LIETUVIŲ IR ANGLŲ PRAŠYMŲ STRATEGIJOS IR MANDAGUMAS
Šiame straipsnyje pristatomas gretinamasis tyrimas lietuvių kalbotyros kontekste yra naujoviškas tiek dėl platesnio pragmatinio požiūrio į mandagumo reiškinį, tiek darbo metodikos prasme.
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Šiame straipsnyje pristatomas gretinamasis tyrimas lietuvių kalbotyros kontekste yra naujoviškas tiek dėl platesnio pragmatinio požiūrio į mandagumo reiškinį, tiek darbo metodikos prasme.
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Diskurso terminas straipsnyje suprantamas kaip įvairių profesijų atstovų bendravimas plačiąja prasme - aptariami socialiniai pašnekovų vaidmenys, jų motyvai, intencijos, tikslai, ketinimai, nuostatos, kalbinis ir nekalbinis elgesys. Aiškinantis tokius diskursus, dažniausiai aptariami atvejai, kai pažeidžiamos teisės ir etikos normos. Straipsnio tikslas - pamėginti pateikti bent keletą frazeologinio diskurso aiškinimo ir argumentavimo schemų, būdų ar modelių, kuriais kaip teoriniu pamatu būtų galima vadovautis realios ekspertizės atvejais.
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The word combination guerrilla war has a terminological meaning ‘war, during which the weaker side uses the tactics of avoiding general battles and combats unexpected enemy attacks with the help of small military units or partisans’. The combination guerrilla war is associated by users of common language primarily with semantic elements such as ‘a scope of insidious, hidden and difficult to predict, tiring opponent actions’. In the modern texts, the term guerrilla war can undergo a metaphorisation process – it is a determinologisation of multiword expression of military terms. In the figurative sense of the verbal connection guerrilla war there are characterised semantic elements as ‘set of insidious actions, hidden, difficult to predict, directed against to someone or to something, to achieve something, teasing the opposite side, her fatigue, limiting its influence’. In some texts determinologisation signals were presented – a change of component pattern, clauses appeared, which indicates metaphorisation of compound, for example: tax guerrilla war, office guerrilla war. The texts which reported metaphored military term guerrilla war featured the following metaphors: POLITICS is a WAR, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE is a WAR, DIFFERENT, SPECIAL ACTIVITIES and FORMS OF COMPETITION is a WAR.
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This article analyses the function of a sentence as a representative genre of administrative discourse, which has the ability to form and transform legally relevant facts. Functional and pragmatic nature of the sentence, as a document, lies in the ability to mandatory oblige all recipients of the discourse. The aim of the article is to identify the main features and descriptions of the sentence as an administrative discourse genre, which in essence is the main way of interpretation, evaluation and qualification of social behaviour. The study analysis includes the sentence analysis, taking into account three criteria: ontological, causal and pragmatic. This publication also provides a method of qualification of legally relevant facts and the examples of its verbalisation. It is shown that under formal communications, the studied genre of the text is the main instrument of the imperative regulation of social relations. The author indicates that the sentence is a subjective and prescriptive type of administrative document. The sentence is a final explicit act. Fundamental pragmatics of the sentence is focused on identifying and revealing the will of the authorities and influencing the participants of discourse.
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Vagueness is a controversial issue, which was long stigmatised by both researchers and laypeople and largely neglected in linguistics until the publication of Channell’s (1994) study, which demonstrated that vague language (VL) is a multi-faceted phenomenon of high pragmatic importance. The present study focuses on one of the most central categories of VL in Lithuanian, i.e. vague quantifiers, which can be defined as non-numerical expressions used for referring to quantities, e.g. daug (“a lot”), mažai (“little/few”), keletas (“several”), or šiek tiek (“a little bit”). The meaning of quantifiers frequently encodes some evaluative content concerning the significance of a quantity. The evaluative function is an important and intended speaker’s message, expressed by choosing a vague expression, and is lost if reformulated into a precise expression. A systematic account of this pragmatic category has not been carried out yet in Lithuanian, and the vast majority of research on vague quantifiers focuses mainly on English with only very few exceptions. VL is omnipresent and is used in all discourse types, but to a different extent and for different purposes; therefore, this investigation has a two-fold aim: (a) to determine the distribution of quantifiers in different discourses including spoken interaction and a variety of written texts (i.e. academic texts, newspapers and magazines, publicist texts, administrative texts, and fiction); and (b) to overview when and why vague quantifiers are prioritized over precise numerical references. The data for this investigation has been obtained from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (tekstynas.vdu.lt), which is a reference corpus comprising over 140 mln words; it represents five major discourse types analysed in this paper. The present analysis has been carried out within the framework of corpus linguistics, pragmatics, variationist sociolinguistics, and discourse analysis; it is primarily quantitative, but to explain some dominant tendencies in the results, it also deals with some qualitative aspects. The findings obtained from spoken and written discourse have revealed that quantifiers are distributed very unevenly in the two modes of language; the results have also shown some dramatic differences in the use of quantifiers in different written texts. Their distribution and functions depend on the formality of quantifiers and their semantic type. Multal quantifiers (i.e. those referring to large quantities) are emphatic, whereas paucal quantifiers (i.e. those referring to small quantities) are mainly used for mitigation and are more prone to soften the effect of negatively loaded lexemes. Importantly, quantifiers are used for persuasion since they evaluate a quantity and convey the speaker’s interpretation of its significance. They can be important in discourse structuring, in shaping interpersonal relationships, and as a face-saving strategy. Due to the large variety of communicative functions that quantifiers can perform, they are an important category in second language teaching and should be adequately dealt with in lexicography.
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This study examines the pragmatic functions of the marker sawa in spoken Swahili. The data have been obtained from informal conversations made by Swahili speakers in informal social settings. These settings include “vijiwe vya kahawa” (setting of informal conversations created around people drinking coffee) and "vijiwe vya mamantilie” (setting of informal conversations created around women preparing and selling food on the streets). The analysis of the data, performed within the framework of the contextualization theory (Gumperz 1982), shows that, apart from its basic connotation of agreement, the marker sawa conveys other meanings, depending on these very contexts of communication, and therefore acquires also various pragmatic functions. The pragmatic functions identified in this work include: to show that the speaker agrees with what has been said but on a condition (I agree, but…), as a receipt marker, as a tag-positioned-comprehension check, as an answer to the question showing that the speaker has understood what has been said (Yes, I understand), as a continuer, as a negative releasing marker, and as a gap filler. Interestingly, the study shows also that intonation and other paralinguistic features (like gestures) play a role in determining the pragmatic functions of this marker. The article concludes that the pragmatic markers in spoken Swahili are rich in meanings and are used to show speakers’ attitudes and emotions, therefore manifesting a deep and meaningful interconnection between the language and its contextualized experience.
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The article deals with pragmatonyms – names of candies comprising precedent proper names (onyms) –in linguo-semiotic aspect. Relevance of the research is determined by extralinguistic factors, since candies as a universal gift play an important role in the society and their names reflect a significant part of the linguistic world view, as well as by linguistic factors, because candy names have been little studied by Russian linguists and have never been an object of linguo-semiotic research. The linguo-semiotic analysis of precedent candy names, which takes into account the interaction between verbal and visual components, characterizes pragmatonyms as a variety of creolized text,which determines the novelty of the study. The main groups of precedent pragmatonyms derived form literary or historical sources are identified and characterized. It is established that the visual component of all the pragmatonyms used as candy names performs attractive and aesthetic functions. The author reveals examples of isomorphism between the semantics of candy names and the forms of candies. For some pragmatonyms the visual component is characterized by implementation of illustrative, informative, humorous, expressive, and symbolic functions. The specific feature of pragmatonyms originating from the historical source sphere is that precedent onyms contained in these names actualize the precedent situation, which in turn creates a retrospective plan in the visual part of such creolized text. No reference to the precedent situation has been identified in candy names originating from literary sources.
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Review of: Sabina Bakšić, Halid Bulić, Pragmatika, Bookline, Sarajevo, 2019, str. 304
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‘Securitization’ is a theoretical approach that is frequently used in the academic literature. This article discusses the increase in the demand for this theory in the Turkish literature. The research is based on a comprehensive review of the Turkish literature and its comparison with the English literature. It applies a content analysis of the existing articles and codes information on a data set. Evaluating the coded information, the article makes (1) a general quantitative analysis and (2) a qualitative assessment of the current literature on ‘securitization’ – the state of the art- in Turkey. As a result of this evaluation, the article reveals that there are gaps in Turkish securitization literature creating opportunities especially for researchers who recently entered the field. The article explains various approaches to securitization in the international literature, it creates a detailed map of the Turkish literature, and reveals important limitations and opportunities for researchers.
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Labio-maxillo-palatine clefts represent the most common congenital anomaly of all congenital malformations of the face and they are the most frequent cause of rhinolic disorders. The complexity of the therapeutic approach is determined by nutrition and eating problems, hearing and ENT problems, dento-facial and orthodontic abnormalities, breathing disorders, phonation disorders, reduced speech intelligibility, various physiognomic disorders.The presented case study emphasizes the need of an interdisciplinary approach to labio-maxillo-palatine clefts and follows the recovery process from a multidisciplinary perspective. The conclusions of the paper support the idea that the recovery process of the child with facio-labio-palatine cleft is a complex, long-termed one and the concern of the speech and language therapist to expand his field of activity is justified because this disorder involves pre and post surgery intervention and the therapist supports the entire process in all the mentioned areas.
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According to the simplest definition, cursing means the use of a rough word, expression or phase. Today there is nearly no place, conversation, film in which a curse could not be heard regardless of the fact that it not always has a negative connotation. Although they do not imply an aesthetic experience, by their increasing occurrence we have to consider them a lingual phenomenon in our days. The paper analyses the cursing formulations in László Végel’s Neoplanta, avagy az Ígéret Földje [Neoplanta, or the Promised Land]. Within this, primarily the ones that the narrator, Lazo Pavletić, a Serbian cabman is using. It presents the etymology and semantics of cursing. The collected cursing corpus appears in the Hungarian novel in Serbian, consequently the study points out their Hungarian equivalent as well (if there is such).
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In everyday communications we often hear utterances which are not meant to be understood literally because what the speaker intends to say is different from the actual meaning of the sentence uttered. The classical theory of indirect speach acts was developed by J. Searle. According to his theory the speaker when uttering an indirect speach act can understand the sentence the way he says it, but can mean something else as well. The intended meaning can be detected through the complicated process of deduction, taking into consideration background knowledge. P. Grice shows indirect speech acts including them into the frame of the theory of interference. He also considers the intention of the speaker to be important, and introduces two concepts to the understanding of the phenomenon: the principles of implicature and of cooperation. There are significant differences between the views of the two scholars. The theory of relevance does not draw a sharp deviding line between literal/ direct and indirect meaning. Building upon / Following up on Grice’s theory, Sperber and Wilson differentiate between two kinds of intentions: the informative and the communicative intention. Their assumption is that in the process of interpretation analysis related / connected to the code is supplemented by deductive processes which enable / make possible full interpretation. These processes are however characteristic not only of language. Non literal / indirect meaning is the basis of metaphors and irony as well, and fiction can also be related to it.
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The paper looks at the characteristics of dialogues from the aspect of conversation analysis and she also tackles certain pragmatic and linguistic features based on conversations from the Hungarian programs of Radio Novi Sad. By presenting parts of dialogues she shows how elements of the conversation script, among other things engaging in conversation, speaker change and ending the conversation, are materialized. Basing it on the analysis, one can say that not only questions (Yes/No questions, WH questions and from the pragmatic point of view open-ended questions) but also comments and statements of facts can organize dialogues. Unlike everyday dialogues, dialogues in formal situation rarely contain a change of topic. The author shows how the participants return to the original topic. There are linguistic errors in the spontaneous spoken dialogues from the radio. The examples show how they become corrected. The context of the conversation includes the situational context, context of the action and thematic context. Their components among other things include reference to space and time and marking relationships between speakers in the conversation. The study shows the presence and linguistic means of expression of these components.
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This paper investigates the pragmatic dimensions of Prospect Series, Iranian high school textbooks, and the extent to which these books can be reliable sources for developing language learners’ pragmatic competence. To do so, Cohen’s and van Ek and Trim’s taxonomies of speech acts and functions were employed to manifest whether the books are pragmatically suitable. The data analyses revealed that all types of speech acts were present, although unequally, throughout the series, except Declaratives which has been ignored in the conversations of Prospect 1, 2 and 3. Lack of Declaratives is a big disadvantage. Additionally, all kinds of language functions were present in the textbooks but rather erratically and unevenly. The findings seem to imply that lack of Declaratives, and unequal distributions of language functions and speech acts may limit language learners’ pragmatic competence, which can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunications. To compensate the drawbacks, several implications were provided.
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The knowledge of the speech acts of refusals has crucial role in our daily communication, because of the interlocutor’s face, politeness, and face threatening act. This study aims to investigate the gender differences in realization of the usage of proper strategies of refusal of suggestion in formal and informal situations. The participants consisted of 60 (30 females and 30 males) in intermediate level of language proficiency, in Zaban Negar institute of Tehran, Iran as EFL context. The instrument which is used in eliciting the data is Discourse Completion Test (DCT) that is in open ended form and composed of 18 situations that included refusal to a person of acquaintance, intimacy, and stranger among female and male learners. In this study, there are two DCT which are designed separately for female and male groups, and participants should put themselves in each situation and answer the question up to 20 minutes. Data was analyzed due to the frequency types of refusals which are applied to interlocutor's social distance by calculating the frequency statistics and in order to find any significant difference and to compare the differences chi-square was computed. The findings revealed that the frequency of applied refusals of suggestion was different among the learners to people with different levels of social distance. According to chi square analysis, the realization of applied strategies of the refusal of suggestion depends on the different social distances. The frequency of realized and applied strategies in formal and informal situation in refusal of suggestion is not statistically different between the female and male participants.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the different strategies and linguistic forms that native speakers of German use to express the speech act of request. It presents the findings of an introductory study of the most common modification devices they use to formulate their requests. First, we give a short description of the research we conducted. Then, we present the findings focusing on the modification devices used in a variety of different situations. In particular, we focus on their dependence on the variables of power, social distance and degree of imposition. We also illustrate our findings with examples from the pool of speech acts that we collected.
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Various manifestations of love are well and truly widespread today on thematic websites which seem to have become essential for effective marketing strategies. Among such web pages, there are very specific portals, namely pages of pornographic content where one can very easily have access to countless photos and videos allowing users to satisfy their appetites. Our analysis is based on a corpus for which we have obtained and examined variational non-standard diastratic material, that is to say, one hundred erotic biographies of homo- and bisexual X-rated actors gathered on the French-speaking site: https://www.videosxgays.com/ The objective of our study is to see more closely how the contemporary French language, and more precisely its linguistic variety linked to the social implantation of users, speaks of physical love during a time of obsession with body image, reinforced by new technologies.
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Satellite operations require the combined use of different tools to support engineering activities and to control the spacecraft. This communication is managed by the Monitoring and Control System (MCS) that receives telemetry data from the spacecraft and releases telecommands to keep the satellite’s attitude and flight path. These complex systems are developed as open platforms that can be extended and customised to support mission-specific requirements and objectives. As a general rule, it can be stated that these software applications are good candidates for implementing variability mechanisms in a structured, planned way and that their functionality is a good candidate to analyse the feasibility of applying feature-based modelling techniques. This paper describes the use of terminology analysis to build a feature model to support requirements analysis for this type of software-based systems.
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In the present study, we focus on the modal frameworks of reading and comprehension, namely how the verbs read and understand are open to the narrativization of modal meanings of (1) ability, (2) will (volition), (3) possibility and (4) necessity, and how the speaker presents (a) events, (b) attitudes to events and (c) beliefs about the validity (veracity) of the propositional content through the collocations of the modal verbs want, know, must/have to, have, can/be able to, may and the verbs read and understand. Based on corpus research (version prim-9.0-public.sane of the Slovak National Corpus), we will verify the existence of individual verbal collocations, interpret the frequency and communicationpragmatic circumstances of their realizations and determine the degree of modal compatibility. The average reduced frequency (ARF) of verbal collocations made up of modal verbs and the verbs read and understand are visualized by means of a Dumbbell Plot chart.
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This topic presents pragmatics as a science, which exclusively deals with language usage in communication and presents the strategy of positive politeness, which includes expression of good wishes. In Turkish language, as language of society which is prone to positive politeness strategy, phrases expressing nice and good wishes are very often found and used in almost every situation in life, because with them closeness with other party is achieved. The body of paper consists of Turkish series, films and private conversation with native speakers of Turkish language via e-mail or any other social network. This topic presents the phrases which indicate good wishes for celebration and they are classified according to the following circumstances: expressing good wishes on wedding celebration, child birth celebration, birthday celebration, holiday celebration and thanks phrases for good wishes. Expresses too the possible problems in finding the suitable equivalent in translation into our language, and presents the differencies in culture and ways of expressing between Turkish and Bosnian language, and this is the unit which completed this topic.
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