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Глазури причерноморских средневековых посудных майолик: химический состав по данным спектрального анализа

Author(s): Vladimir Yu. Koval / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Investigatios of 52 glazes samples (40 of them are examples of Byzantine-Black Sea origin) by X-ray microprobe technique allowed to make conclusions about the difference of the Byzantine (and its successor on North Black Sea Coast and the Golden Horde traditions) composition from the West-Mediterranean (Spanish-Italian), in particular for the 15th century. One of the results of these investigations is the discovery of the downward trend rate of lead oxide in the Byzantine and Black Sea glazes during the 12th—15th centuries, refuting earlier formulated hypotheses about the growth of the share of lead materials in “Chersonesus” glaze recipe. The author also notes the lack of reliable data on glazed pottery production in medieval Cherson.

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Баптистерии раннесредневекового византийского Херсона: некоторые итоги изучения

Author(s): Serghei B. Sorochan / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The typology of baptisteries of Byzantine Cherson of 6th—9th centuries is studied in the article. By the middle of the 7th century, each region of the city had its own temple with a baptistery, and their total number could reach nine. The overwhelming number of baptismal fonts were of small size and depth, and were intended for the baptismal rite, mainly over small children. Such baptisteries did not need any catechumens or hrismarions. In four cases the ponds of small fonts were raised above the floor and attached to the wall, but there were also fonts built in level with the floor, for the baptism of adults. The ponds were cut down in the rock, wrought from solid stone or built from plinth with the cement. They were shaped as a circle, polyhedron, semicircle, rectangle, or a three-conchal cross. There are finds of portable, mobile marble fonts. Baptisteries of Cherson can be divided into two groups: built as a detached building or as a part of a temple (the latter are most numerous). Among them, there are a few processional, “enfilade” baptisteries and more numerous single-chamber baptisteries. Arranged most often in the southern part of the temple, they had access to the altar. In addition, among them there were baptisteries of pure type and baptistery-martyria (at the Western basilica, “temple with the ark” no. 19 and in baptistery no. 24 at the Great Basilica). They reveal a noticeable influence of the Christian East.

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Молдавская монета на территории средневековой Таврики (краткий обзор)

Author(s): Nikolai A. Alexeenko,Lilia V. Dergaciova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article addresses new finds of Moldovan coins minted in the 14th —15th c., recently discovered in the suburbs of Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. Most notable among them is a copper coin of Alexander I, with a countermark of the Genoese Caffa.The increasing number of finds of Moldovan coins in the numismatic discoveries on the Crimean peninsula, highlights the question about contacts between the local population and that of Moldovan Principality, but also, though, perhaps, less obviously, disclose the role of the Moldovan currency in the local monetary circulation, which took place not only in the last phase of existence of Italian lands in the second and third quarter of the 15th century, until their conquest by the Ottoman Empire in 1475, but also in the earlier period, since the end of the 14th century.

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Новый тип древнерусского княжеского знака

Author(s): Serge V. Beletsky / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Another Old Russian sealing mark was found in 2019. On its obverse, there is an image of a bident, and a two-line inscription СВѦ on its reverse, carved in the stamping mold, without allowing for the print. The token on this sealing mark belongs to an earlier unknown type. It was owned by one of Vladimir Monomach’s descendants. Rarity of tokens similar to the discussed one suggests that owners of tokens from this group could make up a small and probably early extinct branch of Rurik family. The bident on the discussed sealing mark could be owned by Svyatopolk († after 1192), one of Mstislav the Great’s grandsons and Vladimir Mstislavich’s son.

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Золотоордынское городище Конские Воды по письменным источникам, картографическим материалам и археологическим данным

Author(s): Mikhail V. Elnikov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The Konskie Vody hillfort, located on the “northern section” of the Crimean Ulus, was identified on the basis of the data from the “Kniga Bolshomu Chertezhu” (“Book of Great Sketch”). Written sources and cartographic material of the 17th — early 20th centuries allow localizing the site at the intersection of important communication routes, indicate the degree of its destruction and provide additional data on the location of the city’s facilities. Archeological data testify to the syncretism of the material culture of the site, manifesting it in the elements of town planning.

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Керамический комплекс как проявление культурного единства оседлого населения европейской части Золотой Орды. Краткий обзор. Общее и частности

Author(s): Andrei Nikolaevich Maslovskiy / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Fragments of ceramics are most numerous groups of finds on the settlements of Golden Horde. Despite the large number of publications, it still seems to be underexplored. It is true, first of all, for the generalizing researches. The article reviews most common and specific features of the Golden Horde ceramics. Its core included vessels produced by archaic method of band pasting, further levelled on potter’s wheel and partially profiled. Specificities of production of such ceramics date back to the traditions of pottery of the early Middle Ages which existed on the territory of Saltovo-Mayatskaya culture. That’s why we suggest to name this technique a post-Saltov pottery tradition. Besides, the Golden Horde towns welcomed potters who were newcomers in the Eastern Europe and used more advanced technologies. Considerable part of their products consisted of glazed vessels which are one of the most salient features of ceramic complex of the Golden Horde. These vessels were of different origins. Along with these groups, there were other locally spread traditions of pottery. Uniformity of ceramic complex most comprehensively characterizes cultural unity of the majority of settled population of the Golden Horde.

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Золотые и серебряные браслеты XIII—XIV вв. из Булгарской области Золотой Орды: систематизация, атрибуция и датировка

Author(s): Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article explores one of the product categories that are widespread in the Golden Horde — lamellar bracelets of gold and silver. Special attention is paid to bracelets with the image of the animal mask on the endings. These bracelets are called lionheads or “Bulgarian type” bracelets. The author comes to the conclusion that the mask on these bracelets does not mean a lion or a tiger, but is a generic image-symbol that developed in Central Asia in the 11th—12th centuries. It combines the features of the image of a lion, dragon and tiger. This symbol was perceived as a talisman. The author systematized the finds of precious metal bracelets, examining more than 50 artifacts from the collections of museums in Tatarstan. Artifacts from the collections of the State Hermitage and the State Historical Museum were also attracted. According to the author, a part of these products was imported, and a part was made in Bulgar following the specimens from Iran and other areas of the Golden Horde. They were most common in the second half of the 14th century. The author describes systematic features for dating these bracelets.

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Бронзовое зеркало золотоордынского времени из окрестностей села Тея на левобережье Нижнего Днестра

Author(s): Sergey A. Fidelski,Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Metal mirrors of the Golden Horde time were massive material and were widely distributed as items of everyday life and cult. Bronze wares with Arabic well-wishing inscription using Naskh script of handwriting deserve specific attention among the many types of mirrors. They were mainly distributed on the territory of the Golden Horde from the Volga to the Dniester. The specified type of finds includes a fragment of a bronze mirror found in the Teia village (Grigoriopol district) on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. As the analysis has shown, the bronze mirror from Teia is the most Western similar item on the territory of the Golden Horde. The analogies from the burial and settlement sites of the Dnieper-Volga interfluve show that the Teia mirror is one of the late replicas and can be dated no later than the middle of the 14th century. A comprehensive study of such bronze mirrors allows us to solve problems associated with the determination of narrower dates and centers of their production.

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Золотоордынский погребальный комплекс с зеркалом с изображением сфинксов на Нижнем Днестре

Author(s): Maksym V. Kvitnytskyi,Nicolai P. Telnov,Sergey D. Lysenko,Sergey N. Razumov,Vitalii S. Sinika / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In 2018, the Dniester archaeological expedition of the Pridnestrovian State University studied a group of nomadic burials of the Golden Horde time near Glinoe village, Slobodzeya district, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. One complex stands out, from which the finds of a bronze mirror with the image of two mythical creatures (sphinxes) and an earring in the form of a question mark originate. Both finds are extraordinary among the nomadic antiquities of the Golden Horde time. Analogies to the mirror with the image of Sphinxes were not previously known in the North-Western Black Sea region. An earring in the form of a question mark is a new type of such items, demonstrating the evolution of jewelry with appearance of such innovations as tacking dead bandlets for inserts. The date of the burial was determined within the second half of the 14th — the beginning of the 15th century. The peculiarities of the burial rite make it possible to attribute the complex to representatives of the ruling nomadic group. A study of the dynamics of historical processes that took place in the region during the period of the Golden Horde domination suggests that the grave belonged to a representative of a group of nomads from the suite of Lord Khadjibey.

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К юбилею Николая Петровича Тельнова

Author(s): Vitalii S. Sinika / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Ad gloriam

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Исследования трипольского поселения Русановцы в Верхнем Побужье в 2010—2012 гг.

Author(s): Eduard V. Ovchinnikov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In 2010—2012, excavations were carried out at the Trypillia settlement of Rusanovtsy 1, located in the upper reaches of the Upper Southern Bug River. The remains of three ground structures, which could have one and two chambers were studied. The living quarters were located at the level of the lower tier, as indicated by details of the interior — hearths and permanently installed pithos. Among the finds, ceramics with bichromic paintings predominate — a pattern made with dark brown paint, supplemented with white edging or small patterns. Products made from flint from local Bug or imported Volhynian raw materials were manufactured directly at the settlement. The settlement belongs to post-Zaleshchiki sites and dates to the beginning of stage BII.

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Восточные корни древневенгерской культуры X в. и средневековая археология Восточной Европы

Author(s): Attila Türk / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Archaeological research on the early history of Hungarians has gone through considerable change during the past decades; a new, critical approach has emerged. The most recent inspection of the archaeological material shows only few and rather debatable connections to the Saltovo culture; however, the only recently identified Subotsci horizon near the Dnieper demonstrates much stronger links to the early Hungarian material culture. The origins of the Subotsci horizon, as well as the origins of Hungarian conquerors, point to the Volga-South Ural region.

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Пруто-Днестровское междуречье в контексте культурно-исторических связей окружающих регионов в середине V — середине XI вв.

Author(s): Roman A. Rabinovich / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

As a result of its unique geographical position, the Carpathian-Dniester region felt a strong impact from the cultural and historical worlds of neighboring regions in the period of 5th—11th centuries. Various peoples penetrated from neighboring regions at different times on the territory of its eastern part — in the Pruto-Dniester interfluve. Among them: Slavs, Turkic-Bulgarian peoples, Alans, Hungarians, representatives of different cultures: Luka-Raikovetskaya, Saltovo-Mayaki and Balkano-Danube. The appearance in the region of the West Slavic population had a particular importance and left antiquities of Echimăuţi-Alcedar type. The synthesis of the cultures of Echimăuţi-Alcedar and Luka-Raikovetskaya laid the basis for the formation of the Old Russian culture of the Prut-Dniester region in the 10th—11th centuries. The Ancient Russian culture of these region was not homogeneous by its origin and reflected the presence of all migration waves in the Dniester-Prut interfluve.

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List of published works by Igor Manzura

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Russian,German,Moldavian Publication Year: 0

List of works

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Innovationen und Wissenstransfer in der frühen Metallurgie des westlichen Eurasiens

Author(s): Svend Hansen / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

In dem Beitrag wird anhand der einschlägigen Funde dargelegt, daß sich die entscheidenden Innovationen der Metallurgie im 6. und 5. Jahrtausend (der Guß von Kupferobjekten, die Legierung von Metall und der Guß in verlorener Form) weitgehend synchron in einer geographischen Zone zwischen Balutschistan und Balkan vollzogen. Dies wird als das Ergebnis eines raschen Wissenstransfers interpretiert. Anhand frühneuzeitlicher Beispiele werden Aspekte der Spezialisierung und Mobilität von Handwerkern behandelt.

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Дж. Каталано из Солдайи первой четверти XV века: эпиграфический экзерсис

Author(s): Alexander G. Emanov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article studies a Genoese inscription from Soldaia, written in Latin and dated by 1423. In 19th—20th centuries, different scientists, like G. Oderico, P. Keppen, V. Yurgevich, C. Desimoni, E. Skrzinskaya and others have proposed different readings of the inscription. However, an important semantic part of the inscription remained unexplained. One of the factors which made it difficult to decode the inscription was its hardly accessible location.The use of digital photography permitted the author to obtain a qualitative image and to entirely reconstruct the inscription. Basing on its content, the author assumes that G. Catalano, mentioned in the inscription, was not the Genoa’s consul in Soldaia, as thought earlier, but a catholic bishop of the town, who initiated construction of the cathedral. Below the inscription, there are two coats of arms belonging to the Genovese families who provided financial support to the construction. One of these coats of arms was identified as representing the Goano family.

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Пифосы из археологических комплексов Таврики XIV—XV вв.

Author(s): Iryna B. Teslenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Studies of 14th — 15th cc. complexes on medieval sites in the Crimea (in its southern part mainly) documented presence of three groups of pithoi dated by different periods. The earliest of them were vessels of group I — locally produced thick red clay barrels. By the 15th c. they could have been in use for 500—600 years. One should not exclude possible early medieval traditions of manufacturing such vessels conserved in some regions of Taurica. Imported pithoi of group II became predominant later. They were produced and used for not more than 250—300 years. Further studies must be carried out to identify the region where vessels with such morphological characteristics originated from. The latest to appear were the so called wine jars of group III. They existed for not more than 150—180 years. Their detailed chronology and origin of forms require further investigation.It should be mentioned that the Greek-Byzantine traditional manufacturing and use of pithoi were common in the Crimea in 14th — 15th cc., and most of them seemed to have been used predominantly in wine-making. Relics of these traditions can be still marked in ethnography of peoples living in wine-making regions — Caucasus, Balkans, Pyrenees, etc. However, the Crimea lost these traditions after the Ottoman conquest.

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Поливная керамика Сарайчика

Author(s): Olga V. Kuznetsova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author introduces glazed pottery found at Saraichik (a Golden Horde Hillfort) and classifies it according to a typology proposed by N. M. Bulatov and G. A. Fedorov-Davydov. Thus, the glazed pottery found at Saraichik is divided into redware and Kashan types.The redware ceramics is further distinguished by the color of glazing: there are vessels with transparent glazing of green, yellow and brown colors, as well as with colorless glazing, and is represented by bowls, plates, jugs, albarello and tubeks. By type of ornament, there are vessels with glazed-over engravings, glazed-over paintings, or a combination of both, as well as pottery with glazed-over stamped ornament on sgraffito.The Kashan ceramics of Saraichik is divided into two groups: with transparent and non-transparent glazing, further divided into subgroups by the color of glazing and method of ornamentation. The Kashan ceramics with colorless glazing and transparent turquoise or ultra-marine glazing was ornamented by glazed-over polychromic painting with glazed-over relief, or painting without relief, while stamped ornament under turquoise glazing is not very common. There are finds of so called ‘Timurid’ ceramics with a specific complex ornament. Besides, there is also ceramics with polychromic painting over ultra-marine glaze (Lajvardina) and ceramics with enamels over white opaque glazing (Minai).Ongoing field research at Saraichik keeps yielding new ceramic artefacts, which demand further detailed and careful studies.

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Процессы урбанизации и динамика мясного потребления в средневековых городах Поволжья (по археозоологическим материалам)

Author(s): Lilia V. Yavorskaya / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author focuses on a relation between urbanization and changes in meat consumption among the dwellers of medieval towns in the Middle and Lower Volga area. Methodology elaborated by the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences specially for palaeoeconomic reconstructions allowed conducting an archaeozoological study of animal bone collections from archaeological digs on seven urban sites (Bolgarskoe, Uvekskoe, Vodyanskoe, Tzarevskoe, Selitrennoe, Moshaik, Samosdelskoe fortified settlements) in three chronological periods: pre-Mongol, Early Golden Horde and Late Golden Horde. It was established that beef predominated in meat diet of the urban citizens in each of the three periods, followed by mutton and horse meat. Very similar spectrums of meat consumption in almost every town in the mid 14 th c., whenever it emerged or whatever its tradition of meat consumption, expressly demonstrate presence of a well planned agricultural district around them.

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Вопросы исторической топографии и хронологии золотоордынских городов Нижневолжского Правобережья

Author(s): Olga A. Ilyina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article represents an analysis of the Golden Horde sites situated on the right bank of Lower Volga, which have been large urban settlements in the Middle Ages: Uvekskoe, Vodyanskoe, Mechetnoe fortified settlements, Ternovskoe fortified and open settlements. At the present time these settlements are completely or considerably destroyed, which makes us turn mainly to the research materials from the 19th — early 20th century. Basing on the analysis and correlation of archaeological, numismatic and written sources and urban planning, the author presents the topography of the settlements, main archaeological complexes (fortifications, living and household facilities, burials) and determines the time period and stages in development of these localities.

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