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M. Kazanski’s scientific bibliography.
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Two graves of the 2nd—3rd centuries were found by the archaeological expedition to the Kyz-Aul necropolis in 2021. They contained remains of six individuals. We implemented an anthropological study of the skeletons and an archaeoparasitological analysis of soil samples. We identified sex and age and described pathological and individual features of the appearance of children and adults. An intravital artificial deformation of the skull was recorded in two adult individuals from grave 199. There are no signs of skull deformation in children from the same grave. Whipworm (Lat. Trichuris trichiura) eggs were found in soil samples from four out of six individuals. It is an intestinal parasite that enters the human body through the consumption of contaminated foods or unboiled water. The study showed that children and adults buried in the necropolis have many features characteristic of the settled population of the Northern Black Sea region, Rome and Roman provinces.
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The necropolises Frontovoe 3 and Kil-Dere 1 from the environ of Chersonesos are interesting and important for the reconstruction of the cultural and historical situation on the borders of the Roman Empire. Data on the isotopic composition of bone collagen and tooth enamel provide new opportunities to discuss the nutrition, economy, and mobility of societies. The isotope composition of carbon and nitrogen informs about the average dietary intake of an individual over the last few years of life (7—10), while the ratio of strontium isotopes in tooth enamel characterizes the habitat of the child during the formation of the crown of the teeth (in this case, from 1 to 6 years). Thus, we obtain information about local natives and migrants of the first generation, whose childhood, probably, passed outside the environ of Chersonesos. The isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen in 67 samples of bone tissue and the composition of strontium in 35 samples of tooth enamel were studied. The life support system of these societies was based on the use of local terrestrial food resources. Few individuals have been found who can be named first-generation migrants. The low variability of the isotope ratios of strontium and carbon indicates a clear localization of this population group on the given territory. We also discuss the factors behind the differences in the isotopic markers of groups from Kil-Dere 1 and Frontovoye 3. These can be both environmental factors and cultural differences. The questions addressed here can be answered by studying a broader base of the compared materials.
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This paper makes an attempt to identify the markers of various gender groups among those buried in the cemetery of Opushki, which is located in the central part of the Crimean foothill area. A total of 266 burials (167 child, 59 female, and 40 male graves) dating from the first to fourth century AD have been analysed. All these monuments belong to the Late Scythian and the Neizats archaeological cultures. The analysis undertaken indicates that neither grave construction, nor funeral rite had gender specificity. In this perspective, the composition of grave goods was more expressive.The exclusively female and child accessories were mirrors, spindle whorls, and bells; moreover, graves of children usually received only fragments of mirrors, though women’s burials got complete artefacts. Scythian arrowheads, faience amulets, and pendants made of coins and mollusc shells were predominantly children’s attributes. The finds of weapons, horse harness, and iron rod-shaped artefacts and flints, probably used to make fire, were associated with male graves only. The buckles were also concentrated mostly in male graves. Although the brooches, ornaments, vessels, knives, and whetstones appeared in the burials of all sex-and-age groups, gender specificity might be observed in minor details, i. e. quantity, frequency of occurrence, ways of usage, and so on. It is especially pronounced with the ornaments, mainly in case of the beads.
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We publish a collection of glass vessels originating from a burial ground of the 1st—2nd centuries AD, excavated in the vicinity of Kerch. We discuss their assortment, chronology, and role in the funerary rite. A characteristic feature of the funerary rite is the predominance of perfume vessels in children’s burials, i. e. balsamaria of various sizes, and almost complete absence of tableware, characteristic mainly of male graves. The planigraphic distribution of burials with glass vessels in burial mound 2 allows us to identify, preliminarily, two stages of their circulation here: the early one, when all of them were probably still imported from afar, and the later one, reflecting the wider spread of glassware in the region — including, possibly, local production, by the late 1st century AD. The predominance of vessels, which spread widely on the Bosporus towards the late 1st — early 2nd century, suggests that the formation of some elements of the burial rite associated with the use of glass vessels as grave goods could be directly related to the beginning of their wide circulation in the region.
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In Frontovoe 3, a necropolis of the Roman period discovered in the South-Western Crimea in 2018, three bronze anthropomorphic pendants were found in children’s grave 305, among other grave goods. Grave 305 is attributed to the end of the 1st — the first half of the 2nd century according to the totality of grave goods. Similar pendants are found in eight more graves at this site, in which adults were buried. Anthropomorphic pendants are also known from other synchronous Crimean burial grounds. The question arises to what extent such pendants are typical for children’s graves of the Crimea in Roman times. Parallels from other cemeteries from different territories of the Crimea showed that pendants of this type, in contrast to the ones from Frontovoye 3 burial ground, are most characteristic of children’s burials. These products are almost never found outside the Crimea, and the time of their prevalence falls approximately in the middle of the 1st century — first half of the 2nd century.
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Warrior burials are not often found in late ancient necropolises of the Cimmerian Bosporus. Such burials rarely survive untouched by robbers. In this context, a recently discovered well-preserved large tomb in Phanagoria is a really unique find. After examining this grand two-chamber vault, archaeologists obtained a set of interesting data, but special attention should be paid to warrior traditions adopted by people who lived in the late ancient capital of the Asian Bosporus. The importance of warrior subculture of the Migration period for the urban elite is manifested in the use of warrior fittings in children clothes. It is a known fact that a buried man who belonged to the warrior class is marked not only by the weapons found with him, but also by shoulder belts, elements of warrior accessories fastened on his body in a certain way. The passing of such subculture through generations of Phanagorian noble men is greatly illustrated by finds from the vault where archaeologists found in situ remains of noble warriors and their descendants, children of various age. The children clothes were largely imitating the clothes of equestrian warriors. This outstanding archaeological situation expressly testifies to cultivation of warrior traditions among boys since their early childhood and pronounced external manifestations, including in elements of their costume, of male children’s inclusion in the warrior subculture.
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In the burial ground near the village of Luchistoe, in vaults 104 and 268, two unique children’s burials of the turn of the 6th—7th century were revealed, in which a complete set of metal accessories of clothing and jewelry characteristic of the costume of adult women of the Crimean Goths was recorded. The article describes the inventory of burials, discusses the features of the use of individual parts of the costume and jewelry. According to the state of things fixed in situ on the bones, a children’s suit with a large buckle is reconstructed. Placing things of adults in children’s burials is most likely connected with the peculiarities of the funeral rite. In vault 104, a prematurely deceased teenage girl of 9—12 years old, who had reached the marriageable age, was buried in a ceremonial female “wedding” costume. In vault 268, a set of women’s accessories was placed in the burial of a two-year-old child, probably a girl, as a gift from her mother, as a symbolic offering to a child whose premature death did not allow her to use «women’s gifts» during her lifetime.
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Review of: Jasna Jeličić Radonić, Faros, rimski grad-Pharos, The Roman Sity, IV, Književni krug, Split, Fakultet hrvatskih studija Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Dominikanski samostan sv.PetraMučenika Stari Grad, Split 2021, 235 faqe.
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The Dardanians and their state (northern part of present-day Northern Macedonia, all of Kosovo and large part of Serbia all the way to the West Morava river) at the crossroads connecting northern Europe and the southern Balkans and Greece, and the interior of the Balkans and the Illyrian coast, began to be mentioned the same from IVo century BC in the works of Roman writers Polyenus, Justinus and Pompey Trogus, when the Dardanian kings offered the Macedonian king the help of 20,000 Dardanian soldiers to fight the Celtic attacks, and because of military alliances with the Romans in the wars against Macedonia, as seen in the works of Titus Livius and Polybius, but archeological finds in Banjë e Pejë testify that already in the VIo century BC the Dardanians had an organized society led by princes, that in the Vo century BC they minted their money in Damastion, but that Influences of cultures of different peoples from the Mediterranean were confirmed in pre-Roman times, and are manifested primarily in the findings of ceramic pottery, jewelry and war equipment imported from the Mediterranean and the findings of so-called "Illyrian drachmas" minted in Illyrian mints ( Apollonia and Dyrrahium) in the Adriatic, which during the IIo and Io centuries BC were considered the universal currency throughout the Balkans and wider. After the Roman conquest of the Dardanian Kingdom and the creation of the province of Moesia, ie in 86, Upper Moesia, which included the Dardanian territory, these influences across Rome and the Adriatic coast became more frequent with the arrival of Roman legions: Legio VII Claudia and Legio IV Flavia from Dalmatia. in the findings of epigraphic monuments of legionaries who were partly of Dalmatian origin and some of them served in the Roman imperial river fleet (Classis Flavia Moesica), as evidenced by the epigraphic monument found in Naissus which mentions the disce(n)s epibeta (from the Greek epibates). Epigraphic monuments confirm that the Romans and those who came with them to Dardania brought with them Latin, Latin and Greek-Oriental onomastics and the worship of Roman water deities: the Roman god Neptunus in the interior of Dardania along the barren rivers: Ibër, Sitnicë, Lushtë, and the Drini i Bardhë, and the worship of the cult of the Syrian goddess Atargatis along the Vardar and Treska rivers. With the Romans and their companions in the Dardanian territory from the Mediterranean through Greece, Rome and the Adriatic came the worship of some deities of Greek-Oriental provenance: Aesculapius-Asclepius, Hygia, Telesphorus, Nemesis, Isis, Serapis, Atargatis, Dolichenus, Mithra and even cult the deified mortal Antinous, a favorite and probably lover of Emperor Hadrian, who drowned in the Nile and to whom Hadrian built temples throughout the Empire and thus in the Dardanian Municipium DD. Christianity also arrived in the Dardanian territory via the Mediterranean, but based on archeological findings a little later than in the coastal parts of Illyricum where it was brought by St. Paul, to be archeologically confirmed during the time of Emperor Constantine in the area of the municipium in Peja, and already at the Council of Nicea in 325, among the other bishops of Illyricum, one Dardanian bishop (Bishop Dacus of Scupi), was mentioned for the first time which speaks in favor of the fact that Christianity already had an institutional system and hierarchy in Dardania which belonged to the Dacian diocese. The mentioned Mediterranean influences are archaeologically confirmed in the area inhabited by the Dardanians, and chronologically can be classified between the VIo century BC and the time of the Dardanian Kingdom, over the period when the Romans conquered it militarily in the Io century AD and made it part of the Roman Empire until the IVo century.
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Kotor with its fiord has been an insurmountable point between the Adriatic and the Balkan interior, an essential gravitation in historical, commercial, cultural and geopolitical communication throughout its long history. Therefore, Kotor had inevitable communication with the Albanians, not so far geograpycally.Our focus on the communication of Albanians with Kotor is mainly in the medieval context. In this respect, the communication of Albanians with medieval Kotor is contextualized in several chapters within certain historical context. The first one is related to the early presence of the Benedictines in Zeta and northern Albania, an important role in the strengthening and spread of Christianity in these areas since the 9th-12th centuries. An interesting episode of this communication of Albanians with Kotor is related to the promotion of the iconic cathedral, a symbol of the city since 1166 and the role of the Albanian Catholic clergy. During the e period of the Nemanjics the presence of the Albanians there is specifically related to that of the Vlachs in the surroundings of Kotor Bay, but also Dubrovnik. The other context is that of the period of Ventian's governance, where this geopolitical space was conceived as Albania Veneta. Another contact was related to the role Kotor had in an early jurisdiction of the Catholic churches in Kosovo. An intersting aspect is related to the role of personalities from Boca di Cataro in Albanian history and culture and its diaspora. A special chapter is also related in post-Lepanto era: Kotor and the Albanians after the fall of Ulcinj and Tivar in Ottoman hands, the role of Ulcinian piracy, as well as the maritime-commercial reflections in a new historical, geopolitical constellation of the time. The historical communication of Albanians with Kotor has been multidimensional – political, religious, military, cultural, maritime, etc.
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Modern Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the countries whose territories were most affected by the war during Baton’s uprising. Even the main leader of the insurgent forces, Bato Deasidiate, according to sources and literature, was originally from central Bosnia. For that reason, the mentioned uprising can be considered one of the most important events in the history of BiH. Systematic archaeological research in this area began only in the 19th century, after the Austro-Hungarian occupation in 1878. It is important to note that the term Bosnian is not used in this paper only if the scientist came from these areas. Those who worked in Bosnia and Herzegovina (especially Truhelka, Patsch and Bojanovski), whose works have left an indelible mark on the further development of historiography and archeology, will also be taken in this paper. The number of these works points to the fact that in BiH, Bato’s uprising is finally at the center of scientific work and research. Any change of government leads to historical events, in this case the Great Illyrian Uprising, being viewed through the prism of the ruling ideology.
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In this paper named Early Byzantine armored lamellae from the Gradina in Biograci near Široki Brijeg, the subject of determination and identification are the remains of lamellar armor found in 1969/1970 at the Late Antique site of Gradina in Biograci. A part of the armored lamellae from Biograci was published in the work of Irma Čremošnik in 1989, where they were identified as part of a military belt, respectively a fitting for a belt. Identification of materials as armor lamellae was performed on the basis of analogies of lamellae or whole lamella armor from geographically nearest localities such as Kranj v Lajh in Slovenia and Svetinja in Serbia, but there are also some typological similarities of these lamellae with the same material found at Gradac on Ilinjača near Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition to the basic issue of identification, special accent is placed on the issue of dating lamellae from Biograci. So far, about a hundred parts or whole lamellar armor has been found throughout Europe from the Caucasus in the east to Spain in the west. All are mostly dated to the second half of the 6th and the7th century, when lamellae armor was introduced into Byzantine military equipment and among the Germans and Avars because of a change in war tactics. Due to its convenient position, Gradina on Biograci was constantly inhabited from prehistoric times to the developed Middle Ages which influenced the mixing of Roman and late antique materials and made it difficult to identify and date this material during excavations. According to some authors, lamellar armor of the second half of the 6th century is considered an elite military equipment and thus a status symbol. Their appearance on Biograci is a rare and unique find in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s early byzantine site.
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U 2022. godini Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja ANUBiH je uspio da ispuni sve planirane obaveze. Prije svega, zahvaljujući podršci Federalnog ministarstva obrazovanja i nauke Bosne i Hercegovine, Ministarstva kulture i sporta Kantona Sarajevo i Fondacije za izdavaštvo Federalnog ministarstva kulture i sporta Bosne i Hercegovine, uspješno su završeni priprema i štampanje broja 51/2022 časopisa Godišnjak/Jahrbuch. Priloge za ovaj broj časopisa dostavili su naučnici iz Ukrajine, Moldavije, Rusije, Njemačke, Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine.
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The idea of the proposed topic is to confirm, supplement and present, briefly and in general, the knowledge of the topographic and situational plans of the Pliska Fortress (1905 – 2015), result of graphic engineering and geodetic documentation.
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The gorges of Shida Kartli, including the Patara Liakhvi gorge, were densely populated already in the Eneolithic and early Bronze Age, as evidenced by the material obtained as a result of the archaeological excavations conducted in this area at different times (fragments of obsidian and clay vessels, collective and individual burials of the dead, copper or bronze blades etc.,) reveals, however, as a result of historical and natural cataclysms (epidemics, invasions of Lezgins and Ossetians, etc.), many villages became desolate. The names of some of the villages in Patara Liakhvi gorge have been preserved only by historical sources. As a result of studying the information preserved in the documents, it is possible to determine the location of several former villages in the Liakhvi gorge. One of these folktales “Kvabni” can be found in 1392 in document of the Catholic estates of Kartl-Kakhet-Meskheti, where a number of villages in the valleys of the Didi and Patara Liakhvi are mentioned. In the document we read: “Gori, the estates and merchants of Mtskheta, the village of Zerti, the village of Tsita with the estate, former village Satibi, the village of Kushi, the village of Disevi, Plavi, the village of Chkhriketi, the village of Satikhari and nine households of Vanati, the village of Kvabni, the village of Kordi and Patara Meghvrekisi. Ereds Giladze’s, Virsha Monastery with the introduction of Archangel; from Krtskhinvali Eliozidze a jew, with his estate.” The “kvabni” mentioned in the document, in our opinion, was located in the upper part of the Patara Liakhvi gorge and bordered the village of Vanati.
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This article presents the results of an Adigeni archaeological survey project conducted in the River Kvablian gorge of Samtskhe region (southwest Georgia) in the modern territory of the Adigeni municipality. In general, the microregion is less studied archaeologically. Even so, limited data indicate that the area as a frontier zone between different regions served as a cultural crossroads during multiple stages of prehistory. Consequently, it was expected that such cultural interaction continued in the Bronze Age as well and in this region, two Early Bronze Age cultures would coexist: Kura-Araxes and the so-called Western Georgian culture. With the combination of survey methods 12 Kura-Araxes sites were identified in the study area and as a result, no evidence of “western” influence was attested. This suggests that Adigeni was a Kura-Araxes culture dominating area and clearly defines its cultural environment.
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In the work, there is a discussion about Karchokhi - abandoned village, which is located near the headwaters of Ksani. First of all, we focus on the X century Samtavneli Benefit Ledger which text is in Nuskhuri. It was discovered by famous scientist S.Kakabadze in the collection of the church documents. Kakabadze included it in his historical collection. In the source, several other villages of the Karchokhi valley are mentioned, which no longer exists today, although after the analyses of the sources and the literature it is possible to find the location. For example, the village Anratsminduli mentioned in the list was called Andriatsmindauli , later called as Shatakiankari, based on the surname of the Shatakishvili found here. Today, the Shatakishvilis are not living in the Karchokhi valley, their migration took place in the villages of Gori municipality, mainly in the Ateni valley. Location of Shatakiantkari, earlier Andriatsminduli is to the east, over village Dochiani. In the X century monument of Samtavneli benefit is mentioned the village of Karchukhi. Karchokhi is the name of the gorge nowadys, which the union of several villages which used to be the centre of Zemo Karchokhi. From the X century, the villages of Khozoeti and Golgoleti are also mentioned. Khozoeti was located on the eastern side of the watershed of Ksani and Churti, west of the village of Kenkaani, it was known as Kazoti in the X century, and it was called Khokhotadaa in the XV century book of trade. Before the Second World War, it was one of the most populous and noisy villages in the Karchokhi valley. It has been abandoned village since the 90s of the XX century. Golgoleti was also located in the neighbourhood of Kenkaan, to its southwest. As such, this past is almost unknown in the Ksani Valley, but according to the demographic descriptions, it is described differently that Golgoleti was uniting Bejuant village and the vast territory located in the southwest of it. On the right side of Ksani, to the north of the village of Midelaani, there is the Kveriati remains, where a tower dating back to the IX-X centuries has been preserved. Tsiptauri, the descendants of Tsiklauri here, then settled in Kvemo Tsiptauri, which is also is not inhabited today. The three old Georgian villages - Dzaboeti, Lomisa and Okhiri, where the Ossetian population originated from the XVIII century, have also been turned into abandoned village. After the war in August 2008, the situation in Karchokhi valley became even worse, the most of the villages were abandoned.
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The grinding stone is a significant tool for agricultural purposes, as supported by numerous archaeological sites from Transcaucasia. It's worth noting that grinding stones have received less attention compared to other artifacts like flaked industry, pottery, and metal artifacts. This theoretical and methodological gap has resulted in a lack of crucial information concerning the definition of prehistoric socio-economic activities. The objective here is to illuminate the type, raw material, and function of grinding stones, as well as the plants processed by the inhabitants of Kvemo and Shida Kartli regions in Eastern Georgia during the Neolithic (second half of the 6th millennium BC) to the Early Bronze Age (second half of the 4th millennium BC). This research aims to contribute both qualitative and quantitative data to address questions pertaining to the techno-typological and functional aspects of stone macro tools. The research involves the study of Grinding Stone Tools (GSTs) from several archaeological sites: Gadachrili Gora, Shulaveri Gora, Imiri Gora, and Kvatskhelebi, Eastern Georgia. The chosen artifacts for this study are preserved in the archaeological collections of the National Museum of Georgia. The typological study of stones has revealed various shapes of grinders and querns, including oval, saddle-shaped, and quadrangular ones (concave and flat working surfaces). Petrographic analysis encompassed the study of eight different rock types utilized in the production of GSTs, including Rhyolite (porphyry), rhyolitic hyaloclastite, rhyodacite, tuff (rhyolitic), vesicular basalt, basalt, sandstone (carbonatic), and diorite. The use-wear analysis, conducted using Omax (40X magnification) and Dino-lite digital microscopes (50X magnification), identified smooth, glossy surfaces, occasionally displaying linear traces. This suggests that GSTs were primarily used for plant processing. Additionally, palynological analysis was employed to specify the types of plants that were processed, revealing a variety of plant usage for both dietary (sowing cereals, walnuts, hazelnuts, grapevine, and chenopodium) and medicinal (Tilia, oak, Artemisia, plantago, and urtica) purposes.
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