Masora Biblii hebrajskiej – wprowadzenie w tematykę

Author(s): Marcin Majewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2012

Masorah (oral and written tradition of transmitting the Bible text) is an important library of information about Sacred Scripture on the stage of its formation. It provides informations without which it is difficult and sometimes impossible to read or interpret correctly the biblical text. One of the barriers involved studying the Masorah of the Hebrew Bible is the lack od introductory literature on the subject, especially on the field of polish language. Here we can not find any comprehensive and useful study for the Masorah, including exercises and examples how to read and take advantage of Masorah. Since the system of Masoretic notes is very carefully printed in Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, and even more in Biblia Hebraica Quinta, we require such a study of masoretic notes’ system in Polish biblical studies. This article is an announcement of such an elaboration.

Przywódca-budowniczy sanktuarium Izraela według narracji starotestamentalnej

Author(s): Andrzej J. Obidowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2011

Many books of the Old Testament deal with the theme of human building activity. Among Old Testament narratives it is possible to distinguish the special ones which present a special kind of activity undertaken as a result of divine inspiration addressed to the leader of the Israel community. This way the leader becomes the leader-builder of Israel’s sanctuary (Herod the Great is omitted here because he is not mentioned in the text of the Old Testament). One can specify a few special attributes of the leaderbuilder of the sanctuary: the obedience and the trust in God, the piety, the prudence, the solicitude, the authority and the courage. The essential goal of the analysis in this paper is to expose those attributes.

Troska Boga o słabych i uciśnionych w świetle Ez 34, 16

Author(s): Marcin Majewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2010

In all polish translations of Ez 34, 16 there appears a statement about God’s „watching over” (šmr) of fat and strong sheep. This rendering derives not from masoretic text but from tradition (LXX, Vulgate, Jakub Wujek Bible). But is this rendering justified? This article attempts to convince that we should stay with hebrew šmd (“to destroy”).

Židovstvo u Europi

Author(s): Michael Brenner / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 34-35/2004

Već dvije tisuće godina Europa udara pečat židovskoj povijesti kao što su i Židovi pridonijeli tomu da je Europa nastala. Pritom se ne da samo u brojevima pokazati uloga koju su Židovi odigrali u najrazličitijim područjima. Gledano u cjelini, oni su uvijek bili manjina, a ipak su u pretežno kršćanskim, ali ponekad i muslimansko određenim društvima, odigrali jasno definirane teološke i društvene zadatke. Kao jedina nekršćanska manjina bili su u kršćanstvu stalno pod posebnom prismotrom, potisnuti na rub društva, često progonjeni i protjerivani, ali nikada posve iz Europe protjerani.

Imigranci żydowscy w Polsce: aspekt religijny, narodowy i polityczny

Author(s): Ewa Kurek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2016

The Authoress points out that over the XIV-XX centuries we may talk about a few waves of the Jewish immigrants in Poland. The first Jewish people showed up in our territory 1000 years ago. In the beginning of the XIV century, as few as from several hundred up to a thousand of the Jewish people lived in Poland. We may talk about a considerable wave of immigrants only beginning with the second half of the XIV century when in the years 1343-1353 during the Great Plague, the Jewish people were accused of poisoning the wells in Germany and in the life-threatening situation, they moved on to Poland. The life area in Europe was shrinking drastically for the Jewish people in the XIV century and the only destination where they could escape from persecution was Poland. On the one hand the economic and legal conditionalities in Poland in the XIV century and on the other the Jewish persecution in almost every European country brought about the huge Jewish emigration to Poland in the XIV century which continued throughout the consecutive centuries. In her article the Authoress elaborates upon the religious, national and political aspect of this immigration.

İzmir Beit Hillel Sinagogu’nun Tefila Defteri ve Mustafa Kemal Paşa’ya Hanoten Teşua Duası

Author(s): Siren Bora / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2017

İzmir Beit Hillel Synagogue is known as the synagogue of Chief Rabbi Hayim Palachi. Today in this building restored into Rav Palachi Memorial House, a copy of a notebook belonging to Beit Hillel, which contains the Hanoten Teshua Tefilah (prayer) in Hebrew is exhibited. The original of the notebook is in The Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People in Jerusalem. This Tefilah, which is completely Torah originated and a specific Jewish prayer starts by wishing success and salvation to Mustafa Kemal Pasha. The date the Tefila Notebook was written and used is probably 1922 or 1923. The Jewish communities in Izmir and Istanbul have continued to preserve and read this prayer in the Republic of Turkey, which was established after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.The establishment of the State of Israel did not lead to any change in this ritual. From the date the Republic of Turkey was established until the present day; from the First President Mustafa Kemal Ataturk to the Twelfth President RecepTayyip Erdogan, for every President, Hanotene Teshua Prayer has been read and continues to be read. Where as it is known that, many Jewish communities in European cities have either rewritten this old prayer extensively or have completely destroyed it.

Jewish Barristers and the Jewish Bar as Described by the Anti-Semitic Weekly Rola

Author(s): Agnieszka Friedrich / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2016

In the early 1880s, when Russian politics took a strong anti-Semitic turn, a campaign was initiated in order to limit the number of Jews in the bar. The anti-Semitic weekly Rola took active part in this campaign. Rola claimed that a once respected profession had lost its social prestige because of the inflow of Jewish members into the bar, to which they had introduced the logic of financial profit. Its journalists condemned the moral relativism of Jewish lawyers, who had begun to “infect” Polish social life when they gradually took over public offices. This was facilitated by the professional and social links between Jewish and Polish barristers, who together formed a “Jewish-atheist clique.” According to Rola, the Polish bar was to be healed by elimination of unhealthy competition through the limitation of the general number of licensed barristers, introduction of official limits on the number of Jews in the barrister profession, and outlawing of the so-called private barristers with no formal legal education, whose members were mostly Jewish. When in 1889 the numerus clausus was officially introduced into the bar, Rola ceased to be interested in this topic. This sudden change of direction invites a suspicion that the weekly could have been inspired from the outside, while its activities were part of the persecution campaign of Jewish barristers organized by the Russian authorities.

The Herman Hescheles House of the Poor Israelites in Lvov. History of the Facility until 1939

Author(s): Anna Jakimyszyn-Gadocha / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2016

The Herman Hescheles House of the Poor Israelites in Lvov. History of the Facility until 1939Hirsch Herman Hescheles, a Jew born in Lvov, was the owner of private companies in Vienna and a philanthropist. As his life was associated with two cities – Lvov and Vienna – it was there that he decided to organize his philanthropic activities. The article is devoted to the history of the Herman Hescheles House of the Poor Israelites in Lvov, which was opened in 1896. In this house poor Jewish people of different ages and various states of health, lived over the decades, having been guaranteed accommodation. This was the only foundation of its type to operate in Lvov before World War II.

Jews in Cracovian municipal council in the Polish Second Republic (1918-1939). Some general remarks

Author(s): Hanna Kozińska-Witt / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2016

Article describes participation of Jewish councilors in Kraków city council and identifies political milieus where they came from. The interwar is divided in three sub-periods that were characterized by different conditions for municipal political participation. These changes influenced the composition of Jewish councilors: their political belonging and even their cooperative strategies.

“At the Outset of the Day”: Mystical Aspects of Clothing and Books in the Work of S. Y. Agnon

Author(s): Nitza Davidovich / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2016

The story “At the Outset of the Day” by S. Y. Agnon is short, but contains many meanings. It is a story about a father whose daughter’s dress burns to ashes, and who throughout the story attempts, unsuccessfully, to cover her nakedness. As the article shows, the story can be defined as symbolic, with a connotative level open to interpretation as well as biblical foundations and symbols that express its hidden level.

Connecting histories and geographies

Author(s): Thomas Loy / Language(s): English Issue: 05 (28)/2017

Since the late 19th century much has been published about Central Asian Jews who came under Russian – and later Soviet – dominance and who became commonly known as the Bukharan Jews. Yet, it is only now when there are almost no Jews left in Central Asia that the study of Bukharan Jews has seriously started.

Perspektywy doktrynalne współczesnego judaizmu mesjanicznego

Author(s): Barbara Karasiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

Praca ta ma na celu ukazanie założeń teologicznych judaizmu mesjanicznego jako młodego ruchu religijnego oscylującego pomiędzy chrześcijaństwem w wersji protestanckiej a judaizmem. Szczególna uwaga zwrócona została na główne kierunki obecnej w nim refleksji teologicznej ze wskazaniem głównych reprezentantów tych ujęć.

Teški teret prošlosti: tumačenje poljsko-jevrejskih odnosa Jana Tomaša Grosa

Author(s): Milan Subotić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 87.33/2017

Правила на Скопската црковна училишна еврејска општина од 1920 година

Author(s): Aleksandar Manojlovski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1/2017

With the official adoption of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the consequential laws that have arisen from it, religious communities present public institutions with special position and privileges, ensured the principle of full equality and freedom of religion. The Constitution provided for acceptance of all faiths which were already been recognized within the Kingdom, guaranteeing their self regulating internal affairs and emphasized that no one was obliged their religious determination to publicly confess. The entire activity of the Jewish communities in the Kingdom, were carried according to traditional rules, from where clearly could see the goals, objectives and activities of the municipalities. This paper has a goal of analyzing the first official recognized rules of Skopje’s Church School Jewish Municipality from 1920 containing 8 chapters with 68 articles, through which the Municipality formal and legally regulate their internal organization.

Building God’s Dwelling Place. Synagogues and Houses of Prayer in Anatolia and Eastern Europe during the Roman Period

Author(s): Iulian Moga / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

In this study I try to explain not only the technical methods in which Jews built their houses of prayer in Anatolia, but I treat also the religious and juridical aspects of this building activities.

Wizerunek kobiety nowoczesnej na łamach "Naszego Przeglądu" 1923-1939

Author(s): Monika Szabłowska-Zaremba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

In the interwar period the Jewish press started to play a very important role. It was written in three languages: Hebrew, Yiddish and Polish. Especially interesting is the press written in Polish as the language is alien to the Jewish culture but simultaneously it allows both non-Jews and assimilated Jews to become acquinted with issues concerning the Jewish society. One of the greatest dailies was the Varsovian "Nasz Przegląd" whose editors were well-known Zionists: Jakub Appenszlak, Natan Szwalbe and Saul Wagman. The newspaper included articles concerning women's affairs, thus creating a model of a new, educated Jewish woman who was aware of her political rights. An important person being an editor of the section is Paulina Appenszlak. The article focuses on the main issues and the ways of description of a modern woman's existance. It is supplemented by letters from readers because they, altogether with the editors, describe the life of Jewish women in Poland.

Jewish Publishing Houses and the Censorship of Jewish Publications in the Kingdom of Poland before 1862

Author(s): Jan Doktór / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2017

The introduction of state preventive censorship of Jewish publications in the Kingdom of Poland was by no means something obvious. The Constitution of the Kingdom guaranteed the freedom of establishing publishing and printing houses. Neither did the state have any direct interest in interfering with the Jews’ religious publications or any disputes among them. In fact, in Russia itself and in the so-called seized lands, there was no censorship of Jewish books all the way until the 1820s. Therefore the call for censorship did not come from Petersburg but precisely from Warsaw. It can even be suspected that in Russia itself, preventive censorship was largely introduced in response to suggestions if not demands coming from the Kingdom because massive imports of Jewish books from Russia frustrated the effects of the actions of the local censors. The censorship in the Congress Kingdom can be regarded a sequel to internal Jewish censorship exercised by Waad Arba Aratsot, except that now it as implemented by another camp inside the Jewry and with the help of state authorities. In the Congress Kingdom the censor’s authority was taken over by the maskil faction, which supported a program of reforms of the Jewry, popular with political elites, by branding as an enemy whatever it deemed to be vestiges of Jewish obscurantism: first of all the recently formed and dynamically growing Hassidism and he Jewish vernacular, a tool of Jewish separatism and backwardness. Preventive censorship did not prove to be terribly successful. The ambitious plans to reform the Jews in a small patch of the vast lands inhabited by the Jews of the old Republic of Poland had to misfire, given that the borders were not sealed tight and the individual neighbors who partitioned Poland were each pursuing a different policy toward the Jews.

The Issue of Jews’ Participation in White Slavery and Prostitution as Reflected in Hebrew Press at the Turn of the 19th and the 20th Centuries

Author(s): Aleksandra Jakubczak / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2017

In the years 1880-1914 the Jewish elites of the Kingdom of Poland, Galicia and the western gubernias (governorates) of the Russian Empire took a lot of interest in the issue of the Jews’ involvement in slave trade in women and in prostitution. An analysis of Hebrew press from Eastern Europe made it possible to cast light on the main issues in the debate on the slave trade and prostitution among the Jews. News about trials of the traffickers and pimps and sensational stories of abducted Jewish girls often triggered broad discussions about the moral standards of the Jews and responsibility for the morally degenerate members of the Jewish community. The moral crusade in the press climaxed in Warsaw in 1905 in the form of the „pimp pogrom”.

Pomiędzy marzeniami a ideologiczną klęską. Przypadek Sary Nomberg-Przytyk

Author(s): Grażyna Dawidowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2017

The article looks at the face the changes of the identity of Sara Nomberg-Przytyk, a Polish Jewess and communist. The woman survived the confinement to the Białystok ghetto, Stutthof, Auschwitz, the Death March, Ravensbrück. From 1948 to 1956 she served as deputy editor in chief of Sztandar Ludu. In 1968 she was forced to leave the country. Her experience and her choices in life are a good example of the fate of the pre-WWII generation of communists, members of the Communist Party of Poland, who became involved in the senior levels of the PPR Polish Workers’ Party and PZPR, the Polish United Workers’ Party, only to be expelled from the party later

Żydowskie spółdzielnie rzemieślnicze i kredytowe Międzyrzeca Podlaskiego w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej (1918-1939)

Author(s): Sławomir Mańko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2017

Numerous crafts and credit cooperatives, formed by the local Jews, operated in Międzyrzec Podlaski before WWII. These organizations made a significant contribution to the growth of the local trade and crafts. Some of them were members of the Union of Jewish Cooperative Societies in Poland. For the local Jewish community, the cooperatives engaging in bristle processing were particularly important. So were, for that matter, the credit cooperatives, financing the local crafts and enabling them to export their products. The article was prepared on the basis of unique documents kept at the New Files Archies at the Cooperative Council. They have not been used by the students of the subject so far. They are as testimony to thee business acumen and hard work off the pre-war inhabitants of Międzyrzec.