Bizanț contra Bizanț? Note despre „fondul” culturii politice românești

Author(s): Daniel Barbu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2001

L’étude questionne les permanences de la société politique roumaine. Pour Daniel Barbu, la culture roumaine a repris certaines pratiques et cérémonies, comme |’instrumentaire culturel du Byzance, mais sans emprunter aussi ce qui leur donnait un sens: homoétheia, le mode dont la société byzantine se comprenait et se définissait elle-méme. Les Roumains n’ont pas ainsi developpé, comme corps politique, la conscience de soi des Byzantins, mais se sont manifesté dans un esprit tout a fait contraire au Byzance politique. L’auteur renverse ainsi la perspective inaugurée par l’historien roumain Nicolae lorga - qui parlait d’un «Byzance aprés Byzance» — pour parler d’un «Byzance contre Byzance», vrai modéle de la politique roumaine.

Typologia i topografia wczesnochrześcijańskich baptysteriów. Próba spojrzenia teologiczno-historycznego

Author(s): Piotr Szczur / Language(s): Polish Issue: 87/2023

The article addresses a significant research problem related to the typology and topography of early Christian baptisteries. After the historical and philological introduc-tion, two main issues are discussed. The first is to present various architectural forms of baptisteries and their decorations. The second is to discuss the topography of baptisteries in church complexes. In conclusion, it was emphasized that in antiquity there was no type of building that would be characteristic of Christian baptisteries, and would clearly indicate the liturgical purpose of the building. The erection of baptisteries was also not guided by Christian symbolism, but existing architectural patterns were used, which the space could be adapted to the rites celebrated in them. It was also pointed out that there were no strictly defined rules for the location of baptistery in church complexes, because they were erected in various connections with the central object, which is the church. The Christian and liturgical purpose of the objects is indicated primarily by their decoration with a Christian theme and their location in the complexes of church buildings.

ФИНАНСОВА АДМИНИСТРАЦИЯ В ДОЛНА МИЗИЯ: ОПИТ ЗА ИЗЯСНЯВАНЕ НА ГЕНЕЗИСА И РАЗВИТИЕТО

Author(s): Kalin Stoev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The article discusses the role and function of the Moesian provincial official of the Emperor – the procurator. The sources about the Roman provincial history generally indicate that the procurators were equestrian officers charged with the care of the Emperor's property. The epigraphic data from the province of Lower Moesia (Moesia inferior) do not conclusively show that there was a procurator here who was responsible specifically for the imperial domains. The investigation of the known monuments that mention procuratores leads to the conclusion that the procurator of the vectigalis Illyrici assumed in Lower Moesia the functions of supplying the Roman troops in that part of the Empire, the provinces of Lower Moesia, and some periods mainly the neighbouring lands, as Upper Moesia and Dacia. In Lower Moesia, where strategic territories belonging to the "defense" of the province were available, the transitional period of early Roman power in these lands led to the imposition there of a military administration, which was more it was later merged with the Illyrian vectigalis. Thus, around the time of the Severi, when the vectigal was subordinated to an equestrian procuratoral office, put the end of the short period of economic development in the province of Lower Moesia, understood as the enrichment of some northern Italian families from the border commercial location of the lower Danube lands. By the 3rd century AD this frontier arrangement goes back to the early Roman development, which was entirely subordinated to the army and military affairs.

АРМИЯ И ИКОНОМИКА. РОЛЯТА НА XI КЛАВДИЕВ ЛЕГИОН В ИКОНОМИЧЕСКОТО РАЗВИТИЕ НА ДУРОСТОРУМ (II – III ВЕК) – ЗЕМЕДЕЛИЕ

Author(s): Svetlana Gancheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

This article examines the role of the Legion XI Claudia in the development of agriculture in Durostorum in the 2nd-3rd century. To determine its impact, the minimum grain requirements of the legion as well as the civilian population are calculated. On the basis of these data, and at a given yield kg/ha, an attempt is made to calculate the amount of arable land required, and the number of people engaged in feeding the military and civilian population. The proposed calculations show that about 1, 550 tons of grain were needed to supply the grain requirements of the fighting personnel of the XI Claudian Legion (5,240 men) alone for a year, and an additional 241 tons if the quantities for the legion's servants (819 men) were added. Additional quantities of grain must also be provided for the civilian population of Durostorum - over 1,300 or 1,900 tons of grain. Based on these data and with a wheat yield of 385 kg/ha, between 8,000-9 600 ha of land were needed to feed the military and civilian population of Durostorum, and probably as much more set aside. These lands can be cultivated by 1 340-1 600 people.

Paul Strathern, Rise and Fall: A History of the World in Ten Empires

Author(s): Sevket Hylton Akyildiz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Review of: Paul Strathern, Rise and Fall: A History of the World in Ten Empires, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2019

ГОДИШНО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 6/2023

МАРКЕТИНГ ОБРАЗОТВОРЧОГО МИСТЕЦТВА: ВІД АНТИЧНИХ ЧАСІВ ДО АРТРИНКУ ХХІ СТОЛІТТЯ

Author(s): Dmytro Igorevich Akimov / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2023

The purpose of the study is to study and analyse the history of the development of marketing technologies in the fine arts market throughout human history from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century. The research methodology is based on the use of comparative, empirical, and theoretical methods. This methodological approach allows to analyse the process of formation and history of development of fine art marketing, to conduct a study of marketing processes in the promotion of works of art in the art market at different times of human history. The scientific novelty is to expand the understanding of the fine art market. The article examines marketing processes in the art market at different historical times. The article analyses the problems that have been formed and overcome throughout the history of the emergence and formation of marketing in the field of culture and art. The article also analyses the theoretical foundations of fine art marketing and the ways of their practical implementation in different periods of art market formation. Conclusions. The conducted analysis allowed to determine that even before the emergence of the modern art market as an element of the general capitalist market, the movement of works of fine art thousands of years ago, in ancient times, contained elements of marketing approaches and technologies, which was entirely due to the processes of selling and buying works of art, exchanging them and collecting them. In particular, we are talking about the forerunners of marketing approaches and technologies aimed at satisfying the public demand for works of fine art; organising the collection, classification and collecting of works of fine art; conducting an examination of their quality and originality; determining the methods of promoting works in society that were already available at that time. Thus, before the emergence of the modern art market, there was a so-called "wild market" that in a certain way "regulated" the processes of movement of works of art in society.

Tacitova Sentencioznost. Sentencija – retorski ukras u Tacitovim Analima

Author(s): Sanja M. Ljubišić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2023

In this paper, we focus on Tacitus’ sententiousness, which is present and highly expressed in his Annals. In his rhetorical style, Tacitus frequently uses sententia as a figure of great stylistic value, thereby continuing the moralistic tendency of Roman historiography. In his own unique way, this master of the written word, and an excellent connoisseur of the circumstances in which he lived, provides a lesson for future generations and those who will read his work. In short and antithetical sentences, Tacitus engraved the moral principles he followed as a persno. Even today, Tacitus’ sayings related to certain human and social events are often quoted. In this paper, we deal with the sententia as a rhetorical ornament and its function in historical text. We will attempt to examine how Tacitus used the sententia when writing Annals, and more omportnantly, how he constructed them, as an enthymeme, in the form of a chria or epiphoneme. As a member of Seneca’s “new style,” he used many rhetorical and stylistic elements, among which the sententia was included. Sententiae themselves were epigrammatic and stylized. For the purposes of this topic, we have selected several sentences as material for a detailed analysis, not only in terms of content but also in terms of language and style.

Odlike vulgarnog latiniteta u Egerijinom putopisu

Author(s): Drago Župarić,Seada Brkan / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2023

In this paper, a linguistic analysis of the Itinerarium Egeriae, one of the oldest documented Christian pilgrimages to the eastern Mediterranean, is presented. The aim of the work is to present characteristics related to Vulgar Latin. The linguistic analysis is focused on characteristics which are not in keeping with classical norms, in an attempt to describe certain changes with regard to Classical Latin and traditional grammar, which may cause difficulty for the reader. It is evident that the Itinerarium Egeriae is not characterized by ornate expression like the texts of classical writers, but it offers interesting, if sometimes confusing, deviations from classical norms. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first section Egeria, the purpose of the trip, the text, the author’s ability to observe, and her style aimed at spiritual instruction are presented. Egeria’s style of Latin are the subject of the second and main section of the work, which includes language, style, literary aspect and phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical characteristics of travel writing.

Intervenții de conservare și restaurare a ruinelor Capului de Pod al lui Traian de la Drobeta-Turnu Severin

Author(s): Dumitru Augustin Dumitrescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2023

The participation in the restoration of the ruins of Trajan’s Bridge in Drobeta-Turnu Severin offered the opportunity of a thorough knowledge with multiple bearings of a monument, whose restoration involved complex works. The article is divided in three main parts. First, it reviews the historical information on the monument, its evolution, and the previous interventions on it. Second, it presents the bridge’s details of construction and technique, some of which were previously unknown and were facilitated by the direct knowledge of the monument. Finally, it offers an overview of the conservation state, degradation phenomena, and restoration works that were undertaken for the purpose of recovering the initial materials and for conserving, restoring, and highlighting the bridge’s ruins.

Нишката, станът и зависимият произход – във и отвъд линейното време (Древна Индия)

Author(s): Gergana Ruseva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The present study traces and analyzes the ideas of linear time as depicted in some of the texts of the Ṛgveda, the Atharvaveda, the Kauṣītakibrāhmaṇa and the Mahābhārata, and as presented in the texts of early Buddhism. From the thread of fate, which is the path of man, narrative, identity, through the web woven by day and night or by the two goddesses of fate, through the web of sacrifice, to dependent origination in early Buddhism, all these images and ideas are closely related with the notion of linear time. To go beyond this linear time, beyond the notion of LIFE IS A JOURNEY, is a penetration into the unspeakable, “into” the world beyond, “into” freedom.

GETO-DACIANS AND DANUBE ROMANCES IN THE SERVICE OF THE EMPIRE. THE ARDABURS FAMILY (5TH – 6TH CENTURIES)

Author(s): Vladul D. Ghimpu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 36/2024

As a result of the cohabitation between the free Dacians from the Carpathians and the Germanic Goths here in migration, we can formulate some quite plausible hypotheses about some Geto Dacian and Daco-Roman characters, with a Gothic or Visigothic allure, from the Lower Danube, like Ardabur senior, Aspar Ardabur, Ardabur junior, Plinta, high military dignitaries and with positions of important influence at the imperial court in Constantinople. Later also of a prominent Romance writer and historian of the 6th century, Iordanes (Iordannis). They could constitute a reason for justified historical pride, thus completing the thread that seemed irreparably broken at the end of the ancient, unknown history of the Romanians. A brilliant episode was also distinguished by the possibility of the exceptional personality of Ardabur Aspar, a Gothicized Geto-Dacian, then re-Romanized in the Eastern Roman Empire, by the historical chance of maximum individual scope to become emperor in Constantinople in the year 457. His possible descent from the North-Danube Getic Bure gives us the opportunity to put him in line with the special personality of Burebista, the king of a once great state, and to rightfully see him as another successor of the Thracian-Getic genius from the north Danube.

Рейнекий и неговата история на Древна Tракия от 1595 година

Author(s): Georgi Mitrev,Jordan Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

This article discusses a study by the historian Reineccius (1541 – 1595) on aspects of the history of Ancient Thrace and the Thracians. Until now, this work – part of a comprehensive exploration entitled “Historia Ivlia, Siue Syntagma Heroicvm” – has remained unknown to modern researchers and they assumed, that scholarly interest in Thracian history emerged only in the first half of the 18th century. The article begins with brief notes on Reineccius’s biography and works, followed by an overview of the information about the Thracians in his book. It is noted that, in the section titled “Regnum Thracium” the author sequentially examines ancient evidence concerning the geographical scope of Thrace, the strongest Thracian tribes, the Thracians outside Thrace; afterwards he structures the available at his time information of ancient writers about Thracian kings, specifying their family relationships. Special attention is given to the Odryssian kings, constituting about a third of the content. Other kingdoms, which today are considered part of the Thracian ethno-cultural community, are examined in separate sections: Bosphorus, Paeonia and Pannonia, Getica, Dacia and Moesia. The text is complemented by stems indicating established connections between dynasties and kings. Reineccius’s work is remarkable for its rigorous research elements and strict adherence to ancient texts, correctly cited. Undoubtedly, due to these qualities, this study on Ancient Thrace has influenced research on the topic for the next two centuries. Based on the presented facts, it is concluded that Reineccius’s work can be considered the first attempt to systematize ancient information about Thrace and the Thracians.

ახალი წიგნები

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 2/2023

კავკასიის ისტორია, ტ. 1, ტ.2. მთავარი რედაქტორი რ. მეტრეველი, თბილისი, გამომცემლობა არტანუჯი, 2023; სამეცნიერო ჟურნალი „ლოგოსი“, № 10, თბილისი, 2023; როინ მეტრეველი, წარსული ხელოვნების ენით, თბილისი, გამომცემლობა არტანუჯი, 2023 (ქართულ, ინგლისურ და რუსულ ენებზე);ნიკოლ და ჟან-მიშელ ტიერები კავკასია და ანატოლია, შუა საუკუნეების ქართულ ხელოვნება, გამომცემლობა არტანუჯი, 2022; დავით მუსხელიშვილი, შრომები, ტ I, თბილისი, გამომცემლობა არტანუჯი, 2023; ნათია ფიფია, ქეთევან ნადირაძე, ლერი თავაძე, გიორგი ოთხმეზური, ჯაბა სამუშია, მიხეილ ბახტაძე, აპოლონ თაბუაშვილი, ნიკოლოზ ჯავახიშვილი, სულხან კუპრაშვილი, ალექსანდრე ბოშიშვილი. ქართველ მმართველთა ისტორია, თბილისი, გამომცემლობა ნოტა-ბენე, 2023; ბატურინი ვ., სულხანიშვილი მ., მეცნიერების ფილოსოფია, თბილისი, გამომცემლობა: სამართლიანი საქართველო, 2023.; იოსებ ბანძელაძე, ქართული საზომის დადგენის ისტორია - მეტროლოგიური ანალიზი, თბილისი, გამომცემლობა აკადემიური წიგნი, 2023.; იოსებ ბანძელაძე, ქართული საზომის დადგენის ისტორია - მეტროლოგიური ანალიზი, თბილისი, გამომცემლობა აკადემიური წიგნი, 2023; CUNEUM - ლურსმნული ტექსტების კორპუსი.ხეთური დაკრძალვის რიტუალი. ხეთურიდან თარგმნა - ნინო ჩარექიშვილმა, გამომცემლობა აკადემიური წიგნი, 2023.; აკაკი გელაშვილი, რუსეთ-საქართველოს ომი 1812-1813 წლებში, თბილისი, გამომცემლობა არტანუჯი 2023.

Tamga as an Element of Intertribal and Intercultural Relations of the Turks in the Periods of Ancient History and the Middle Ages

Author(s): Utelbek Shananov / Language(s): English Issue: 118/2024

The study of the history and culture of different peoples, especially their intercultural interactions, deepens our understanding of world history. The aim of this article is to determine the role of tamgas in the intertribal and intercultural relations of steppe peoples during the ancient and medieval periods. A systematic analysis of various sources identifies tamgas as tribal distinguishing marks, artisan symbols, signs of aristocracy, and indicators of allegiance to Mongolian rulers. The study highlights the interactions of the tamga with the ancient Hungarians, the Indians, the Chinese, and the Rurik dynasty. The study presents a generalised view of the role of the tamga for the Turks in specific historical periods.

Трите култа на древен Китай

Author(s): Yana Shishkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The present article traces the three main cults of Ancient China, presenting the latest findings and research related to the cult of fertility, the Chinese ancestor veneration, the cult of gods and the sacred animals through the Neolithic times, Xia and Shang dynasty.

The Tribe Affiliation of the Romans in the Lower Danube

Author(s): Ivo Topalilov / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

The article deals with the perception of the tribe Papiria in the nomenclature of the Roman civics in two Trajanic colonies in Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior—col(onia) Ulp(ia) Tra(iana) Rat(iariensium) and col(onia) Ulp(ia) Oescensium respectively. Although located close geographically and with a few common traits of their historical development, some discrepancies appeared in the topic which are discussed. The inscriptions provide, although scanty, some information on the tribe affiliation of the civic and religious colonial elite, augustales coloniae as well as the tribe affiliation as a part of a certain ornamenta. All this allows to establish the Roman tribe as an important social marker and for prestige in the Roman civic community, and can therefore serve in the Roman provinces as a sign of the progress of urbanization and Romanization. Certainly, the observations made are preliminary due to the scanty evidence available so far for various reasons.

NIGHT, COSMIC AND ANTHROPOMORPHIC ELEMENT IN GRECO-ROMAN AND ROMANIAN MYTHOLOGY

Author(s): Liviu Olteanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 37/2024

Among the most significant cosmic elements, Night brings into its mystical essence a multitude of myths and legends encountered since antiquity. If we refer to Greek mythology, Night is personified by the goddess Nyx, one of the most emblematic deities, also having the greatest cosmic forces in the Universe. It had the power to direct the shadows over the whole world, creating with their help, the Night. Goddess Nyx is presented as an enigmatic captivating entity, guiding the whole world to restful and healing hours. In Roman mythology, Night is associated with Nyx and Nox, respectively. The Roman goddess of night is presented to us as a woman with large black wings, wandering the sky throughout the night. She is the twin sister of the goddess Dia (day), also bearing the name Ceres. In Greco-Roman mythology, the time of night is considered the time when deities meet, a time dedicated to completing tasks. Even in mythological accounts, night is remembered in stories of Eurydice or Orpheus, Selene or Endymion. Romanian mythology brings to the fore a multitude of legends and mythological figures associated with the night. Its occurrence is associated with various mystical events. This connection between night and sacred space is marked by an inexhaustible source of rituals implemented in the consciousness of the person from the rural environment.

Antický životopis, sociální jednání a kanonická evangelia

Author(s): Magdalena Vytlačilová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

The study serves two main purposes. First, it aims to provide a definition of ancient biography that can account for the genre’s diversity without viewing this diversity as problematic. Second, the study seeks to introduce the canonical gospels, describe their shared and distinct features to ancient biography and emphasise the implications of this approach for the interpretation of the gospels, which are frequently overlooked in contemporary research. As I point out, the first goal can be achieved by distinguishing between primary characteristics (an explicit focus on the life of a single protagonist and the intention to provide their life as a model for imitation) and secondary characteristics (historicity, paratexts, structure, length of life, and used material). These secondary characteristics may vary, but they presume the presence of the so­‑called primary characteristics. Furthermore, I argue that the canonical gospels have all of the primary characteristics of ancient biography, a conclusion supported by many contemporary scholars. I point to a fundamental aspect in which the Gospels differ from other Greco­‑Roman biographies, namely the construction of the reliability of the text and the different self­‑understanding of the authors who considered themselves – as I have argued – inspired.

Anglosaská misie v Germánii v 8. stoletía listy Řehoře II.

Author(s): Marek Lis / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

The present article deals with the role of the papacy during the first years of the Anglo­‑Saxon mission in Germania. The topic has usually been approached in the past with respect to the following development in Europe, namely the Carolingian Renaissance. The goal of the contribution is to emphasise the autonomous character of the eithth century, when the creation of a new empire in the West was not yet considered. During this time, the papacy was facing a crisis within the empire coming from the Lombards and Byzantines. The Pope found support in Franks, but mostly in Anglo­‑Saxon missionaries. The dynamics of the process comes mostly from the apostolic character of the Church, which was emphasised by the Pope and missionaries and which is illustrated with three selected epistles.