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Едно изображение на св. Никола Нови в контекста на стенописта в Арбанаси от XVII–XVIII век

Author(s): Vanya Sapundzieva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The article examines an unpublished image of St. Nickolas the New in the loft of St George Church in Arbanassi. After a short review of the cult to the five saints that bear the name of St Nicholas the New, the author limits the choice of a particular saint to two alternatives – the most popular saint in the post-Byzantine era in terms of representation frequency – St Nicholas of Vuneni (the New) and St Nicholas of Sofia (the New). The difficulty in the precise definition of the image in Arbanassi is due mainly to the varying iconography and to the practice of representing newer saints with features of known namesakes that already have a widespread cult. Nevertheless, arguments are given in support of both possible variants, which are based on the ethnic content and the livelihoods of the population in Arbanassi, as well as on the most probable origin of the icon-painters who decorated the loft of St George Church in Arbanassi. An attempt is made to examine the murals in the context of the church complex in Arbanassi by seeking stylistic and iconographic similarities, which would provide a possibility to identify the specific prerequisites for identification on the background of the development of post-Byzantine art in the Balkan context.

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An Inquiry into the Everyday Life of Townspeople of Košice in the 16th Century

Author(s): Bernadeta Fabová / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

Košice represents an atypical European town in the 16th century. Unfortunately, due to numerous destructive events, relatively small number of documents has been preserved from this period. The testaments, which originated in particular period, were selected as the source for the reconstruction of everyday life. The primary aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing research on the townspeople of Košice in the 16th century. Secondly, the possible difficulties that might arise during the research of the topic are being listed. The final part of the paper contains specific examples of the life experience of the selected inhabitants of the town.

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Testament Invocations as a Manifestation of the Religiosity of Kraków Burghers in the 17th and 18th Centuries

Author(s): Marcin Gadocha / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview over the last wills as the historical sources. The first part of this work consists of the overview of published relevant works; it also summarised the well-known facts about purpose and creation of the last wills. The paper describes its form, possible use as well as their development. The emphasis is put on the concrete manuscripts originated from the region of Kraków from the 17th and 18th century. The last part of paper is dedicated to specific section of testament – the invocation.

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New Institutions in the 18th Century Miskolc (County Administration, Roman Catholic Parish Church, Minorite Order, Royal Dominion and Hungarian Chamber)

Author(s): Éva Gyulai / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

At the end of the Turkish era the royal administration recovered the Diósgyőr dominium, including Miskolc, and in 1702 the inhabitants of Miskolc took loans and redeemed themselves from the serfdom for half a century. In 1755 the town returned to the administration of the crown’s dominium falling under royal property law, and o ffices of the dominium were established in Miskolc, and the establishments and facilities of the economic and business activities of the dominium appeared. After an almost 150 years’ predominance of the Reformed Church, a Roman Catholic parish was re-established in Miskolc and in the 1720s; a Catholic church was also built. The gaining ground of Catholicism was reinforced by the settlement of the Minorite order in Miskolc. The increase and strengthening of the central functions of the town are indicated by the fact that in the 18th century Miskolc became the permanent seat of Borsod County.

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The Jewish Community in Kraków and Kazimierz and the Jewish Communal Authorities in the Light of Internal Sources (16th – 18th Centuries)

Author(s): Anna Jakimyszyn / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

The Jewish community in Kraków were an example of the organizational forms used in the Jewish communities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. They varied from community to community. The administration system and system solutions were defined under state authority regulations, local and private legislation and internal regulations of Jewish authorities. For the Jewish community in Kraków in the modern period the most important internal sources were the Kraków Community Charter and the community record books – pinkasim. People who worked for the community could be divided into two groups. To the first group belong the Kraków Community Board (parnasim, towim and fourteen kahal members). In addition to the Kraków Community Board there were a number of other officials of the community. They had several areas of responsibility: finances, maintenance of order in the Jewish quarter ad supervision of crafts and trade. To this group belong also judges [three to each of the three governing bodies]. To the second group of the people working for the community belong rabbi, cantor, ritual slaughterer and beadles, community secretary, midwives, doctors, street cleaners, public bath personnel, prison guards and sentries watching over the gates leading to the quarter. The analysis of the list of the Kraków’s community officials and functionaries showed as the power was in the hand of a small groups of inhabitants. Nevertheless, the system of the communal institutions proved very durable, probably because till the end of the 18th century there was no other alternative solutions.

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The Decline of the Kraków Jewish Community in the Early Modern Period

Author(s): Adam Kaźmierczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

At the end of the16th century Kraków’s Jewish community was the most important cahal in Poland. This situation lasted until the middle of the17th century. Just a century later Kraków’s elders were begging the voivode of Kraków to protect them against claims of smaller communities, such as Wodzisław, which demanded jurisdiction over Jews in villages just by the walls of Kraków’s agglomeration. The lecture will show how the changes in Jewish demography as well as the king’s resignation from jurisdiction over Jews in private estates and other changes in political system of the Polish Commonwealth affected the situation of Kraków’s community and resulted in its loss of power in the state and among the Jewish population in Lesser Poland.

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Family Strategies of Opavian Burgher Elites in the Period of Religious Transformation

Author(s): Irena Korbelářová,Radmila Dluhošová / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

The study deals with the characteristics of Opava, the metropolis of one of the Silesian principalities in the period of completion of political and religious transformation (circa 1630 – 1660) and culminating transformation of the burgher society. Its elites are classified as people (and their families) with the highest extent of social prestige and political rights that shaped the public life of the locality in a fundamental way. It states that in Opava in the given period it concerned estimated 20 – 25 people/families out of circa 300 burgher families and 500 – 600 settled families. It perceives family strategies as intentional steps and activities aimed towards improving and strengthening of the positions of an individual and his or her family in the private, professional and public areas, and ensuring (improving) the status of the descendants in the town, respectively the country society. Based on the present micro-studies, it declares the initial theses for the consequent research considering the following strategies: 1. ensuring and enlarging of the real estates of municipal and free (nobility) character as a source of strengthening the social status and influence, as well as securing the family positions, 2. nobilitation as a source of achieving an exceptional position in the municipal society, 3. transitional rituals (marriage, christening, funeral) where the most substantial role is seen in the marriage policy and the choice of partners for the members of the elites and their children, or alternatively the closest relatives, 4. support of education and directing of the professional orientation of the descendants. The study also indicates further possible activities that may be included into family strategies that so far stand completely (or almost completely) aside from the interest of historical research of Opava in the given period (expansion of the family memory, marriages across the social classes, motivation and features of private bonds and contacts, relations of burghers and household members without blood and relative bonds, etc.)

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The Monarch and the Town. Princes and Kings Versus Kraków at the turn of the 13th and 14th Centuries

Author(s): Andrzej Marzec / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

The paper researches the history of manifold political relations between the Kraków monarchs, the developing towns of Lesser Poland growing into an economically important position, the clergy, and in particular the powerful bishops, and the class of knights at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. In the history of Poland this is an important period of many and varied pressures in the struggle for power and both political and economic prevalence. In particular the paper focuses on the relations of four consecutive princes, Boleslaus the Shy, Leszek the Black, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, and Wladysław Łokietek with the town of Kraków, located by the first of them, and then developing under the royal privileges, until the rebellion of Albert and loss of the political and economic position under the last prince.

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ORTAÇAĞ’DA ŞARAP TİCARETİ, MEYHANELER VE BUNLARA GETİRİLEN KISITLAMALAR

Author(s): Ahmet N. Özdal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Special/2016

Islam, unlike other religions, prohibited alcohol consumption, its production and trade. This prohibition accelerated the production and trade of nebiz (non alcohol), must and soft-drink around Islamic geography. On the other hand, production of alcoholic drink sometimes continued secretively and sometimes not. Publicly wine production was generally associated with whether the producers are Muslims or not. Substantial numbers of wine producers in Persian region were magi. Christians (Assyrian and Armenians, etc…) in Southeastern Anatolia, Iraq and Syria, and Jews and Coptic Christians in Egypt have taken this job. It is possible that the publicly consumption was related to cultural habits. During the Medieval, wine was mostly consumed in some Persian regions, Mediterranean coasts, and great and crowded cities such as Baghdad and Cairo. The taverns were businesses that presented alcoholic drinks and other services for entertainments along with costumers’ tastes. In some periods, the governing authority released activities of tavern likebusinesses without ignoring the advantages offered (high portion of tax revenue). However, such kind of businesses were always open to intervention of public outrage or under personal savings of sovereign who was sincerely depended on his religion.

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ANTAKYA-İZNİK-İSTANBUL HATTININ HIRİSTİYANLIĞIN ŞEKİLLENMESİNDEKİ ÖNEMİ

Author(s): İsmail Yilmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Special/2016

Anatolian geography, which has embraced humankind from the first periods and which has been the homeland of our nation in the last thousand years, is the favorite of humanity because of its strategic location. Our homeland Anatolia, known as cradle of civilization, also accommodates members of different religions together in peace. The process of the development of the Christian religion, that appeared in Palestine in the first century after Christ, occured on Anatolian soil. The aim of this study is to explain the importance of Antioch-Nicaea- Constantinople line in the formation of Christianity within the scope of the spread of religion and the formulation of the Trinity.

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НОВЫЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ О ХРИСТИАНСТВЕ В ДЕЛЬТЕ ВОЛГИ В ПРЕДМОНГОЛЬСКОЕ ВРЕМЯ

Author(s): Dimitrii Viktorovich Vasilyev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

The study was performed in order to introduce into scientific circulation the part of an Orthodox “encolpion” from the ancient settlement site of Samosdelka in the Volga delta (layers of the 12th century). The objectives of the study are cultural and historical interpretation of the artifact and its dating. This cross gives an indication of the extent of Christianity in the city of Saqsin during the pre-Mongolian period. Furthermore, it allows to identify another way of contacts between the worlds of Islam and Christianity, i.e., through the area of Saqsin and Russia. The paper provides a number of examples to prove that crosses of this type were most popular in the 11th–13th centuries. Such artifacts were well known in Medieval Russia, but they originate from the vicinity of Kiev. The cross from Samosdelka settlement refers to the period from the middle to late 12th century. It is likely to have been brought to the Volga delta by one of the Russian merchants. The small quantity of objects of Christian worship, as well as the lack of any information about the Christians in the Lower Volga region during the 12th–13th centuries in written sources make us to conclude about the weakness of direct contacts between the Christian regions and the area of Saqsin, which was generally Islamized at that time. The obtained results are important to describe the cultural situation in the Lower Volga region on the eve of the Mongol invasion.

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ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОГО ИСЛАМСКОГО ИСКУССТВА С ЭПИГРАФИЧЕСКИМИ НАДПИСЯМИ В СОБРАНИИ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО МУЗЕЯ КФУ

Author(s): Svetlana Igorevna Valiulina,Alsu Renatovna Nuretdinova,Damir Adgamovich Shagaviev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

During the 19th – early 20th century, owing to the efforts of members of the Society of Archeology, History and Ethnography at the Kazan University, the collection of the Archaeological Museum was formed by acquisitions from the private collections. These materials were rarely accompanied by passport data and, therefore, had limited opportunities in terms of scientific application. The article aims to attribute some works of medieval Islamic art in the museum collection. To fulfill this aim, traditional methods (comparative-typological, stylistic, and linguistic) were used in the comprehensive study along with those commonly applied in natural sciences (semi-quantitative emission spectral analysis for ceramic products, and, most importantly, non-destructive method of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for determination of the chemical composition of a metal candlestick stand). Products made of brass, bronze, kashin (faience), and ceramics are similar in the presence of epigraphic inscriptions, which extends their informational potential. The findings were made possible during identification of the stylistic features of these products, compliance of the morphological characteristics with the nature of epigraphic inscriptions, and, for toreutics products, the content or semantic component of often fragmentary texts appeared to be minor, while the performance or style turned out to be more important – handwriting of inscriptions, its involvement in the ornamental composition of works. Stylistic expressiveness of the artifacts and wide geography of their parallels, – Mosul, Herat, Nishapur, Merv, Samarkand, etc. – allowed to present the reliable morphological and technological description, as well as to date, based on analytical data and a wide range of the parallels, each subject within the 10th – 14th century and to determine the probable production center. The obtained results are important and will be used for further study of crafts products of the Volga Bulgarians, primarily from Bilyar and Bolgar (the capital centers of the state beginning from the 10th century), which became one of the components of Islamic culture since the time of the adoption of Islam.

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РОССИЙСКИЕ МУЛЛЫ В ОСМАНСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ (1685–1924 ГГ.) ПО ДАННЫМ ТАТАРСКИХ ИСТОРИКО-БИОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИЙ

Author(s): Daniyar Rustamovich Gilmutdinov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

This paper for the first time explores the religious ties between Russian and Ottoman Muslims. It is a pilot project, a draft of the future, more deep and complete, investigation. We tried to demonstrate the connections and fates of some persons during the loss of the historical leadership by the Ottoman Empire in the Black Sea since the end of the 17th century. The purpose of our study is to show the dynamics and significance of these personalities in the Islamic centers, such as the Anatolian Peninsula, Egypt, and Hijaz, as well as the specificity of religious contacts between the extreme northern and extreme western parts of “Dar al-Turk” (World of Turks). Our data are based on the information of Tatar biographical encyclopedias published in Arabic, Old Tatar, and Tatar. We studied only one area of contacts: the social status and worldview of imams from Russia (mainly Tatars) in the above-mentioned foreign lands. Since the Ottoman Empire was the only “window to the Ummah” for Tatar Muslims, it became associated with some kind of myth of “unmissed” opportunities for self-expression, without substantially changing religious views and only slightly “adjusting” national identity. This idea can be found in the religious works written by Tatar Muslims after 1552. The Ottoman Empire became a platform for implementation of the educational and socio-political plans of both Sufi and progressive kind. The success and adaptation of Tatar imams depended on their positive attitude, energy, as well as willingness and readiness to solve the new challenges. Among close but little investigated areas concerning the Ottoman-Tatar religious contacts, there are the problems of popularity of medieval Ottoman religious literature among the Tatars based on the manuscripts and printed sources, reception of the all-Muslim (Quranic and Hadith-based) features in the Ottoman (Turkish) and Tatar cultures, actual functioning of Islam (“Muslimness”) in Turkish and Tatar regions, as well as spiritual and material tradition of both nations.

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TATAR MİLLETİNİN KORUNMASINDA İSLAMIN ROLÜ

Author(s): Rafael Muhametdİnov / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 19/2013

The article is devoted to a brief historical review of adoption of Islam by Tatars and its further development in this environment. The importance of Islam is shown as ideological and moral component of a society. On examples the author has shown some basic positions of contemplation of the world in this religion, which aren't devoid of logic and a rational explanation, and this is very important for intelligency and a scientific community. Treating the nature of Allah(God) as the Universal Law of development and harmony of life, the author has tried to explain and resolve the most important contradictions in modern Muslim divinity.

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MODERN TÜRK TARİHÇİLİĞİNDE TÜRKLERİN MÜSLÜMAN OLUŞU

Author(s): M. Serkan Taflioğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 16/2012

In the social and the humanitarian sciences, throughout the historical process, presenting the concepts and the facts is one of the most hard issue. The core reason of this meanwhile studying the facts and the concepts are evaluated in varied perspectives. Convertion Turks to Islam is not an exception. Convertion of Turks in such a extensive area occured afterwards hundred years. Perception and discourse of the Historians in transfering the knowledge to the generations are vital. In our study we try to set forth How the contemporary Turkish historians analyze the convertion of Turks.

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MODERN TÜRK TARİHÇİLİĞİNDE TÜRKLERİN MÜSLÜMAN OLUŞU

Author(s): M. Serkan Taflioğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 15/2012

In the social and the humanitarian sciences, throughout the historical process, presenting the concepts and the facts is one of the most hard issue. The core reason of this meanwhile studying the facts and the concepts are evaluated in varied perspectives. Convertion Turks to Islam is not an exception.Convertion of Turks in such a extensive area occured afterwards hundred years. Perception and discourse of the Historians in transfering the knowledge to the generations are vital. In our study we try to set forth How the contemporary Turkish historians analyze the convertion of Turks.

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ŞEKİ TÜRBELERİ

Author(s): Cəmalə Arif Səfərova / Language(s): Azerbaijani Issue: 15/2012

The sacred places have the special and undeniable place in the history of Turkic peoples’ beliefs. The religious beliefs and faiths as a part of moral culture have been saved and preserved by people throughout the centuries until our time. One of the ancient cities of Azerbaijan, Shaki, is among those historical cities which are still linked to their religious roots and reflect their material and moral cultures nowadays. During ethnographic research in the city, religious affection drew our attention among its local characteristics, which differed it from many other cities of Azerbaijan. In general, during the Soviet times, not only there was no attention to researches of places for pilgrimages in Azerbaijan, called “hearths” and “pirs” (sacred places) among population, but also actions were taken to erase such values from history and the people’s memories. For this purpose, “Commission against religion” was set in 1924. The magazine named “Allahsiz” (Godless) was published and distributed to all regions and villages of Azerbaijan. Starting from 1920s and 1930s atheist ideology was widely propagated and numerous actions were taken to reduce the influence of Islam. People were, under compulsion, drifted apart from their ancient customs and traditions, hijabs and papakhs (male headdress) were forbidden, Koran and other religious books were burnt, mosques were converted into barns, warehouses and dance floors. Sayyids, mullahs, and other representatives of religion were persecuted, praying people were punished and those maintaining resistance were exiled. However, people were secretly following their faith and are currently free to practice all the values they had once preserved.

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MODERNİZM İLE SİYASAL İSLAMCILIK ARASINDAKİ ANALİZ BAĞLAMI

Author(s): Emel Sünter / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 29/2016

Ideologically, Political Islamism exhibits an opposition against modernism. Because Political Islamism is fed with traditionalism. The emphasis of Political Islamism on nostalgia contradicts with modernism. But these contradictions and discourse has developed and shaped Political Islamism in the future. Political Islamism has used the parameters of modernism within the efforts for the searching of re-existence and identity.

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İLAHİYAT FAKÜLTESİ ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN ÖĞRETMENLİK MESLEĞİNE YÖNELİK TUTUMLARI

Author(s): Nurten Kimter / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 29/2016

The objective of this study is to determine the attitudes of teacher candidates enrolled at the Theology faculty theology and IDKAB departments with regard to teaching profession thus contributing to the factors that should be taken into account to educate qualified teachers of religion. Sample scanning method and survey method were used to determine the attitudes of students with regard to teaching profession. “Personal Information Form” and “Attitude Scale Towards Teaching Profession” were used as data acquisition tools. The data acquired as a result of the study carried out during the 2014 Fall semester were analyzed via SSPS 18.0 package software and arithmetic mean, frequency distribution, t-test, one-way variance analysis (ANOVA), Tukey HSD and Dunnett C tests were applied. As a result of the study carried out on 292 female and male students, it was observed that the level of having positive attitude towards teaching profession was quite high for all teacher candidates. In addition, in consequence of the study it is determined that there were significant levels and no significant levels of differences in university students' attitudes averages towards teaching profession according to the socio-cultural and demographic variables

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Zachodnia i wschodnia tradycja wykonawcza śpiewu sakralnego: aspekt estetyczny

Author(s): Ievgeniia Lazarevych / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04 (31)/2016

Fundamental differences between Kyiv-Pechersk choral style and Western model of performance of religious chants can be considered in various contexts and at several levels. One should take into account diversity of church rules (canon), mentality, even geographical location and physiological capabilities of voices of the singers coming from a particular area. The performance practice is also connected with such factors as cultural traditions, language, way of life and social issues related to faith. It is therefore understandable that, after a short period of a fragile cultural unity of the Church, different traditions emerged. The author argues that the way of singing is directly dependent on the fundamental philosophical and theological ideas, originating from the Church canon. Then, the differences between chant performance in two main branches of the Christian Church seem to be a consequence of the distinct ways in which the theological doctrine, dogma of the Church, the temporal and spatial principles of worship and art developed in Roman Catholic and Byzantine Orthodox traditions. The two different perceptions of communication with God and its influence on church singing are considered by the author as an exemplary case.

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