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THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL STATUS AND ETHNICITY ON DIET IN MEDIAEVAL TALLINN AS SEEN THROUGH STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS

Author(s): Emma Lightfoot,Magdalena Naum,Villu Kadakas,Erki Russow / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Food encodes social and cultural values and has an important role to play in defining identities. In mixed populations, diet can be used to distinguish between ‘us’ and ‘them’. This study investigates the extent to which the inhabitants of mediaeval Tallinn, an important trading centre, used food to maintain distinct identities. Human skeletal material was selected from four mediaeval cemeteries in Tallinn, chosen to represent different groups within Tallinn’s society, likely including foreign merchants, foreign monks, urban Estonians and low-status Estonians, and from a nearby rural site, Kaberla, for comparative purposes. The individuals were investigated using carbon, nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope analysis. The results indicate that while all analysed individuals consumed diets based on C3 plants and animals consuming C3 plants, some individuals also consumed small amounts of C4 plants (likely millet) or seafood. C4 plants were consumed by the urban residents buried at the Church of the Holy Spirit and one or two individuals from Sulevimägi. It is thought that millet was an imported food consumed by the middle class. Marine foods were consumed by the individuals at St Catherine’s Church. These individuals were also identified as migrants and were likely either monks or foreign merchants. The results suggest that in some cases the people of Tallinn did use food as a means of maintaining social statuses and potentially ethnicities. Only one individual (LTL06) was identified as having had a significant change in diet during life, with the inclusion of marine foods in adulthood. This may indicate that this individual attained or aspired to higher social status during life and adhered to Christian dietary customs.

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Dukuri të Hershme të Organizimit Komunitar në Viset e Arbërve të Mesjetës

Author(s): Mark Tirta / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 44/2014

The ethnology, together with cultural anthropology, explain occurrences of lifestyle and social organization of early historic times or later times, as it does the biology in the var-iability of the organism through centuries of the creatures noticed in the world. From this context, we will try to find the answer to the question: How could the Albanian peo-ple maintain and develop ethnic compactness for more than 3000 years, in the same territories: in the Western Balkan, although some of its suburban sides were dismantled by Slavs the Greeks? It was kept by the strength of community organization through centuries, as regions, as the link between regions, and community actions across ethnic, as well. There was a strong ethnic consciousness among Albanians. Without a strong organization, these people would not have survived. This organization has been strengthened and protect-ed from invaders, looters, the demolishers of the country. Of course, this is organized by strong customary laws that were applied by force. In this paper we will shed light on many clues that lead us to the answer of our question.

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Próba identyfikacji kręgu krewniaczego Świętosława pierwszego sędziego łukowskiego. Przyczynek do genealogii i osadnictwa rodu Pobogów w ziemi czerskiej w średniowieczu

Author(s): Piotr Andrzej Dmochowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2014

The article makes it possible to verify knowledge on the first judge of Łuków, Świętosław, holding office between 1418 and 1433. As it turned out, he wrote in Czersk Land, in Świder and Łukowiec (Łuków) to be specific. It is also probable that he wrote in Świdry in the region of Łuków, however this remains questionable. The article made it possible to recognize the family circle of the judge, as well as to point out that Pobóg family from Świder were probably close relatives of the influential line of the family from Sobiekursk. Unfortunately, owing to the poorly preserved court materials from that epoch, it was impossible to reconstruct the genealogy of the successors from Świder. The article broadens knowledge on the genealogy and settlement of Pobóg family form Mazovia in the Middle Ages.

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Genealogia Kochanowskich z Kierszkowa od końca XV do połowy XIX w.

Author(s): Dariusz Kupisz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2014

The article presents the geneaology of one of the less common trees of the Kochanwski family of the Korwin coat of arms. Like all Kochanowskis, the representatives of this family tree came from the region of Radom, and wrote in Kierzków in the parish of Cerkiew (today a district of the city of Radom). It is Andrzej ‘Gierasz’, dead about 1520, a grandfather of the bard Jan from Czarnolas, that is supposed to be considered the progenitor of the family. Between the 17th and the 19th centuries, the Kochanowski family from Kierzków spread all over the contemporaneous Lesser Poland. They owned properties and/or held office in Sandomierz Voivodeship, Lublin Voivodeship, Volhynian Voivodeship, as well as in the Ruthenian Voivodeship. Some of the family members upgraded to middleincome gentry in the 17th century, and in the 18th century they upgraded to wealthy gentry, and three of them became senators (Feliks, the son of Seweryn and Ciszewska, became the first senator in 1724). They didn’t hold office higher than minor castellans, however they actively participated in the political life of Poland. They showed a similar active participation in the first half of the 19th century, but the male line died out already at the beginning of the second half the 19th century.

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The Varangian guard and its contribution to the manifestation of the imperial power in Byzantium

Author(s): Alexandra Airinei / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The idea that motivated the writing of this article was to treat an aspect not only of the Byzantine military history, but also of the long lasting impression that this millenary empire has left on the Northern “barbarians”, as they are often called in the Orthodox medieval sources. Its central concept is, as the title already suggests it, the imperial ideology of power, but from another perspective: the contribution of the feared Scandinavian warriors to its outlining in the Byzantine public life, as opposed to the emperor’s private existence, always hidden from the eyes of his subjects. Also, I have tried to summarise a fragment of the Norse perception on Byzantium and in what manner it influenced the former participants at the Byzantine military campaigns when they returned home. The paper has two main directions: first of all, the one that analyses the role of the Varangian guard in the life of the Basileus and their function in the display of his divine power. Secondly, the way in which the Scandinavian mercenaries perceived their military service and their proximity to the one considered imago Dei. Furthermore, this approach is preceded by a short history of the Varangian guard and its unique type of organisation inside the Byzantine army, as well as a short description of the Norse-Byzantine relations before the founding of this special unit.

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Отражение исихастских идей в создании образа святого

Author(s): Natalija Vidmarovič / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/1998

The theoretical justification of Hesychasm was preceded by a long period of spiritual practice by ascetics, a period of accumulation of mystic experience in "obtaining God's blessing" which found its reflection in the hagiographic works. Adopting the Byzantine theological literature, the Slav men of letters also accepted the particular type of world outlook based on the firmly established Hesychastic traditions. The ideas of the Hesychasts were reflected in the hagiographic works, in the description of all the stages of the spiritual and physical transformation of the saint, the so-called deification of his personality. In the article is analysed the attempt to convey by the word the duality (the earthly and heavenly nature of the saint) which led to countless verbal variations corresponding to the Hesychastic notions of the hidden meaning of the word as one of the divine energies associated with the ideas of Dionysius the Areopagite about the "contraction" and "expansion" of the word in the movement towards the sensual, the earthly, and vice versa – towards the heavenly sphere. In this way the influence of Hesychasm was felt also in the approach of the hagiographer to the solution of the problem of the impossibility in principle to represent the ideal object – the saint – by the means of material language.

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Надписите за собственост върху произведенията на торевтиката от старобългарската и среднобългарската епоха (IX-XIV в.)

Author(s): Nikolaj Ovčarov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1998

This article examines the inscriptions of ownership on works of toreutics from the First and Second Bulgarian Kingdoms. They all are crafted in the spirit of the European mediaeval tradition in compliance with which the rulers presented aristocrats with cups, spoons and other cutlery of precious metal as a sign of their favour. The oldest texts were discovered on vessels of the Nagy szent Miklos treasure and the cup of the Grand Zupan Sivin of Preslav. In the 13th с the nobleman Vaco of Shoumen ordered the goldsmiths to engrave on his personal silver cup a cheering verse. Already in the 14th с were executed the inscriptions on the silver cups of a not identified boyar from Gogo§u (in today's Republic Romania) and of Fraguci Gurgur in the Vidin region and on a silver spoon, the property of a certain Vladimir, whose possessions were near the modern town of Doupnitsa. Particularly remarkable are the eight texts on the silver vessels from the set of the nobleman Balin who accompanied King Ivan Shishman during his retreat to Nikopol in 1393.

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Družine i potknežini knezova Krčkih na Krku (od 1260. do 1480.)

Author(s): Ozren Kosanović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 50/2016

The paper focuses on the position and role of the retinue (familia) and viscounts (vicecomes) of the counts of Krk (from the times of Count Nicholas IV called the Frankapani) in their governance over the county of Krk (comitatus Vegle). Special attention has been paid to the circumstances regarding the legal prosecution of potential transgressors who were part of the count’s retinue. There were two lines of government in the county of Krk – that of the counts and that of the local semiautonomous communities. There were five such communities: the city of Krk (civitas Veglae) and four village communities (the universitas castrorum insule encompassed Baška, Vrbnik, Dobrinj, and Omišalj), with two judges in each of them. One of the judges was appointed by the count regent of Krk (there were two branches of the family: Schinella and Vitus) and the other by the community. The former was elected among the members of respective community councils (they also appointed or elected various other officials). Using their viscounts, the counts were constantly trying to impose their candidates for the position of the second judge. Venice was the arbiter concerning this issue, since the county of Krk was among its possessions (temporarily lost in 1358 and fully regained in 1480). Counts were often absent (the Vitus branch of counts had large possessions in Croatia, for example the city of Senj or the counties of Vinodol and Modruš), sometimes for over a decade, during which period they were represented by their viscounts. In the 14th century, there were two count regents (one per family branch) and each of them may have had a viscount in each of the communities (which sums up to ten in the whole county). The viscount exercised the judicial and executive power, which was in a way transferred from the counts’ prerogatives. For example, there are viscounts mentioned by name in the proemium of the Statute of the Krk from 1388 as the initiators of its writing (codification) by the authority given to them by the counts. The Statute was constantly amended with new regulations and the same pattern regarding the viscounts’ initiative was repeated in the 15th century. Furthermore, viscounts could be asked to participate as arbiters in judicial decisions when the two judges could not agree over the verdict. They were also a higher instance to which dissatisfied parties of the judicial procedure could appeal. Some of the viscounts may have been members of the count’s retinue.In this paper, special attention has been paid to the chronology of the viscounts’ service in the county of Krk, for which purpose the author lists the names of all known officials during the second period of the count’s governance (1260 – 1480). Wherever possible, brief biographical data have been added for some of the viscounts. The author speculates that members of two local families of lesser nobility were also employed in the count’s service as viscounts or judges. According to Nada Klaić, the nobility of Krk was determined by the fact that some of its members were exempt from paying certain taxes (although certainly not as a hereditary honour). Counts gave that privilege only to some members of precisely named families. It seems that one of these, the Žudinić family, whose members served the counts for several generations, did not pose a genuine threat in terms of misusing that privilege. With respect to that, Krk was slightly different from the city of Senj. There the counts of Krk – functioning as a counterweight to two strong noble families, those of Raduč and Mojsijević (Viscount David and his family in the 14th century), whose members were frequently officials in the city (judges and viscounts) – created a parallel office, that of a vicar, which was in every respect of its prerogatives equal to the viscount (the former being only higher in hierarchy). In that office, they employed strangers, thus trying to diminish the power of the aforementioned families. There is no trace of such parallelism among the count’s officials in the county of Krk. Nevertheless, some sources do indicate the possible engagement of foreigners as officials, which was a cause for great dissatisfaction and complaints of the Krk communities in Venice at the beginning of the 14th century, continuing up to 1358.

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Između otpora i lojalnosti – niže plemstvo na područjima pod vlašću i utjecajem Nelipčića nakon 1345. godine

Author(s): Neven Isailović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 50/2016

After the knez (comes) Ivan Nelipčić had received the royal grant by which he had been given the town of Sinj and its district called Cetina (in autumn 1345), he met with certain difficulties since the local nobles and gentry, already present in the district, did not want to lose their old rights and previously acquired privileges. Although the relations between the Nelipčić family and the middle or lesser nobility in the areas under their direct authority were not always harmonious, the largest part of the local nobility eventually accepted the supremacy of Knez Ivan and Knez Ivaniš, either voluntarily or by agreements which ultimately provided the satisfaction of interests for both parties. The limited resistance was more intense at the beginning of the reign of Knez Ivan – during his minority, the years of war in the region, and the struggle for the consolidation of power in the County of Cetina, which coincided with the time of the decree of King Loius the Great on equality of the nobility throughout the realm. The Domaldić family, old landowners in the region of Cetina, gave up their rights after reaching a settlement with Knez Ivan, while Semjun Pavlović kept some possessions as Nelipčić's familiaris. The cases in which such disputes were resolved by armed conflict (perhaps in case of Mislienus Jegeuich) or a full legal defeat of the weaker side (as happened with the Grubići) were rather rare. The institution of familiaritas satisfied the interests of the majority of lesser nobles in the territories of the Nelipčić. In the service of Knez Ivan and his son Ivaniš, they could retain their estates and even prosper (as Nenada Semjunović from the County of Cetina and Ivan Dminojević from the County of Knin). In a similar way, Ivan and Ivaniš Nelipčić tried to establish relations with the nobility of the neighbouring territories, which did not belong to them either by the rulers’ grant or according to the laws and customs of the Kingdom of Croatia. However, they did not always achieve the desired goal, especially when the resistance (whether legal or military) was strong enough. Good examples are disputes with the Ratčić-Ugrinović family from Poljica and the Nenadić family from Radobilja. Despite the occasional crises of loyalty, conflict, and reconciliation, it can be concluded that there was a general atmosphere of co-existence and cooperation between the magnate family of Nelipčić and the lesser nobility or gentry in their territories, based on mutual interests.

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Repertoriul actelor privitoare la instituţiile ecleziastice din Ţara Românească şi Moldova până în 1742. Colecţia Documente de la Arhivele Naţionale-Iaşi*

Author(s): Arcadie Bodale / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2009

This paper represents an instrument containing the registered documents pertaining to the ecclesiastic institutions from the Romanian Principalities until the reforms of Constantin Mavrocordat preserved in Colecţia Documente and Colecţia Documente-Spiridonie from the National Archives of Iaşi. The documents pertaining to the ecclesiastic institutions from Moldavia can be found in almost all packages of the above mentioned collections. We refer to documents pertaining to the Moldavian Metropolitan Church, the Episcopate of Roman, Rădăuţi and Huşi, the monasteries Adam Agapia Apostolache, Aron vodă, Barnovschi, Bârnova, Bărboi, Berzunţ, Bisericani, Bistriţa-Neamţ, Caşin, Căpriana, Cârlig, Cârlomâneşti, Cetăţuia-Iaşi, Cetăţuia de la Gura Covurluiului, Cirăbucul, Clatea, Copou, Dancu, Dealul Mare, Dieneţ, Doamnei-Botoşani, Dobrovăţ, Doljeşti, Dragomirna, Drăgeşti, Dumbrăviţa, Fâstâci, Frumoasa, Galata, Gârcina, Golia, Groşeşti, Gugeşti, Hangu, Hlincea, Humor, Măgura Ocnii, Mira, Moldoviţa, Neamţ, Pângăraţii, Pârveşti, Probota, Putna, Răchitoasa, Râşca, Runcu, Secu, Sfânta Vineri-Iaşi, Sfântul Gheorghe-Galaţi, Sfântul Ilie, Sfântul Ioan-Iaşi, Sfântul Ioan-Munteni, Sfântul Sava, Slatina, Socola, Solca, Soveja (Dobromira), Stavnic, Suceviţa, Tazlău, Todirenii, Topliţa, Trăstieni, Trei Ierarhi, Vicol, Vorona, Voroneţ and Zagavei, as well as the branches of the Monastery Zografu of Vaslui. The packages no 926-1005 contain documents of the ecclesiastic places in Wallachia, respectively documents of the Metropolitan Church, the Episcopate of Buzău and the monasteries Arnota, Arhimandritul (Sfinţilor Apostoli), Banul-Buzău, Băbeni-Râmnic, Bistriţa-Vâlcea, Căscioarele, Câmpulung, Cozia, Codreni, Cotmeana, Dârvari, Dealu, Deduleşti, Golgota, Govora, Glavacioc, Mărgineni-Prahova, Mihai Vodă, Motru, Radu Vodă, Răzvad, Râncăciovul, Sfântul Gheorghe-Bucureşti, Sfântul Ioan-Focşani, Snagov, Strehaia, Tismana Vieroşu and Zlătari. We also have the documents of Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem as well as those pertaining to the Monastery Hopovo from Serbia. Remarkable is that one of the registers contains copies of some documents from the period 1619-1859, issued in Wallachia and in Moldavia, regarding the structure of the conceded monasteries, the election of the clergy, taxes for the monasteries, the expel of the Greek clergy, the submission of some local monasteries to the Patriarchate of Alexandria, as well as the obligation of the noble children to learn in order to obtain positions.

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Die Handschrift Nr. 137 (69) der Nationalbibliothek Bukarest: eine bischer kaum bemerkte Neuiibersetzung der Paranesis Ephraims des Syrers

Author(s): Cristian Foβ / Language(s): German,Old Bulgarian Issue: 2/1995

The article examines the manuscript 137 (69) from the monastery Neamt in Romania, which is originated from the Athos monastery St. Paul and is dated from 1462.

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За някои палеографски особености на Лобковския (Хлудовия) паримейник – среднобългарски паметник от края на XIII – началото на XIV век

Author(s): Hrislina Tončeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1995

Our attention in this article is directed to the investigation of 26 manuscript sheets of the Lobkovski parimeynik, not published till now in the scientific literature, from sheet 87a to sheet 99b including (according to the original pagination of the photocopies). A complete inventory of the contents of the text is presented – extracts from the books Genesis, the Proverbs, Isiah and the Psalter. The location of these extracts on the different sheets is described.Some basic paleographic peculiarities found in this part of the parimeynik are examined – both elements of the ornamentation and the full number of graphemes with a detailed description of the letter signs in both handwritings – for example the ineresting signs for nasal vowels , ; ligature signs like and others. Three photocopies of sheets 87b, 94a and 96b are also enclosed. A detailed list of the literary sources referred to is presented.

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Legăturile dintre Moldova, Ţara Românească şi Transilvania la începutul secolului al XVI-lea

Author(s): Constantin A. Stoide / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2009

After the death of Stephen the Great, the neighboring countries interfered in the issue of succession in Moldavia. The Hungarian crown supported a certain „Mulckrouszcki”. At the same time, a nephew of Petru Aron was in Poland; he was the son of that Ilie who was decapitated in 1501. A “son of Alexandru”, the former ruler before Bogdan the IIIrd and Petru Aron was also in Poland. Finally the Turks and the noble group kept aside by Stephen the Great tried to impose in the place of Bogdan the IIIrd a different candidate identified until now as Ştefan Lăcustă. In this study the author shows that the last one was the most active candidate to the throne of Moldavia, considering him an illegitimate son of Stephen the Great. This candidate, anonymous or under the royal name Roman or under the pejorative name of Trifaila, circulated between 1504-1514 among Wallachia, Poland and Transylvania and attacked Moldavia at least two times, in 1506 and 1514. He had the support of King Alexander of Poland due to the conflict over Pocutia and the support of Radu cel Mare and Neagoe Basarab of Wallachia, considering that Maria Voichiţa was supporting the candidate Mihnea, the son of Vlad Ţepeş, and afterwards his sons, Mircea and Milos, for the throne of Wallachia. At the same time, various political and economical interests led to the sheltering of Roman Pribeagul in Transylvania, where Mihnea cel Rău and his sons, candidates to the Wallachia throne, were sheltering themselves as well. Abandoned by Maria Voichiţa, Mircea was defeated, captured and marked at the nosed and then sent to Constantinopole where he was shortly after followed by his brother Milos.The response of Bogdan towards the hostile attitude of Wallachia was the destruction of Brăila in 1512, an attack that is also explainable by the desire of the Moldavian ruler to favor the development of the new economic center at Galaţi by taking over the trade carried out in Brăila. However, the attack of Bogdan from 1512 led not only to the immobilization of the economic life of Wallachia, but also to disastrous results for the economy of Transylvania and Hungary. At the same time, considering that in Brăila was developed the trade of transit towards the Oriental territories of the Ottoman Empire and from here to the Western world, the Ottoman Empire interfered directly in order to stop the causes that disturbed the trade. Consequently, the only solution for the Turks was to transform Brăila in raia. This meant the economic subordination of the Romanian Principalities to the Turks.

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Плачът и сълзите в средновековната литература

Author(s): Donka Petkanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1994

The article consists of three parts. In the first "Do not weep exceedingly for the dead" the authoress sets forth the views of the official Church on mourning for the dead in accordance with the precept of Damascenus Studites on this subject. The Church regards excessive weeping as a pagan manifestation and allows quiet sorrow and moderate tears which should not annoy God and the people. The second part is dedicated to "Laments in literature". Lamentationas a literary genre, lamentation in funeral orations and the sermons of mourning in hagiographic literature are all considered. A comparison is made between the Serbian and Bulgarian hagiographic traditions. The third part deals with the question: "When is it the most appropriate to weep". Based on statements by different authors, emphasis is laid on the view that one should weep the most for sins. Tears possess a purifying force, weeping is a means of spiritual healing. Throughout the article attention is paid to the passages in which lamentation is expressed.

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Zu den Beziehungen zwischen Bayern und Bulgarien vom 7. bis 15. Jahrhundert

Author(s): Winfried Baumann / Language(s): German Issue: 2/1994

Relations between nations develop in space and time. This also applies to the Bavarian-Bulgarian relations. They are carried out in key European history eras and have their own space. Contribution to research on this topic has primarily Bulgarian science.

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Marcantonio Sabellico’s Rerum Venetarum and “the Definitive History of Venice” . The Beginnings of the Official Historiography in Venice?

Author(s): Șerban V. Marin / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2013

This study focuses upon one of the most influential writing dealing with the history of the Republic of Venice. Published in 1497, Rerum Venetarum ab Urbe condita of Marcantonio Sabellico was able not only to provoke controversies in the period when it was written (meaning to the end of the 15th century), but especially to the modern historical writings dealing with the history of humanism. As a matter of fact, one could note that Rerum Venetarum gave birth to many contradictory opinions from the side of the modern scholars.Despite all these debates, and maybe even due to them, it results that Sabellico’s work about the Venetian history from the origins to his times has a particular importance in the Venetian historiography.Being both eulogized and criticized, it was exactly because of this that Sabellico’s work has a particular place in the Venetian historiography. What matters is that all the reactions that it has provoked both in his lifetime and especially afterwards and even nowadays among the modern scholars represent the proof for his special position among the “fathers” of the Venetian historiography, as official or unofficial “public historian” of the Venetian Republic.

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Последование под 30-м января из Минеи № 98 (ф. 381) РГАДА (Москва) – предполагаемый гимн первоучителя славян Кирилла

Author(s): Evgenii Vereščagin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/1994

The article contains the text of the recently discovered service dedicated to the finding of the relics of St. Clement of Rome, according to Menaion No. 98 of Stock Unit 381 of the Russian State Archives of Ancient Acts in Moscow – a Russian manuscript of the 12th-13th с. The text of the chants used as a model by the author of the service of finding the relics of St. Clement of Rome is also published. This publication is based on three manuscripts, dated not later than the 13th c. , which are now kept at the State History Museum in Moscow. For comparison the respective Greek text of these model chants according to the contemporary Greek Prayer-book is printed also because the author has so far not succeeded in tracing a full Greek text in the old manuscripts.

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Взаимни трудове и общ възход

Author(s): Nikolai Šivarov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/1994

The article analyses the consequences of the establishment of a separate ecclesiastical province on the territory of the Bulgarian State in 870: an Archbishopric within the framework of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Special attention is paid to the introduction of Old Bulgarian as official language of the State and the Church which took place probably at the Council of Preslav in 893. Numerous written monuments, mainly translations, which marked the upsurge of the Old Bulgarian Christian literary culture, are also indicated, and it is pointed out that almost all its writers were clergymen. The upsurge of the Bulgarian State and the Bulgarian Church was mutually determined. It is noted that in Bulgaria during King Simeon's reign a certain orientation existed towards the example of the Patriarchate of Alexandria, first in rank next to Rome and Constantinople, and the question of the causes for this phenomenon is raised.

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Marin Drinov (1838–1906) – Bergründer der bulgarischen Slawistik und Mediävistik

Author(s): Vassil Gjuzelev / Language(s): German Issue: 4/1993

The article, based on archival documents (some of them for the first time are displayed) monitored for the first time life and works of Bulgarian historian and philologist.

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Cestná sieť a mýtne stanice na Požitaví v období stredoveku

Author(s): Peter Ivanič / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2016

Roads have been the distinctive orientation lines of the landscape which they have crossed. Important roads have made a substantial contribution to the region. In the article I focus my attention on the reconstruction of the roadnetwork on the basis of archaeological and literary sources in the territory of the Žitava region during the Middle Ages. The Žitava region was sparsely inhabited in the 6th-8th centuries. Pathways of this period should be mainly assumed in the Lower Žitava region. The number of archaeological sites grew in the 9th-10th centuries. In this period the developed road network also existed in the Upper Žitava region. The 11th century literary sources give evidence on main roads which run alongside the River Žitava. Important road nodes were Dvory nad Žitavou, Vráble, and Zlaté Moravce. Jelenec (Gýmeš) and Hrušov Castles played an significant role in the road network as well. Literary sources prove that there was the connection between the studied territory and the Nitra and Hron regions. The well-known Czech road runs through the Lower Žitava region. The primary literary sources, which are mainly dated to the 14th and15th centuries, provide evidence on the dense network of toll stations in the Žitava region during the Late Middle Ages.

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