O POSTANKU SUFIKSA -čuga
On the example of the new suffix -cuga in Croatian, the author shows the possibility of appearance of new suffixes in word formation. He also shows the phenomenon to be diachronic rather than synchronic.
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On the example of the new suffix -cuga in Croatian, the author shows the possibility of appearance of new suffixes in word formation. He also shows the phenomenon to be diachronic rather than synchronic.
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Inspired by earlier work on typological profiling of English by Benedikt Szmrecsányi and Bernd Kortmann ([1], [2], [3]), this paper investigates typological profiles of English, Spanish, German, and Slovak, applying Szmrecsányi and Kortmann’s methodology of calculating the SYNTHETICITY INDEX and the ANALYTICITY INDEX based on 1,000-word corpus samples. The results show that Szmrecsányi and Kortmann’s methodology is replicable, and confirm claims in the literature about degrees of analyticity and syntheticity of these languages. Instead of a simple analytic-synthetic continuum,Szmrecsányi and Kortmann’s "typological space" [3] is used to visualize results, showing that languages can be both synthetic and analytic to varying degrees.
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We present results of an automatic comparison of valency frames of interlinked adjectival and verbal lexical units based on the valency lexicons NomVallex and VALLEX. We distinguish nine derivational types of deverbal adjectives and examine whether they tend to display systemic or non-systemic valency behavior. The non-systemic valency behavior includes changes in the number of valency complementations and, more dominantly, non-systemic forms of actants, especially a prepositional group.
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The paper attempts to identify the usage and productivity of five different international suffixes in Slovak by means of corpus evidence. The analysis focuses on real and potential productivity in a two-stage comparison: 1) tokens/lemmas occurring in a general balanced corpus vs general corpus of specialised and academic texts, 2) general corpus of specialised and academic texts vs specialised (sub)corpora of medical, legal, economic and religious texts. The aim of the analysis is to explore whether productivity varies across registers by means of statistical measures.
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It is shown that the mean morpheme length (measured in phonemes) decreases with the increasing length of word types (in morphemes) in Czech texts, i.e., these language units behave according to the Menzerath-Altmann law. The law is not valid in general for word tokens. Some hints towards an interpretation of parameters are presented.
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The purpose of the article is an attempt to introduce into the field of Record Studies terminology that operates in the field of onomastics; linguistic analysis of the titles of legislative documents of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the first half of 2020. The article considers the definition and functioning of the term «documentonims», denotative-nominative classification of titles of documents, describes the construction of the title of legislative documents of Ukraine. The methodology of the study was a set of general scientific, special scientific, and specific methods of studying the problem, the application of which allows us to achieve the goal. Scientific intelligence was based on the principles of objectivity and integrity. Scientific novelty – the establishment of typical and universal linguistic phenomena that will be useful, in particular, to future legislators and literary editors who work with organizational and administrative in general and legislative documentation in particular. The morphological components of the title and semantic-syntactic relations that establish prepositions between word forms in the structure of the studied property are clarified. The problem of speech culture in significant headlines is raised. The introduction of new terms will expand the scope of their scientific functioning in the field of document science and archiving. Conclusions. The title of the documents of the supreme legislative body of Ukraine is a multi-component construction, which has the obligatory element preposition about, key noun, and dependent words. Particular attention should be paid to the propositional component of the title. Prepositions establish the following semantic-syntactic relations between full words: spatial, temporal, conditions, purposes, reasons. Requisites can contain the names of other legislative acts, be a complex or complex syntactic structure while performing the main, nominative, function. The question of the culture of headline speech is relevant. When composing titles, one should take into account the requirements of melodiousness and economy of language means: to avoid prepositional repetitions, accumulation of verb nouns, a significant number of word forms.
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Complex adverbial prepositions with spatial meaning have not been sufficiently studied so far in Czech. To establish a set of these expressions in their actual usage, the resources of the Czech National Corpus were used in this study. The research has shown that the SYN2020 corpus is a relevant tool for searching for two-word expressions with a LOCATIVE ADVERB - SIMPLE PREPOSITION structure that have the same function as a one-word locative preposition. The article describes a method for the extraction of these expressions from the corpus, as well as a method for the collection of their quantitative data using corpus tools. As a result of the research, a list of expressions that are presumably complex prepositions is provided.
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The paper presents a novel and unified morphological description of numerals and pronouns, as compiled for the newest edition of the Prague Dependency Treebank (Prague Dependency Treebank - Consolidated 1.0) and its integral part the morphological dictionary MorfFlex. On the basis of considerable experience with real data annotation and the use of the morphological dictionary, particular changes were proposed. For both of the parts of speech a new set of subtypes was proposed, based mainly on the morphological criterion and its combination with semantic properties and other relevant features, such as definiteness in numerals and possessivity, reflexivity, and clitichood in pronouns. Each subtype has a specific value at the 2nd position of the morphological tag, which serves also as an indicator of the applicability of other tag categories.
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This article first traces current research on new words. Then some problems are addressed. Neologism research on the German language is characterized by lexicographic dominance and inadequate linguistic analysis. Furthermore, lexicographic projects use newspapers and magazines as a data basis and equate this with the German language. Lexicographic research only covers a subset of the questions on the topic of new words, and methods are influenced by underlying theory, questions and goals, so that linguistic and lexicographic opinions and procedures differ. The aim of linguistic work is to understand and not just to describe. Additionally, language varieties are considered. This leads to greater diversity of neologisms than dictionaries suggest.
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This work-in-progress paper presents a specialized language corpus UcebKo built from textbooks of Czech for foreigners. The corpus integrates three subcorpora (UcebKo-A2, UcebKo-B1, and UcebKo-B2) which allow research of Czech as a second/foreign language at chosen language levels (A2, B1, and B2). In this case, the research is focused on word-formation, where the first results, i.e., mapping of derived words denoting persons, illustrate the approach and methodology used.
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The article deals with the phonetic and orthographic adaptation of Latin terms in English clinical terminology in the context of Latin terminological competence formation of foreign medical students with English as the language of instruction. About 8,000 of the most common clinical terms selected from various lexicographic English sources have been studied on the basis of etymological and comparative approaches to demonstrate the grade of inconsistency in the reflection of Latin terms in modern English medical terminology. The quantitative analysis allowed us to determine and classify the main tendencies in the process of phonetic and orthographic development of Latin terms: (1) imitation of classical Latin spelling; (2) ‘simplification’ of classical Latin spelling; (3) syncretism of the first and second tendencies (parallel use of classical Latin and ‘simplified’ variants as synonyms). The analysis has also identified in some cases the phenomenon of ‘hypercorrectness’. The lack of a unified norm is reflected in all the analyzed reference sources, complicating the lexicographic description of medical terms as well as the process of teaching / learning the medical terminology. The proposed solution is to develop and implement some unified criteria for phonetic and orthographic adaptation of Latin terms in English. The possible ways to solve the problem are either to adhere to the etymological principle, returning ad fontes of medical terminology, and to use only non-monophthongized and non-simplified forms or to use monophthongized and phonetically and graphically simplified forms following the norms of modern English. Consistent adherence to one system of rules for the development of Latin terms is a needed requirement for the proper formation of terminological competence in medical students and correct use of terminology in their further professional activity.
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Many models of term-formation and term-acquisition processes have been published over the years, representing them from different perspectives. This article outlines an investigation of the metaphorical term-formation process (MTFP), starting from an analysis of special knowledge modelling. We describe our theoretical framework and propose a four-staged procedure which is conceived to integrate different perspectives of concept-building and term-production into one integrated model which includes three levels. The first level is associated with the cycle of conceptualization developed by Lev Vygotsky, who suggests that each step in knowledge development is correlated with a certain mental structure. The second level correlates with Ikujirō Nonaka’s spiral model of knowledge development. The third level has been founded on the results of two experiments with terminology learners. Theoretical debate is accompanied by the discussion of the mode of peculiarities of metaphorical terms comprehension and usage. It is demonstrated how professional knowledge gets into mind, and how it is developed.
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The verbs Lith. mirti / Latv. mirt ‘to die’ and Lith. (-)miršti / Latv. (-)mirst ‘to forget’ share several features in historical morphology: both take sta-present stem, in spite of their Indo-European cognates in the * -y e /o - present stem; the root-aorist in the middle voice inflection can be reconstructed in PIE; and both are also semantically middle. However, they are contrastive in the past tense in Baltic, taking different preterit stems, i.e., Lith. mirė / Latv. miru(e) and Lith. miršo / Latv. mirsu(a). This article will investigate what led them to choose the different preterit stems by comparing their semantic and phonological properties, and will contribute to the reconstruction of the entire prehistory of the Baltic preterit system. In this article, it will be proposed that Lith. mirė / Latv. miru(e) is probably descended from the older imperfect, while its aoristic nature led Lith. miršo / Latv. mirsu(a) to inherit the older aorist stem, and this historical difference may be reflected in their different preterit stems.
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The paper aims to review the atypical cases of Lithuanian neologisms that are coined from two or more words. The nouns, i.e. compounds and blends, collected in “The Database of Lithuanian Neologisms” until the beginning of 2019 are under investigation. The types of indigenous compound nouns that are not described in the grammar of the Lithuanian language are presented. Also, the results of composition-suffixation (e.g. saulėdengtės ‘sunblindʼ) are discussed. The derivational motivation of some occasionalisms (kūnovara ‘health promotion system that corresponds to the old Lithuanian worldviewʼ , megztipaltis ‘cardigowʼ) is considered. The place of analogical formations in the system of Lithuanian derivations is under consideration too. Special attention is paid to the new coinages with the features of compounds and blends (such as dvirtakis ‘cycling trail’) as well as to the correlation of blending and morphemic disintegration.
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This article deals with the morphological segmentation of the Lithuanian subjunctive mood forms from a synchronic point of view. The approaches advanced in earlier publications are discussed. The alternative is between disregarding diachronical facts and recognizing one affix -t-/ -Č- (*tj), and recognizing two suffixes -čia- and -tų /-turn, which entails accounting for the facts of allomorphy.
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Research on spoken language is still a new and little investigated field in Lithuania. As the collection and analysis of natural spontaneous language data is a complicated task requiring special preparation and adequate methods of data collection, transcribing and coding, it requires considerable expenditure of time, financial means and personal efforts. This the reason why, until now, there has been no systematic research in Lithuania that would allow us to define the most important morphological, syntactic, semantic or pragmatic features of spoken Lithuanian. The development of a grammatically coded corpus of spoken Lithuanian was the first step towards more extensive research in this direction. A comparison between spoken and written Lithuanian was the main aim of this study. The distribution of certain grammatical categories as well as the lexicon was studied in order to establish some tendencies in usage.
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This article deals, with the aid of typological data and grammatical hierarchies, with the substantival kaip-phrases in Lithuanian. Comparative constructions and appositional constructions at noun phrase level are left out of consideration, and attention is focused on /caip-phrases with the status of sentence-level predicates, expressing either primary or secondary predication, i. e., copular predicates and secondary predicates having the status of modifiers. The /caip-phrases investigated here encode complementative, depictive and circumstantial secondary predicates as well as adverbials. It is argued that in addition to typical instances of (complementative, depictive and circumstantial) secondary predicates and adverbials, there are also transitional cases. The more a secondary predicate is internal to the main predicate, the more it will tend to be encoded by bare case, though an alternation of bare case and analytical marking, both as an instance of morphosyntactic variation and with a clear opposition of meaning, is possible.
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This paper is about the competition for the best new Croatian word and about the best new Croatian words of 2020. The words are explained according to their formation.
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Čitatelj iz Opatije kojemu je ime Denis, a majka ga odmilice zove Deni, pita nas kako se sklanjaju ta dva imena jer se u postojećim pravopisima nailazi na različite sklonidbe.
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The process of acquisition of any language, including Croatian, begins in the womb when unborn children learn about the world around them by listening. From the first cry, the first unarticulated and then articulated sounds, over rhythmic pseudowords (logatomes), to the first words appearing around the child’s first year, the child gradually acquires the language to which it is exposed, in accordance with its psycho-cognitive development. The acquisition process is accompanied by a telegraphic form of speech without the use of immutable types of words and auxiliary verbs. There are no grammatical generalizations, discharge or replacement of sounds in words and neologisms, and children use communicators – lexemes in which at least one constituent differs from the lexeme uttered by an adult. Research results show that the foundation of the mother tongue is shaped around the child’s third year, and around the age of six, children can pronounce all sounds of the Croatian language, while the grammatical knowledge (morphology and syntax) is automated only about the age of twelve, when the phase of abstract thinking begins. In that early period, the child’s vocabulary is progressively growing; a six-year-old has a vocabulary of about 4000 to 6000 words, and by the time the child leaves school, the vocabulary grows annually by about 500 to 1000 new words. Enrichment of vocabulary is one of the goals of Croatian language teaching, although the strategy for achieving that goal does not really exist. That is why the aim of this paper is to examine which words and expressions are used by kindergarten, pre-school and younger schoolchildren in describing the feelings of happiness, sadness, anger and fear. The study includes ten children of kindergarten age (3-4 years), preschool (6-7 years) and younger school children (first and second classes). The results of interviews with the interviewees are recorded, transcribed and then analysed on the lexical-semantic and grammatical levels, with particular emphasis on the analysis of the used adjectives. The obtained results are compared in relation to the age group.
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