Biti partizan, vaški stražar ali domobranec

Author(s): Mirjam Dujo Jurjevčič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/2020

The article presents some motives that caused individuals during the Second World War to join either Village Guards, Partisan units, or Home Guard units. Of course, we recognise that there were also other reasons for this. We focus only on collected testimonies and other sources connected to the area of the southern Notranjska region, i.e. the six wartime municipalities of Begunje, Bloke, Cerknica, Rakek, Stari trg and Sv. Vid, which are today the municipalities of Bloke, Cerknica and Loška dolina.

Show Trials in Slovenia: The Case of Ljubo Sirc

Author(s): Tamara Griesser Pečar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Ljubo Sirc was a member of the Stara pravda group. In 1943, he fled to Switzerland in order to explain the situation in Slovenia to the Yugoslav government and the British Allies, but they would not listen to him. After the Tito-Šubašič Agreement, he joined the Partisans. After the war, he was an interpreter and had contact with British, American and French representatives in Ljubljana. He also tried to organize a political opposition. Ljubo Sirc was accused of spying and treason and was sentenced to death in the so-called Nagode trial. His sentence was then commuted to twenty years of forced labour. After seven and a half years, he was set free in 1954. Because the secret police wanted him to collaborate and because he found no work, he illegally left Yugoslavia and went to Great Britain, where he was a professor of economics in Glasgow. After 34 years, he came back to Yugoslavia for the first time. His verdict was annulled, but he got only a small part of his and his family’s property restituted. In 1992, Sirc was the presidential candidate of the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia.

ვარდანისძეთა წარჩინებული გვარის უცნობი გამოსახულებები ჯუმათის მთავარანგელოზთა მონასტრის XIV საუკუნის მოხატულობაში

Author(s): Nino Chikhladze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2023

The present paper discusses the issues of establishing the Vardanisdze family, a powerful feudal family of medieval Georgia, in Guria and therefore obtaining the status of Gurieli in the light of the portraits identified in the wall paintings of the Jumati Monastery. Representatives of this strong feudal family were Eristavs (princes) of the Svaneti principality from the 10th-11th centuries to the beginning of the 14th century. According to Vakhushti Batonishvili’s information the Vardanisdze family was deprived of the Svaneti principality and Guria was given to rule in 1361, However, historians have a well-founded opinion regarding the transfer of the date to the first half of the 14th century. Based on the artistic style analysis, the Jumati Archangels Monastery wall painting in Guria reveals the artistic peculiarities of the same period. In this mural decoration the memorial portrait of the proud ancestor of Vardanisdze family Vardanisdze Vardan “Didi” (the Great) was identified during the expedition of the University of Georgia Tamaz Beradze Institute of Georgian Studies in 2022.In the first half of the 14th century, the initiator of the depiction of the ancestor’s portrait obviously was, Eristavi (prince) of Guria from the Vardanisdze family, who would probably be depicted on the north wall of the church near the sanctuary. Unfortunately, the wall decoration was destroyed by the church’s later wall painting and architectural remodeling. However, in the western part of the northern wall, on the layer of painting of the first half of the 14th century, the image of a strange couple of a monk and a nun has been preserved. The Composition, in which the couple is blessed by the Savior, represents the privilege of the first persons of the royal family or local rulers. Therefore, according to the fragment of the woman’s inscription, the monk, and the nun, who are former spouses, may have been Gurielis (rulers of Guria principality), and the initiator of their depiction together would probably be their own son. The son, who commissioned Jumati wall painting is probably Beshken Gurieli. He and his son, Mikeli is mentioned in the later inscription of the11th century famous St. George icon of Jumati. Father,who is depicted as a monk, may be Eristavt Eristavi of Svaneti, Msakhurtukhutsesi Suimon Gurieli, whose portrait was involved in the 14th century mural painting of Zarzma Church. Most likely, he must be the first Vardanisdze, who received status of Gurieli after the loss of the Svaneti principality. This should have happened be- tween the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th century.In 2016, in the Erketi Monastery of Archangels, located in Guria, 12th-13th century fragmentary inscription of an old chancel-barrier slab was found. In it, the name of Eristavt Eristavi of Svaneti Mikeli was read, who is probably the donor of the monastery and therefore the governor of Guria. Thus, it is conceivable that Mikeli should be the secular name of above mentioned Eristavt Eristavi of Svaneti, Msakhurtukhutsesi Suimon Gurieli. This opinion is indirectly supported by the fact that his possible grandson was also named Mikeli. Thus, it turns out that the first Gurielis of the Vardanisdze family who moved from Svaneti to Guria at the end of 13th century and the first half of the 14th century can be named in the following order: Mikel formerly Suimoni, Beshkeni, Mikeli.

Aspects of the russification process in the Bessarabia Orthodox Church during the Tsarist Period (1812-1917)

Author(s): Lucian Corduneanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This study covers the way that the russification process appeared in Bessarabia, after this region was annexed in the year 1812 and until the Union with Romania from 27th of March 1918. During the 106 years of tsarist occupation, in Bessarabia there was an attempt to impose the Russian model in the civil and church administration structures. The Orthodox Church from Bessarabia, during the period 1812-1918, was a component part of the Russian Orthodox Church. The hierarchical leadership faithfully followed the political direction and those decided by the Synod of St. Petersburg. Of the thirteen hierarchs who served in Bessarabia during the tsarist period, only the first hierarch, Gavriil Bănulescu-Bodoni, was Romanian. All the hierarchs that served after him were Russians. They reported differently to the problems and needs of Romanian believers from Bessarabia, and the Russian hierarchs activity could not be brought to the same denominator. In order to russify the Bessarabia region, the Russian hierarchs gradually imposed in churches and churches schools from Bessarabia the Russian language, excluded the Romanian language from Theological Seminary in Chisinau in the second half of the 19th century. Furthermore, in all the other schools, was imposed education in Russian language, the Romanian language being totally excluded. In these conditions, the whole education system became a powerful tool for russification, their consequences being disastrous. Towards the end of the 19th century, in order to make the pastoral mission more efficient among the faithful, the need to print brochures and books in the mother tongue was increasingly felt. The founding of ,,The Brotherhood of the Nativity of Christ” hastened the opening of the diocesan typography and printing of books and publications in the mother tongue. During the Bishop Vadimir (1904-1908) and in the following period, Romanian books were printed. Through the work and involvement of secular and ecclesiastical personalities who played important roles in the national movement in Bessarabia in 1917-1918, it was possible to obtain the autonomy of the Church, as well as the Union with Romania.

A Brief History of Romanians in the Serbian Banat

Author(s): Mircea Măran / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Romanian inhabitants live in nearly forty villages in that part of Banat which used to belong to the former state of Yugoslavia and which now belongs to the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, i.e. Republic of Serbia. The Romanian inhabitants were colonized in the area, i.e. in the space of contemporary Vojvodina, mostly in the 18th and the first decades of the 19th century from the eastern parts of Banat. A number of villages were inhabited by settlers from other parts of Romanian ethnic space, before all from Oltenia, Transilvania and Crişana. The newcomers were settled in the places existing since the Turkish, and even medieval times, while in some cases completely new settlements were established. After the World War I and the dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, Banat was divided between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Romania. The status of the Romanian minority in Banat was regulated by international contracts signed after the World War I, as well as by various Yugoslav-Romanian contracts. Therefore, conditions were created for the Romanian national minority in the Yugoslav (Serbian) Banat to exercise their national rights, which enabled their survival in the region to the present day. Today, the Romanian minority is found on the territory of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Despite their significant decrease in numbers, they still have a rich cultural life and are active in different domains of the society. They preserve their identity due to the existence of schools taught in the Romanian language, of the Romanian Orthodox Church, as well as due to national mass media that have program in the languages of the minorities as well.

The Beginning of the Wallachian Chancery and the Succession to the Throne: Princely Charters and their Diplomatic Formulae from 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜 and 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜

Author(s): Liviu Marius Ilie / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2023

During the reign of Mircea the Elder (ca. 1386–1418), the Wallachian chancery had an important activity, with many charters from that period reaching modern times; the diplomatic formulae used in composing these documents can explain various cultural and political issues regarding medieval Wallachia. The succession to the throne was a main concern for Mircea; at the end of the charters, very often in sanctio and rarely in dispositio, scribes added different fragments that mentioned the possible successors to the throne (sons, relatives, or pretenders from other families). The evolution of these diplomatic formulae is more explicit by considering the beneficiaries of the charters, especially the monasteries of Tismana and Cozia. Moreover, an analogy with the Bulgarian chancery can reveal interesting conclusions.During the reign of Mircea the Elder (ca. 1386–1418), the Wallachian chancery had an important activity, with many charters from that period reaching modern times; the diplomatic formulae used in composing these documents can explain various cultural and political issues regarding medieval Wallachia. The succession to the throne was a main concern for Mircea; at the end of the charters, very often in 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜 and rarely in 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜, scribes added different fragments that mentioned the possible successors to the throne (sons, relatives, or pretenders from other families). The evolution of these diplomatic formulae is more explicit by considering the beneficiaries of the charters, especially the monasteries of Tismana and Cozia. Moreover, an analogy with the Bulgarian chancery can reveal interesting conclusions.

Капитален труд за границите на България. Отзив за: Драгомир Йорданов. Границите на България 1870–1886 г. Историческо формиране и развитие

Author(s): Petko St. Petkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

„Populus to był lud, proszę państwa”. Wizualne archiwum protestów chłopskich okresu transformacji

Author(s): Magda Szcześniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2021

Artykuł poświęcony jest protestom chłopskim w okresie transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce. W dominującej sferze publicznej historia ta wspominana jest niechętnie, wyparta przez pamięć transformacji jako okresu zachłystywania się kapitalizmem i budowania społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. Tymczasem protesty rolników stanowiły pierwsze tak poważne i masowe wystąpienia przeciwko neoliberalnej polityce gospodarczej. Wykorzystując kategorię badawczą "repertuarów kontestacji" (Charles Tilly), autorka analizuje podejmowane przez protestujących działania: blokady dróg, okupacje budynków rządowych, martnotrawienie jedzenia oraz przykłady chłopskiego aktywizmu wizualnego.

"Us" vs. "Them". Communist Dialectical Images from Interwar Europe and Soviet Russia

Author(s): Adri Kácsor / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2021

Brawny male workers vs. bulging bourgeois men. Working-class mothers burdened by the hardship of poverty and childcare vs. elegant upper-class women enjoying a lifestyle of privilege. Such juxtaposed images of workers and the rich were prevalent in the visual culture of communism throughout the twentieth century, appearing on posters, illustrations, and other genres of political propaganda across countries and continents. Although these didactic propaganda images have rarely been considered in histories of modernism and the avant-garde, this article argues that they were among the key visual inventions of twentieth-century communist visual culture given their highly innovative aesthetics and juxtaposed structure that provided them a potential to become dialectical. Drawing on examples from interwar Europe and Soviet Russia, this article examines how didactic juxtapositions could become dialectical images, triggering political transformations while also making revolutionary class consciousness visible for the viewer.

Ruch fotografii robotniczej w latach 20. i 30. XX wieku. Perspektywy teoretyczne i możliwości badawcze w Polsce

Author(s): Maciej Duklewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2021

Tematem artykułu są najnowsze badania nad robotniczą fotografią dokumentalną, społeczną i artystyczną tworzoną w latach 20. i 30. XX wieku. Dotyczą one międzynarodowego ruchu robotników fotoamatorów (przede wszystkim w Republice Weimarskiej), rynku wydawniczego ilustrowanych pism robotniczych oraz teorii fotografii proletariackiej. Artykuł przedstawia najnowsze, międzynarodowe badania fotografii robotniczej i możliwości badawcze w Polsce. Autor opisuje lokalne warunki wytwarzania i cyrkulacji fotografii robotniczej oraz niektóre dostępne źródła. Znajdują się wśród nich materiały dotyczące I wystawy fotografii robotniczej we Lwowie (1936, kurator: Władysław Bednarczuk), prasa komunistyczna i międzywojenne czasopisma fotograficzne.

Pisane ręką nie zwycięzców, a odmieńców

Author(s): Sylwia Borowska-Kazimiruk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2022

Review of: Sebastian Jagielskiegi, Przerwane emancypacje. Polityka ekscesu w kinie polskim lat 1968–1982, (Universitas, Kraków 2021).

THE LEXICON OF THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE POLIS ATHENS –ATTRIBUTIONS AND COMPONENTS

Author(s): Mădălina STRECHIE / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 26/2021

The inventors of the democratic regime, the Athenians had for the exercise of this regime laws, officials, but especially, institutions to manifest this democratic regime. The emergence of these institutions was due to the successive reforms that established the Athenian democratic regime, and their improvement led to the success of the Athenian democratic regime, which faced great challenges by resisting and proving its effectiveness (to the Persians in particular). The attributions of these legislative, religious, cultural and executive institutions covered all the needs of the city (polis), and in their composition they were only male citizens of the upper class, the Eupatridae who in order to take part in the political life of the city (polis) had to go through an educational process by ephebia (the military service). No one was unprepared for Athenian public office, on the contrary, the best and most skilled officials were selected. The League of Delos, the coalition controlled by Athens to ensure the hegemony of the archipelago was successful precisely because of the training and faithfulness of Athenian officials of whom the best and most famous was the strategist Pericles. The diversity and efficiency of these Athenian political institutions was remarkable, being a model for European institutions today and beyond, explaining how Athens became a thalassocracy and was able to withstand the Persian pressure in the Persian wars.

Ile to już utopii przeżyliśmy przez 75 lat, a myślenie utopijne wciąż ma się nieźle!

Author(s): Karol Sauerland / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The author tries to figure out how many utopian visions he has witnessed in the last 75 years.

Między zachodnim kolonializmem a wschodnim imperializmem. Dyskurs postkolonialny a trajektoria rozwojowa społeczeństw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w świetle nie-Marksowskiego materializmu historycznego

Author(s): Krzysztof Brzechczyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a problem of applicability of postcolonial studies/postcolonial perspective to history of Polish society and wider — East Central Europe, especially in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the first part, the main standpoints in Polish discussion are identified and the certain attempt of an application of categories of postcolonial studies are critically analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, in part two, the typology of social dominations (political, economic and cultural and variants of external subordinations) based on non-Marxian historical materialism is constructed in order in the chapter fourth to interpret the developmental trajectory of East-Central European societies. In the light of the presented interpretation, the ‘resolving ability’ of postcolonial perspective is too weak to be applied without essential modification to the history of societies living in this region of Europe, where the mosaic of different configurations of class domination shaped and evolved.

Russia, the Western Balkans, and the Question of Status

Author(s): Janko Šćepanović / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2023

This paper reassesses Russia’s policy vis-à-vis the Western Balkans in terms of its pursuit of status. The region has been historically significant to Russia. It saw centuries of interaction between rulers in Moscow (or St. Petersburg) with the local Orthodox Slavs and other great powers of the day. Following the end of the Cold War, the Russian state emerged as a very different entity from imperial Russia or the Soviet Union. In the Western Balkans, it found a stage for not just rekindling centuries-long ties but also rebuilding its image as a great power in cooperation and, as this paper shows, increasing competition with primarily the West. However, as this research attests by referring to the Larson–Shevchenko framework of the Social Identity Theory (SIT), status must be conferred through a voluntary recognition by other great powers, which recognize status-aspirant’s actions as non-threatening to their standing and as having a positive value. So far, Russia’s Balkan policies have primarily been seen negatively as either promoting retrograde ideology or outright spoiler behavior.

THE ASSOCIATION OF THE ITALIANS FROM ROMANIA IN THE CENTENARY YEAR

Author(s): Daniela Iliescu (Pătru) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 26/2021

Founded in 1993 in Suceava by the descendants of Italian emigrants who came to Bucovina, the Association of Italians in Romania has as its main objective the restoration of the unity of the Italian minority that was seriously damaged during the Communist period. This association, extremely active, according to its statute, operates both in Romania and in Italy. The millennial culture of the ancestors, extraordinary, to which our national history and not only relates, made the members of the Italian ethnic group aspire to the reconstruction of a historical community that built step by step a tradition in our country in the period between the two world wars, a period in which the Italian minority had a major contribution to Romania's development. According to the inherent difficulties, specific to the beginnings, RO.AS.IT. gradually became what it is today: a promoter of the Italian culture and civilization. The events that aimed to promote and preserve the identity of the Italian minority, took place in 2018 under the auspices of the Centenary of the Great Union.

A zsidóság kifosztását célzó jogszabályok és azok kommunikációja az észak-erdélyi sajtóban a második világháború idején

Author(s): Enikő Orsolya Nagyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2023

In my research, I focus on the economic plundering part of the anti-Jewish legislation during the Second World War, and I investigate how the Hungarian press publications of the time communicated the legislation on the expropriation of Jewish property. Based on the press sources’ reports, I map the entire process of the publication and application of the decrees and laws on economic plunder, as well as the plunder legislation itself.

Odnos Antona Mahniča do Sokola

Author(s): Aleš Šafarič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2019

The article deals with Anton Mahnič’s attitude towards the gymnastic organisation Sokol at the end of the 19th century based on an analysis of his articles. It also presents Mahnič’s views on topics that are closely related to the question of physical education and are the basis of his criticism of the Sokol movement as well as the responses of the environment to these first attacks on the views of the organisation. The article also explains Mahnič’s changing attitude towards exercise and sport in general and presents his role in the Catholic physical education organisation Orel.

Revolucionarji, zavezniki in sopotniki

Author(s): Igor Grdina / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/2017

Revolutions, which were usually spontaneous until the mid-nineteenth century, later became carefully planned. Louis Napoleon's coup served as an important example for this. Revolutionaries began focusing mostly on the technique of seizure of power; this included a considerable share of companions and allies. Revolutions usually became connected with the social catastrophe mostly brought by war between countries. Such a paradigm of revolution became a model within the communist movement in the first half of the 20th century.

Die Repräsentation Maria Theresias

Author(s): Ingrid Halászová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2021

Review of: Die Repräsentation Maria Theresias. Herrschaft und Tildpolitik im Zeitalter der Aufklärung. (Schriftenreihe der Österrechischen Gesselschaft zur Erforschung des 18. Jahrhunderts, Bd. 19). Eds.: Werner Telesko - Sandra Hertel - Stefanie Linsboth. Wien -Köln - Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, 2020, 558 s. ISBN 978-3-205-23181-3