicles and histories” in the second part of the XIXth century.
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In the late 18th and during the 19th century in Gabrovo existed a considerably big merchant class that with its activity not only met the requirements of the time but also contributed to the emergence of Gabrovo as an important commercial centre. The commercial relations of the town with Odessa were an expression of its economic capacity and prospects. The History Museum – Gabrovo keeps commercial accounts, statements and letters of Vassil Rasheev, addressed to the Gabrovo merchants Totyu Antipov, Roussi Stoyanov and Radoslav Iliev. These papers cover the period from July 1866 to July 1887 and make possible certain inferences and conclusions to be made concerning the ties of the Gabrovo merchants with Odessa. Through Vassil Rasheev they imported hides and wool. The data from the documents offer abundant material about the purchase of these items. Owing to their fragmentariness it is not possible to make a quantitative analysis. When compared, however, they give an idea of the kind of the articles exchanged between Gabrovo and Odessa, the way in which trade was conducted and the routes of transporting the goods, the movement of prices and the relations between the merchants. Important information about the commerce with Odessa is obtained also from the letters of the Svishtov merchant Aleko h.Konstantinov and the inhabitant of Gabrovo Nanyu Trifonov, a merchant in Constantinople, to the Gabrovo merchants mentioned above. The Gabrovo merchants imported from Odessa also fish, caviar and butter. The participation of the Gabrovo merchants in Russian-Bulgarian trade contributed to the development of the local market, to the expansion of artisan production in Gabrovo, to the accumulation of funds and the consolidation of commercial capital. These trade relations contributed to the favourable development of the commodity-financial relations and also to the gradual integration of the Bulgarian lands in the European economy.
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The capitalist industrialization of the economy of Sofia from the early 20th c. to the end of the First World War is described by the authoress as a differentiated period with high indices of modernization for a country which had lagged at the periphery of Europe’s development. A study has been made of the inventories and company registers preserved in the Sofia State Archives of a large number of economic bodies legalized and operating under the Commercial Law of 1897. Of them have been processed the data for 1,187 industrial representations, transport and brokers’ bureaux and agencies, bankers’ and insurance companies, and public service firms, including those in the sphere of culture. As an expression of the stable character of the modernizing process of these economic formations at least so far have been identified 365 as having remained in a leading position in the economic life of the capital city also in the following decades, during the Second World War up to the nationalization. Some, though restructured, made up even later the production force of thew capital city. In the panoramic picture of this impressive activity of the firms, the study depicts the dynamics of the modernization by the dimensions of the fundamental process of binding into one complex agricultural and industrial production and a strong development of the export orientation of the economy. The decisive financial role is outlined of the bankers’ elite, the participation by investments of European capital and other aspects of the remarkably successful start of the industrialization of the economy of the capital city.
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