Az önálló Erdélyi Fejedelemség

Author(s): Gyöngy Kovács Kiss / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2013

A mohácsi csatavesztés utáni években a középkori Magyar Királyság három részre szakad. Egy keskeny északi és nyugati területsáv a Habsburg Birodalom részévé válik; a Duna és a Tisza menti központi területek közvetlen török közigazgatás alá kerülnek; az ország keleti része pedig a kettõs királyválasztás következményeképpen a Portának adót fizetõ, félfüggetlen entitássá válik, olyan államalakulattá, amelyet a kortársak már 1570 körül Principatus Transylvaniaeként emlegetnek.

The Second Bulgarian Kingdom and the Latin Empire of Constantinople: A General Overview

Author(s): Francesco Dall Aglio / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

The aim of this article is not as much to draw the history of the relations between the Bulgarian Kingdom and the Latin Empire of Constantinople but rather to put a historic-graphical question under discussion. A majority of works are dedicated to the Fourth Crusade and the foundation of the new empire but a very few of them, at least from the Western European ones, mention the role of Bulgaria even though she is the most stubborn enemy of the newborn empire, at moments much more dangerous than the actions of the Byzantines themselves. An analysis of the relations (not always conflict ones) between the two states would be of great benefit to those who would like to explore more deeply the role of the Latin Empire in the whole picture of the expansion of the papacy and West Europe towards East. Sadly, the authors who have dedicated most time and effort to this problem are being neglected or some excellent works by Bulgarian scientists, whose knowledge undoubtedly would allow a better interpretation of the topic, are just superficially being used.On the whole in the relations between the Bulgarian Kingdom and the new empire there are five phases. The first one, accredited by a significant amount of sources, is the one of the initial contacts when the Bulgarian diplomacy is trying to apply a friendly approach, immediately rejected by the Latin. The second phase is the one of the most violent conflict, between 1204 and 1208. The third phase follows, during which the relations normalize, but it is interrupted after 1230 by the reborn might of the Bulgarian state during the reign of Ivan Asen II and that is how it goes into the fourth one, marked by the revival of the conflict. During the last phase, after the death of Ivan Asen II, both sites go into a time of degeneration, from which the empire does not manage to go out of. It is clear that, independently from the times of peace, the hostility remains a constant in the relations between them. As long as to Bulgaria, this is completely understandable because for her the new empire is nothing more than the heir of the old one: a new enemy in means of control over Thrace and Macedonia, two regions always in the centre of the expansionist policy of Asenevtsi. It is another case of the Latin who could, of course, take advantage of the initial favorable intentions of Bulgarians and provide a much more peaceful existence for themselves. But they do not wish for that, wrongly believing that they will be able to easily deal with their North neighbor. This wrong assumption of theirs turns out to be fatal and the Byzantine are exactly the ones who take advantage of it and rebuild their own empire thanks to the indirect help of Bulgarians.

За украсените в Blütenblattstil ръкописи от X век – евангелията Berat 4 и Vlorë 5 от Държавния архив в Тирана

Author(s): Axinia Dzurova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2012

Subject of this article are two Gospels, i.e. Berat 4 and Vlore 5 preserved in the Public Record Office in Tirana, which are exemplary of the early coloured Byzantine style, widely known as 'BlutenblattstiF (developed in the 10th century and emblematic of Greek illuminated manuscripts). Although new miniatures were added later in the place of original ones, the two manuscripts largely preserved their original design. Their ornamentation - a series of lavishly decorated canonic tables, headpieces and initials, and exquisitely elegant script-type, i.e. 'pearl' script - is illustrative of the production of Constantinople scriptoria on one hand, and of the development of typological patterns of decoration relating to the content of the works and its graphic structuring, taking into consideration their functional designation (for liturgical purposes or for individual prayers) on the other hand.The article briefly reviews two styles of ornamentation developed in the 10th century, viz. Laubsagestil and Bliitenblattstil, the first of which appeared and was disseminated mainly in the 10th-11 th century, with reminiscences in the work of parochial scriptoria in the 12th and 13th centuries, and the second, which was in use for luxurious parchment codices, produced to 'high' orders. As far as the Gospel of Berat 4 is concerned, the analysis of the decoration corroborates its initial dating, i.e. 10th century and, more precisely, we propose that it was produced in its second half, while in our opinion the Gospel of Vlore 5 was produced in the middle of the 10th century and not in the 11th-12th century as proposed by a number of Albanian researchers.

По какъв осмогласник е пял св. Иоан Дамаскин

Author(s): Svetlana Kujumdzieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2012

It is believed that in medieval literature the earliest preserved hymnographic book is the book of the Tropologion that came down to us in Georgian under the name ladgari. The latter was a translation from Greek. John of Damascus played an active role in the compilation of this book. The arguments in favour of this are the following. First: the genres of the sticheron and kanon that appeared by the 7th-8th century are present in this book for the first time; second: the names of the authors that are immediate predecessors or contemporaries of Damascus are found in this book for the first time; and third: the ladgari is the book that is based on material included in the Georgian Lectionary written no later than the first half of the 8th century, which means that the Greek prototype of the ladgari might have been compiled after the dissemination of the Lectionary, that is by the mid-8th century, the time of the Damascene. John of Damascus might have revised an existing chant book with hymns (maybe a copy of a book preserved in Syriac compiled by the patriarch Severos of Antioch). In all probability it was John of Damascus who rearranged this book, editing the yearly and weekly cycles for the liturgical purposes of his time, adding the new genres of the stichera and kanons, at the same time arranging the Resurrection repertory for eight consecutive Sundays and the texts for the Common offices in consecutive modal order. This rearranged book might have been the Tropologion as we know it according to its version in the Georgian ladgari, the Syriac Tropligin, and the Armenian Saraknoc: it contains chants in a single order for the fixed and movable feasts and according to cycles arranged in the eight modes at the end. The latter cycles constitute the earliest known Oktoechos as a chapter of a larger book. Thus, it seems that the Oktoechos used by St. John of Damascus in his Church might have been the one included in the ladgari and the books related to it, i.e. the Syriac Tropligin and the Armenian Saraknoc.

Легендарната история на Света гора в един печатен апокриф от Венеция (1571–1572)

Author(s): Mariyana Tsibranska-Kostova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2012

The article focuses on the fragment relating the legendary history of Mount Athos in the printed apocryphal version of the Dormition of the Theotokos, which was inserted in the miscellany Book for various occasions of the first Bulgarian printer Yakov Kraykov (Venice, 1571-1572). The fragment represents an unknown version of the story of the Virgin's visit to the Holy Mountain supplemented with several topographic details, leading directly to the Greek sources of the so called Patria Athonensia. This Athonite legend is preserved in Slavonic translations and revised versions, and acquired official status in the book "Raj myslennyj" [Paradise of Thought], published in 1659 under the sponsorship of the Russian patriarch Nicon where it was merely a part of the Legend of how, why and when the Athonite mountain was sanctified, ascribed to Stephan the Hagiorite. It is remarkable that the Athonite legend was taken up in the 16th century when the printed Slavonic version of Yakov appeared. Thus, the fragment from Yakov Kraykov's printed apocryph in the Book for various occasions is a very rare testimony of how the Athonite motif of the Virgin's visit was adopted in the Slavonic literary tradition. Whatever its sources, the printed version acquired particular importance as a linking piece between the Greek and the Slavonic tradition of the Athonite legend. With its precise dating and localization, with all the specific textual and linguistic peculiarities of this redaction, and the historical environment it appeared in, it deserves special scholarly attention both in the context of Yakov's miscellany and outside of it, as an independent interpretation of the Theotokos motif. The author offers a key to a comprehensive analysis in the context of the Cyrillic printed tradition in 16th century Venice.

(Pseudo-)Basilian Rules for Monks in Late Medieval Bulgaria. A Few Remarks on a Bulgarian Nomocanon from the End of the 14th Century

Author(s): Jan Mikołaj Wolski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

The object of research is a manuscript № 1160, stored in the Church-Historical and Archival Institute in Sofia. Written at the end of the 14th century, it contains texts by ecclesiastical and secular law and didactic stories, among them works of (Pseudo-) Basil of Caesarea: excerpts from letters to Amphilochius, penances from Epitimias in monachos deliquentes and Epitimias in canonicas, and others, a fragment of the Constitutiones asceticae and two short parenetic texts for monks. Some of the texts signed with the name of Cappadocia saint still have no original Greek or Slavic parallels. The legacy of (pseudo) Basil of Caesarea in medieval Bulgaria requires further research.

Descriptions and Images of the Early Medieval Latin Abacus

Author(s): Marek Otisk / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2015

This paper deals with the abacus of the Latin pre-scholastic Middle Ages. According two descriptions of the abacus written around the year 1000 (one from the third book of the “History” written by Richer of Reims and the other from the first book of the “Liber Abaci” written by Bernelius the younger from Paris) and mainly according nine images of the calculating tool preserved in manuscripts from the end of the 10th to the beginning of the 12th centuries (so called abacus from Echternach and the abacus from Bern – either from the end of 10th century; the abacus from Paris from the beginning of 11th century; abacus from so called pseudo-Boethius’s the “Geometry II” from the half of 11th century; the abacus from Vatican, the abacus from Rouen and the abacus from Paris – all of these from the 11th century, the abacus from Oxford from the beginning of 12th century and so called abacus of Abbo of Fleury) this article presents in detail this arithmetic tool. The emphasis of this paper is given to the reconstruction of the form of this arithmetical tool according surviving images of this instrument as well as mutual comparisons of them together. This text focuses on the detailed description and analysis of the individual parts of the abacus (columns, arcs etc.) and furthermore presents and explains additional mathematical informations emerging in the mentioned images of the abacuses in manuscripts (for example abacistic symbols and names of numerals, markings of the abacus columns and symbols of fractions and relations between them).

Problem studiów praskich księcia opolskiego Bolka V

Author(s): Maciej Woźny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2015

In this article, the author returns to the hypothesis on the sojourn of the Polish duke from the Piasts of Opole at the university in Prague. So far, the historians who believed that Bolko V in his youth studied in Prague and there acquired the title of bachelor (Polish: bakałarz) were based only on the information found in “The Głogów Annals”. However, an important source proving the connection of Bolko V with Prague are previously not used court trial sources, presenting a dispute between a Prague student, Henryk of Karszow and the young duke of Opole. Court files themselves only point to the fact that Bolko V stayed in Prague, where he supposedly assaulted and robbed Henryk — however, linking them to the information from the abovementioned “The Głogów Annals” makes it nearly certain that the duke commenced studies in the Czech capital. Furthermore, the author hypothetically defines the date when the duke of Opole commenced studies as mid-1409 and claims he supposedly finished the studies in mid-1413.

Rajcy krakowscy i członkowie ich rodzin w księdze zmarłych bractwa Najświętszej Marii Panny w Krakowie (połowa XIV—koniec XVI wieku)

Author(s): Jerzy Rajman / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2015

The article shows the relationships of the Krakow town councillors with the confraternity in Saint Mary’s church. Formed around the mid-14th century, it was the oldest and the most important one among the confraternities in the medieval Krakow. The source basis of the article is the death register of the Confraternity, published in print by Józef Mitkowski. It includes 1281 names and discloses a lot of genealogical information on the town councillors and bourgeoisie. The author describes all the councillors mentioned in the register and analyses the mentions referring to the people who were probably their relatives. He concludes that in the studied period, i.e. from the mid-14th to the end of the 16th century, the per cent of councillors belonging to the Confraternity was 36.5%. Family members of the Krakow councillors account for 15% of all the names entered in the register. The author postulates further research on the personal composition of the confraternities in Krakow.

Traktat przymierza króla Eryka Pomorskiego i książąt Pomorza Zachodniego z zakonem krzyżackim w Prusach i Inflantach z 15 września 1423 roku

Author(s): Rafał Simiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2015

The objective of the article was to show the circumstances in which the peace treaty was signed by Eric of Pomerania, the king of the Kalmar Union states, and the dukes of the Western Pomerania, with the Teutonic Knights in Prussia and Livonia on 15th September 1423. The issue was analysed in the context of the relationship of the Scandinavian sovereign with the Pomeranian dukes and the bishop of Kamień Pomorski, and at the same time it was examined as a manifestation of the attempts to integrate Pomeranian duchies under the leadership of Eric. Negotiations on the covenant were initiated in the summer of 1422 and finished one year later, during the Pomeranian stage of Eric’s journey to the Holy Land. The treaty stipulated mutual military assistance in the event of a threat to one of the parties. The treaty was directly aimed against Brandenburg and indirectly against Poland, bound by a treaty with Friedrich I, margrave von Zollern. It also reinforced the positions of Pomeranian duchies and of the Teutonic order against the Brandenburg ruler. Ultimately, none of the parties issued a ratification document, which, however, did not prevent further fruitful cooperation of the Teutonic Knights with king Eric in the second half of the 1420s.

Polityczny program ideowy tumby Władysława Jagiełły a czas jej powstania

Author(s): Marek A. Janicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2015

The article is a continuation of the analysis of written sources concerning Władysław Jagiełło’s tomb and some of its formal features indicating that the execution of the tomb most likely took place after 1421, and essentially before 1430, whereas it is possible that certain parts were completed already after the king’s funeral in 1434 due to the fact that the tomb (as cenotaph) was placed above his underfloor grave in the Krakow Cathedral (cf. footnote 1). The first part of this text deals with the king’s choice of the burial site in the cathedral and likely political circumstances of the heraldic and figural programme formulation on the sides of the tomb, especially in the period when Jagiełło, as the contractual and elected king of Poland and hereditary Supreme Duke of Lithuania, made attempts to secure the succession for one of his sons. The second part includes the analysis of the programme, primarily in the context of the royal sigillography, with particular attention paid to: adjusting the layout of the most significant coats of arms on the tomb to suit the location of the tomb with relation to the tomb of Saint Stanislaus, duplicating the emblems of Poland and Lithuania and exposing the coats of arms that prove the king’s achievements as regards territorial recoveries. Separate comments focus on the accompanying land coats of arms as supporters, on the representations of the court and nobility elite, especially the clergy preceding lay noblemen (archbishop — the Gniezno metropolitan bishop and most probably the Krakow bishop), distinguished as the crucial king’s counsellors when the sovereign was alive as well as guardians of the Polish Kingdom during the interregnum. The heraldic and figural decoration of the tomb is a reflection of the systemic and territorial concept of the Polish Kingdom, with which the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was united during the reign of Władysław Jagiełło (who ruled supported by his counsellors).

Korespondencja prywatna w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce — próba charakterystyki na podstawie wybranych przykładów źródłowych

Author(s): Zuzanna Kulpa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2015

The development of research in the history of social communication showed a new perception of medieval correspondence as a written medium of interpersonal communication. Due to this fact, there has been a growing interest in personal letters, which previously remained overshadowed by official sources. The only paper in Poland dedicated fully to personal correspondence is still the article from 1988 by Jacek Wiesiołowski. However, numerous studies of literacy in the Middle Ages and the appearance of new source editions make it possible to formulate more theses on the social and topical scope of correspondence in Poland at that time. The conclusions were based mainly on the analysis of personal letters from four groups of sources: “Private correspondence of Nicolai Serafin, a Krakow manager of salt mine, between 1437—1459”, “Polish documents from the archive of the Former Kingdom of Hungary” (Vol. 1—5), “Modus epistolandi” by Jan Ursyn from Krakow and the so-called Krakow rhetoric. The social scope of the correspondence broadened along with the reception of pragmatic literacy (the end of the 14th century — representatives of the magnate class and municipal patricians, the 15th century — also middle levels of bourgeoisie and nobility). The most intense quantitative increase in correspondence occurred in the second half of the 15th century. The subject matter reflects a variety of topics important for people at that time (two realms: personal and business affairs). One can also observe a certain development trend: correspondence, which was originally official and related to the clergy and power elite, gradually expanded towards a more personal direction. First it was used as an instrument for business, professional and official contact and then it was noted that it can also be used for personal communication: for family, friendly and love affairs.

Średniowieczne dzieje miasta Mrzygłód. Przyczynek do kolonizacji północnej Małopolski w późnym średniowieczu

Author(s): Karol Nabiałek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2015

Mrzygłód was founded in cruda radice on the border between the Krakow voivodship and the Siewierz territory, in the area with no settlements. In 1373 there was a mention of the parish church in Mrzygłód. The origins of the parish should be linked to the formation of the town. There are reasons to ascribe the foundation of the town to Casimir the Great and to date it back to the 1350s or the 1360s. There is no evidence pointing to the Pilecki family as the founders of the town, although they are confirmed as the owners of the town since the 15th century. It is likely that they took possession of the existing settlements as a result of a royal decree at the beginning of the 15th or the end of the 14th century. The formation of the town was probably preceded by the foundation of a village called Stary Mrzygłód (Old Mrzygłód) based on the German law. Scanty sources mentioned about Mrzygłód, collected for the period until the second half of the 16th century, point to the very poor development thereof. It was a town only from the legal perspective. From the economic point of view, Mrzygłód was rather a village settlement and the inhabitants made a living mainly due to farming. The foundation process, however, allowed for colonisation of the area that was previously not touched by settlers. The colonisation of the frontier areas on the upper Warta River follows the Polish modernisation and urbanisation programme introduced and run by Władysław Łokietek and Casimir the Great.

Przypadki życia Doroty z Wrześni, żony wojewody poznańskiego Jana Ostroroga. Przyczynek do historii kobiet w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce

Author(s): Witold Brzeziński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2015

The purpose of this text is to show the life of Dorota of Września, the second wife of the Poznań voivode, Jan Ostroróg. It also attempts to present the possibilities offered by late medieval source material as regards the reconstruction of individual stories of women from magnate class and middle nobility. In the case of Dorota, the material allowed to determine her family origins — she was the daughter of the Biechów alderman, Piotr of Września, from the Poraj family — and to show her life in the period of her marriage to Jan and afterwards, when she was a widow. The former period is depicted primarily from the perspective of her husband’s attempts to provide for the financial security of Dorota and their children: son Achilles and daughter Poliksena, in the event of his death. The time when Dorota was a widow, however, is mainly filled with court disputes with her stepchildren: Wacław and Stanisław. The subject matter of those disputes was, on the one hand, Dorota’s eventually successful attempt to recover the property, which she had received for life and which had been seized by her stepsons, as well as to punish the men for assaulting and imprisoning her. On the other hand, the stepsons accused Dorota of illegal seizure of jewellery, robes and money in silver and gold from their father’s treasury, whose part was the dowry of their mother, Helena. Based on particular source premises, the text also makes an attempt to indicate the date and reconstruct the motives and circumstances of the marriage entered into by Dorota and Jan.

Kancelaria małego miasta — organizacja, funkcje, znaczenie na przykładzie Chrzanowa w XV—XVI wieku

Author(s): Dorota Lisowicz-Żurek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2015

The article is devoted to the functioning of a small town hall. The source basis for the research were two oldest Chrzanów municipal records, including the records from the period between 1408 and 1526. There was a search for the answers to questions related to the time when such a unit was organised in the centre undergoing the research and the functions it had with respect to the local authorities and inhabitants of the town. The milieu of town clerks was also analysed. On the basis of the sources, it was possible to identify a few of them. It was demonstrated that this function was held both by clergymen and laymen. In Chrzanów there was also one trend observed in other town as well, namely that the clerks in the town hall at the same time were teachers in the local parish school. In the period undergoing the research, the town did not have a separate room for the town hall and the documentation was stored in chests, most likely by the members of the town authorities or by the town clerk. It was observed that the Chrzanów town hall in the 15th—16th centuries followed the town hall model characteristic of other studied towns of similar size.

Translation von Heiligkeit. Die Wahrnehmung von heiligem Raum im spätmittelalterlichen Heiligenkult

Author(s): Andrea Hauff / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2012

The article traces the relationship between space and sanctity, and in particular - the methods of build up and operate the space of holiness in the context of the Late Middle Ages. The basis of the study is the building of the cult of Saint Hedwig of Silesia (mainly according to the Legenda maior), canonized by the Catholic Church in 1267, and the cult of Blessed Salome of Cracow (1211-1268), beatified by Pope Clement X in 1673. The focus is on the way in which the space itself is to be loaded with the specifics of sanctity through the cult of a certain saint, as well as of the various rituals, associated with the transfer of the relics of saints.

Битката край Клокотница (9 март 1230 г.) в средновековния историко-литературен спомен и в народното предание

Author(s): Vasil Gyuzelev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2011

The author amasses, analyzes, and interprets written accounts (13th—18th c.) about the battle between the armies of Tsar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and of Emperor Theodor Komnenos of Epiros on the banks of the river Klokotnitsa and the consequences from the demise of the invading Byzantine forces. The Old Bulgarian, Byzantine, French, Jewish (from the kingdom of Aragon), German, Serbian, and Russian texts belong to a variety of medieval genres - royal charters, inscriptions on stone, official epistles and private letters, chronicles (one in verse), chronographs (including one illumination), histories, poems, and saints lives. The three most important issues, present to a varying degree in the individual accounts, are (1) the treacherous violation of the peace treaty by Theodor Komnenos; (2) Theodors deserved defeat in his battle against the Bulgarians and their tsar Ivan Asen II; (3) Theodors blinding after the battle being a just punishment. The oral historical narratives, folksongs, and customs which have been recorded among the Bulgarian population (19th–21 st c.) testify to the interest among the ordinary people in the battle of Klokotnitsa. However, their connections to the written accounts are impossible to determine. The Old Bulgarian and the Byzantine texts, the author concludes, are the most reliable sources of information about the famous battle.

Rolul onomasticii în cercetarea istoriei Transilvaniei în secolele XII-XIII. Studiu de caz: etnotoponimele

Author(s): Victor V. Vizauer / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 54/2015

Through this study I have managed to analyze a number of place names containing references to the ethnicity of the Populations who lived in that Settlement’s. The Ethnotoponym’s under investigation have been extracted from Documents issued in the 12-13th centuries, which take into account the approximate geographic area of Transylvania, Banat, Crişana and Maramureş. Along with the Toponymic and Documentary sources, in my approach I used data from Chronicles, as well as information from archaeological researches. In this article it can be seen very clearly the importance of the auxiliary sciences of history – in this case Onomastic Science – for a more profound knowledge of the existing realities in the Middle Ages in this geographical and cultural area.

КЪМ ФИЛОСОФИЯТА НА БЪЛГАРСКАТА ИСТОРИЯ. ВИЗАНТИНИЗМЪТ В СРЕДНОВЕКОВНА БЪЛГАРИЯ

Author(s): Petar Mutafchiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2015

Румънци и славяни на Света гора през 1416 г.

Author(s): Georgi Parpulov,Ralf Cleminson / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2011

The above is an edition and analysis of a document kept in the archive of the Zographou Monastery on Mount Athos and discovered there by the Bulgarian church historian Mikhail Kovachev, who published a photograph of it in 1943. It reads, in full English translation: "In the year 6924 [AD 1416], Indiction 9, on the 22nd of August, our father and brother Hieromonk Kyr Dometianus and Jupan Mudracica came to the Monastery of the Holy and Glorious Victory-Bearing Great Martyr George named Zographou, having been sent by the pious and Christ-loving Voivode John Alexander and his son Voivode Elias, sovereign of the Land of Moldavia and the Sea Coast, our ktetor and benefactor. And the priest Kyr Dometianus arranged with the abbot priest Kyr Niphon, the gerontes and all the brethren that Selinas be given to him, so that it be in his possession and that of the Bistrita Monastery during the priest Kyr Dometianus's lifetime, and after his death whoever is in the Bistrita Monastery is to own the Selinas [Tower]. And we gave him the Epikernes's Vineyard, as well as the olive trees found in it, and the orchard below the tower as far as the upper citron trees. Be it bitter orange or olive that his brethren wish to plant in the field, let none of the monastery brethren attempt to hinder them or take from them as much as a single olive. And let the fenced olive trees around the tower, and the 12 olive trees at the edge of the vineyard below the tower also be in his possession, and let no one else dare hinder the priest Kyr Dometianus's brethren or argue with them. And it is up to the priest Kyr Dometianus how many of his brethren he is going to settle. [So much] about the Selinas Tower. Within the monastery we give him Petsikuts's cell, and the cell below the tower where the priest Kyr Damian dwells, and Nicodemus's wine cellar below it, and Nicodemus the Vlach's vineyard. And outside the monastery, below the cell that we gave him - the orchard that priest Damian owns and Calybites's orchard, all of this we have given to the priest Kyr Dometianus as his and his brethren's property. And let the priest Kyr Dometianus hold all of the above in his possession during his lifetime, and let no one, neither emperor, not ruler, nor the abbot (whoever that is going be), nor any other official, be allowed to hinder him in anyway even unto his death, and after his death let it belong to the Bistrita Monastery. This record is witnessed by: the Protos of the Holy Mountain Hieromonk Macarius; the abovementioned abbot priest Kyr Niphon; father-confessor priest Kyr Paisius; the most reverend abbot Hieromonk Sophronius who had come at the time from the pious Voivode Mircea and from his monastery named Cozia; the former abbot priest Kyr Cyril; father-confessor priest Kyr Damian; priest Cassian; priest Sylvester; Geron priest Cyril and the other Geron Cyril; Geron Neophytus; Simon; Calybites; Euthymius; Antony; Joannicius; Dionysius; Athanasius; Gregory Pititsa and all the rest of the brethren. This record is unanimously approved by both parties, and let it remain undisputed and firm. Whoever should break his word that we gave to our brother the priest Kyr Dometianus and recorded for as long as the monastery, as well as the Land of Moldavia, stand, anathema to him from the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, and let him be cursed by the 318 God-bearing fathers of Nicaea and by Saint George, and share in the fate of Judas. I, Callistus, who wrote this, also bear witness." The priest Dometianus mentioned in the document may well be identical with the Bistrita and Neamt abbot of that name attested in AD 1407 and 1415. The fact that Cozia and Bistrita, both of them major monasteries, maintained close ties with Zographou as early as AD 1416, is significant for the history of Romanian culture.