Приносът на генерал Георги Взов за историческата география и мемоаристиката

Author(s): Roumyana Choukova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This paper is a historiographical analysis of Gen. Georgi Vazov's memoire-cum-travellogue titled 'In the Deserts of Central Asia'. It pinpoints the exceedingly valuable information about the history, the ethnic and religious identity of the region and mainly the Russian colonial penetration in Central Asia, the geopolitical relations between the two powers dominant in the region - Russia and the British Empire, and the dynamics of the borders, among others. It also follows the untraditinal approach of the military campaigns as a civilizational phenomenon expanding the outlook and the historical truthfulness of the nation. Parallels are sought between the linguistic and religious identity of Turkmens, Kalmyks, and Tajiks with first-hand tales about the distant ancient land of Bulgarians. Last, but not least, it comments on the participation of the general in the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In conclusion, the paper speaks of Gen. Vazov's contribution to the treasury of Bulgarian historical geography and memoiristics.

Леврентий Павлович Бериа - технократ и реформатор

Author(s): Boiko Belegov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Joseph Stalin died on 05.03.1953. The lack of legitimate mechanisms for the transfer of power caused a continuous crisis related to a heated struggle for his heritage. The fate of the country fell into the hands of the people who were Stalin's closest associates. The most powerful positions were held by G. Malenkov, L. Beria and Nikita Khrushchev. Having abundant information about the situation in the country and heading the Interior Ministry of the USSR, Beria concentrated enormous power in his hands. He, however, had no intention of fighting any of Stalin's "heirs". Beria realized that the established collective leadership, in which there was a certain system of equality, was the most favourable for the implementation of the reforms he had devised. The new documents published from the declassified archives reveal that he became actively involved in both domestic and foreign policy. Beria's reformist activity was doomed from the very beginning. His activity and unpredictability at the solution of the tasks set forth made him a deadly dangerous competition in the eyes of Malenkov, Khrushchev and the other loyal associates of Stalin. The factor that united them was the fear of the "man with the pince-nez". He knew too much about them. The practice from previous years showed them that the most convenient way in which they could dispose of the dangerous adversary was his complete discreditation before the party and the people, and his physical removal.

Посланията на кирилицата

Author(s): Axinia Dzurova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article follows the issue of the spiritual outlook of Europe in the context on the continental literary traditions, the role of the saintly brothers Cyril and Methodius and their disciples, of Prince Boris and Tsar Simeon, coming to the conclusion that, if we try to ask ourselves what is Europe today, what defines it most precisely is Graeco-Roman Antiquity, Christian culture and the three main alphabets - Latin, Greek and Cyrillic - by means of which our Old World has carried its heritage and memory through the centuries.

Симеоновият "Златоструй" - пътят към истината

Author(s): Dimitar Kenanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This study summarises the author's way of finding the initial contents of the famous translated anthology of homilies by and excerpts from John Chrysostom. It was compiled by educated Bulgarian ruler, Tsar Simeon the Great (893-927) and was translated in the 9th century, after 893. The exceedingly apt title of 'Zlatostruj' (literary 'Golden Stream') is a symbolic expression of the blessed word of Chrysostom and the book surely has the objective to transform the unenlightened Bulgarian people by means of persuasion, not by force, as it was until 893. The initial translation features 45 homilies. This thesis is confirmed by two Vilnius copies of the 'Zlatostruj' from the Monastery of the Annunciation in Suprasl, currently located at the library of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius, Lithuania.

Кратка княжеска хроника на Тудор Доксов

Author(s): Hristo Trendafilov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This paper discusses the Afterword of 907 added by Preslav monk Tudor Doks to the Four Orations against the Arians of St. Athanasius of Alexandria translated by Bishop Constantine and copied by him. The orations were translated and copied by order of Prince Simeon, who was probably a relative of the monastic writer. Tudor's Afterword, rich in cultural and historical evidence, is analysed in the discourse of the short Byzantine chronicles and Old Bulgarian epigraphic sources, the Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans and the afterwords to the 10th century works from Preslav. It is concluded that Tudor's Afterword is a sort of chronicle of the creative works of the family of the princes Boris-Michael and Simeon which ruled Bulgaria. It is assume that the Afterword is written in the so-called family monastery of the rulers from Preslav, located in the direct proximity to the Round (Golden) Church.

За особеностите и мястото на Станимашкия (Асеновградския) говор от първата половина на XX век сред останалите български говори

Author(s): Ivan G. Iliev,Margarita Georgieva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper describes the main peculiarities of the Stanimaka (Asenovgrad) subdialect in the first half of the 20th century based on a literary text written by Hristo Daskalov. A comparison with some neighbouring sub-dialects has also been made.

"Свешената книга" в романовата структура на "Хайка за вълци" от Ивайло Петров - релации и трансформации

Author(s): Zapryan Kozludzhov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Ivailo Petrov's novel 'Wolf Hunt' is a dramatic saga with a story covering a long and contradictory period of Bulgarian history, from the first years after World War II to 1965. The fates of Ivan Shibilev, Mona Zhendo, Kalcho, Nikolin, Stoyan Kralev and their sons and daoughters intertwine and grow apart in passions and conflicts. This book is the story of people who are born during a totalitarian regime or die, frequently because of what they love. The hunt is the symbol of their thirst for revenge, the Old Testament 'an eye for an eye', with the outcome/redemption being presented as a pain of the soul caused by the loss of human happiness. The study discusses the presence of biblical motifs and images and the manner in which the author of the novel works with them. The moral categories through which each individual considers his/her life are skilfully woven in the book by the careful use of biblical symbols and messages. The characters in 'Wolf Hunt' fully experience the passions and sufferings of the Old Testament characters, thereby redeeming the original human sin.

Sur les cités byzantines aux XIe — XIIe siècles

Author(s): Petar Tivchev / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The Specifics of Musical Brno in the 2nd Half of the 20th Century

Author(s): Jindřiška Bártová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Brno became a centre of musical culture in the late 19th century thanks to versatile activities of Leoš Janáček. His students, however, did not value his activities, they did not understand their teacher. The situation changed after World War II. Brno became the centre at that time of a still living and rich folklore that inspired some composers (Ištvan, Berg) to significant experiments. Brno also formed many important multidisciplinary artistic associations (the Group Q). The composers in Brno tried to acknowledge and use the contemporary compositional techniques, especially dodecaphony and New Music. They were mostly the members of the Group A. This disappeared in the 1970s and the attention focused on its former member Miloslav Ištvan. Ištvan followed Janáček and Webern in his compositional method called “the montage of isolated sound elements in music”. He attracted like-minded colleagues and students and established a group called Camerata Brno at the end of the 1970s which was known as “the Brno Compositional School” in professional circles.

Genocidna ideologija antibosanstva

Author(s): Rusmir Mahmutćehajić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Genocid, genocid, genocid! Tom prividno poznatom riječju imenovani su progoni i ubijanja bosanskih muslimana u Srebrenici 1995. godine. Za to djelo osuđeno je više pojedinaca koji su ga domislili, podstakli i/ili proveli. Tom riječju, koju su izrekli suci, koju potomci i srodnici ubijenih ponavljaju kao molitvenu utjehu, užasnuta i ustrašena većina više je anestezirana negoli utješena. Ali riječi nemaju značenja izvan rečenice. Kada su im nametana korištenja u izdvojenosti, one postaju plastične. Čine se neprijeporno shvatljivim, a ipak su sve dalje od tog što njihovi korisnici hoće u žalosti i patnji, u ljubavi i mržnji te u nastojanjima da prežive i budu sretni. [...]

Razmjere i posljedice devastirane demografske slike bosanskog Podrinja

Author(s): Fikret Bečirović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

In order to territorially expand and create a homogeneous demographic picture, “ethnic cleansing” and genocide against the non-Serb population of Podrinje was prepared first in academic, then in military circles, in our neighboring country of Serbia. The goal was to ethnically cleanse (brutally remove) the Bosniak population in every possible way from an area that covers at least fifty kilometers from the Drina River to the central part of Bosnu i Hercegovinu. The “ethnic cleansing” of that area from non-Serbs also had the intention of a “final showdown” with the undesirable, unpopular element, the remnants of the Turkish conqueror, as they labeled the Bosniak corps. Thus, the first aggressor strikes began on the eastern border and during April 1992, the entire Podrinje area was occupied, with great destruction, expulsions, imprisonment, terrorism and the cruelest crimes that reached their peak with the Srebrenica genocide. Permanent crimes and complete “ethnic cleansing” throughout the war period completely devastated the prewar demographic picture of the entire Bosnian Podrinje area. In this paper, we will analyze the causes, extent and consequences of the devastated demographic picture in 10 Podrinje municipalities, comparing the post-war census from 2013 with the pre-war census from 1991. Comparative analysis will show that war destruction, crimes, “ethnic cleansing” and genocide against Bosniaks in Srebrenica and other Podrinje municipalities caused large demographic, quantitative and qualitative changes in ethnic structure, gender, age, working age, education, culture and all other segments of life.

Zaključci Međunarodne naučne konferencije “Genocid nad Bošnjacima, Srebrenica 1995–2020: Uzroci, razmjere i posljedice”

Author(s): Mirko Pejanović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Moralno-pravna i politička obaveza svijeta Evropske unije i Bosne i Hercegovine jeste ne samo spriječiti buduće, civilizacijski katastrofične i neprihvatljive zločine poput genocida nad Bošnjacima u Srebrenici i oko nje nego, i prije svega, spriječiti njegovo planski aktivno i političko, medijsko, kvazinaučno, sistematsko poricanje i negiranje, kakvome svjedočimo danas i svih poratnih godina u Bosni i Hercegovini i njenom susjedstvu. Tačnije Srbiji, koja je imala “političko mentorstvo” nad genocidom, uporno pokušavajući izbjeći ono neizbježno – svoju vlastitu odgovornost za plansko, praktično učešće i političko i vojno saučesništvo koga je potpuno svjesna. [...]

Mitropolitul Gavriil Bănulescu‑Bodoni, Generalul Prozorovski şi Galaţii

Author(s): Eugen Drăgoi / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Războiul Ruso‑Turc din anii 1806‑1812 a adus, aşa cum se cunoaşte, importante schimbări în viaţa politică şi religioasă a Principatelor Române Moldova şi Valahia. Comunicarea noastră doreşte să îndrepte atenţia participanţilor către colaborarea a doi din protagoniştii acestor evenimente, anume mitropolitul Gavriil Bănulescu‑Bodoni şi generalul Alexandr Prozorovski, şi, în final, să propună câteve elemente noi referitoare la legătura lor cu oraşul nostru Galaţi.

Бессарабия XIX – XX ст.: мультикультурный субъект европейской истории или ее геополитический объект?

Author(s): Vitali V. Stetskevych / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Până la formarea Republicii Moldova, Basarabia nu a fost niciodată un stat independent, deci un subiect valid pe eşichierul relaţiilor internaţionale europene. De fapt, Basarabia a fost permanent un obiect al intereselor geopolitice, care au depăşit cu mult interesele populaţiei locale. Aceste interferenţe geopolitice au avut un rol important în modelarea identităţii culturale a locuitorilor Basarabiei, aflaţi într‑o zonă de interferenţe culturale multiple. Faptul acesta a reprezentat, pe de‑o parte, un beneficiu, însă, pe de altă parte, a fost şi o sursă de confuzie în ceea ce priveşte construirea unei identităţi coerente şi bine structurate.

Prezenţa elementului grec în structura demografică a Basarabiei în prima jumătate a secolului al XIX‑lea

Author(s): Valeriu Harabara / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Ca urmare a anexării Basarabiei la Imperiul Rus (1812), în această zonă a început un proces de modificare a structurii etnice a populaţiei Basarabiei, proces ce a fost amplificat de autorităţile ţariste prin politica colonizării teritoriului obținut. Acţiunile date s‑au răsfrânt şi asupra evoluţiei demografice a elementului grec de pe teritoriul Basarabiei.

Výtvarné hodnoty a ideogram na kovaných krížoch na sakrálnych objektoch v okolí Bardejova

Author(s): Martin Mešša / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

In north-east Slovakia, complex as well as simply-forged crosses have survived at sacral buildings and in museum collections. Craftsmanship and artistic sense of the blacksmiths in the 17th to 19th century made from forged crosses, placed on churches, bell towers and chapels an interesting picture of folk plastic art, which however was conditioned by theological teaching, regulated, and controlled by church dignitaries. The basic types of crosses are enriched by a lot of other symbols and signs crafted as one unit. Some forged crosses can be found at their original place and in their original function even today, some others are not complete, or crosses of the basic shape replaced them later, because the signs and symbols gradually lost their importance in human mind or because the Christian learning and its interpretation changed. The basic types of crosses, the signs used and the symbolism of the crosses and combinations thereof say something about the time of their origin. The applied signs created an ideogram, but mostly more ideograms connected into one unit. Every forged cross not only is a set of signs or ideograms, but – to a certain extent – also an artistic element making the whole building complete.

Елинското училище в Търново и православният клир през първата половина на XIX век

Author(s): Vladimir Vladov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Greek, Modern (1453-) Publication Year: 0

The present study deals with an important point in the history of the educational activities in the old capital city of Turnovo, namely the opening of a Hellenic school in 1821. The analysis of the data of its chronicle reveals the significant role of the Orthodox clergy, headed by the bishop of Turnovo, in relation to the establishment, organization and maintenance of the school. By the middle of the 19th c. it was not only the most authoritative centre of education in the city but it also had a leading role in the public and economic life of the Bulgarians.

Au seuil de la langue (nouvelle) : codeswitching, attitudes et changements linguistique en Tunisie

Author(s): Heikel BEN MUSTAPHA / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

When applied to language, the polysemic notion of threshold [seuil] refers to a transitional space where any linguistic stage is linked to preceding and following statements, to the before and the after. Unlike structural linguistics which studies language in a diachronic way, spoken languages do not show distinct linguistic stages and cannot thereby be studied in the perspective of an extended diachrony. They are only studied in a synchronic method especially when it becomes to study the speech of people before the invention of new technologies of recording. While linked with the precedent stage, a spoken language seems to be a variation resulting from it which announces the very future phase. In this way, they show continuously aspects of language change, which can be studied in the perspective of the Labovian “apparent time”. In the Tunisian context, the changes observed are, in part, “contact-induced” and seem to be reflected by the generalized practice of codeswitching. But, this practice, while motivated by communicative pressures, is intimately linked with the history of language contacts and with the ideologies (attitudes and representations) supporting their conflicting relations. In Tunisia, the language conflict results in paradoxical identities which muzzles speakers, and which does not enable us to indicate the orientation that language change will choose.

Патриарх Евтимий Търновски (1375 – 1393) за смисъла и значението на историята

Author(s): Vasil Gyuzelev / Language(s): Bulgarian,Old Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

За покровителството на Цар Йоан Александър към манастирите през ХІV век

Author(s): Dragomir Lalchev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Paroria Anachorets’ work regards everything happening in Bulgarian and Byzantine societies in the notable and troubled 14th century. Its eventful dynamics is full of councils, civil wars, Ottoman conqueror’s invasion from the East and from the West. This is the time when Bulgaria was ruled by Tzar Yоan Alexander (1331 – 1371), end Byzantine by Emperors Andronicus III (1328 – 1341) and his son Yoan (John) V Palaeologus. This century is full of conflicts and dramatic events making decisions on Byzantine, Bulgaria and Serbia Orthodox Balkan peoples’ fate. Monastery’s Laura is directly connected to Slavic and Byzantine Hesychasm’s and Hesychast monks of Kefalarevo Scriptorium’s literary works’ chronology. Scriptorium being found in 1350 by Bulgarian monk Theodosius of Tarnovo disciple of Byzantine hermit Gregory the Sinaite. Bulgaria’s Tzar Yоan Alexander was a protection of Paroria monastery. The Tzar gave them support and protected them from pillaging.