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Gender roles theories are very much advanced by radical feminism and by intersectionalism these days, as well as contested by those who have a more traditionalist view on what boys and girls should be like and behave like. While considering the idea of gender roles and education for gender roles a valid field of anthropological and cultural study, the present article comes to contest the relevance of the feminist theory according to which tomboys - girls and women with an inclination to adopt 'manly' attitudes - are, in fact, either transgender or lesbians, and are forced by society to conform. Using tomboy television tropes, which are very diverse and describe a great variety of such characters, the present paper maintains that gender roles and tomboysm should be saved from ideologically biases and given a more humane and culturally relevant meaning. The few examples of tomboys from literature, films and animated films, are used to illustrate this thesis.
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The prerequisite for a mentor in the work environment is evermore present, but the availability of the mentors has also been limited, and the predominant gender was represented by men, patriarchal figures. Mentoring is furthermore “a relationship between an older, more experienced adult and an unrelated, younger protégé – a relationship in which the adult provides ongoing guidance, instruction and encouragement aimed at developing the competence and character of the protégé.” (Rhodes, 2009). Mentoring is seen as moreover “a dynamic reciprocal relationship in a work environment between an advanced career incumbent (mentor) and a beginner (protégé) aimed at promoting the career development of both.” (Johnson, 2015). The mentor, a role model, who has the benevolence and ability to offer academic, professional and personal development paired with caring and nurture was somehow inaccessible, in the post-communist years, for students. In the academe environment the role of mentor is crucial, in order to channel the protégé on the right path to goal achievement. Mentoring is often regarded as being a developmental, circular process, in which the mentor guides, inspires, teaches and nurtures the protégé, who, can, in turn, become a mentor himself for others, sharing the same feelings and attention necessary in this relationship because furthermore “those who received mentoring as protégés were more likely to become mentors themselves one day” (Allen, Eby, 2011).
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In this article, some of the fundamentals are proposed to generate new ways of thinking, feeling and creating from the feminist conscience of women who have been linked to different roles and experiences of war and peace. The construction of peace is disputed from the war itself and the ways in which combatant and non-combatant women took actions that allowed them to resist and be central protagonists of peace agreements, social mobilizations and processes of political representation. In this sense, it is important to identify three aspects corresponding to the experience they have had within the framework of the Final Agreement for the Termination of the Conflict and the Construction of a Stable and Lasting Peace as follows: 1. The construction of a gender for peace 2. Collective identity of women in resistance for peace and 3. Elements for an insurgent feminism. The first aspect allowed the development of the second and third through the creation of the gender approach in a context of tensions and arrangements where women, particularly guerrillas, disputed a space of recognition and dialogue that ended up mainstreaming the Peace Agreement. This article aims to develop these three aspects as characteristic elements to understand some of the disputes and resistance of women in peace transitions, particularly on the experience of the women who signed the Peace Agreement and in memory of the women annihilated by the counterinsurgency.
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In this study, the researcher has developed and validated an instrument focus on perception of learning physics, which builds on Maryland Physics Expectations survey (MPEX). It was administered to first-year university students in a Chinese university during the autumn semester of 2011. It was found that female students preferred physics learning by relating and by analysis, which were positively correlated to better performance in physics. Male students preferred physics learning by rote which was negatively correlated to performance in university physics. So physics learning perception differences based on the gender also exist in China. At the same time, no significant gender difference found on the performance in university physics. The results were similar to the studies in the Western countries and have pedagogical implications for instructors of university physics and potentially for other science courses.
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The purpose of this research is to examine the studies that contain the title of "gender" in postgraduate theses on tourism by using the bibliometric analysis method. For this purpose, the postgraduate theses examined in the study are accessed from Higher Education Institution Thesis Center. Between 2006 and 2022, a total of 31 postgraduate theses which were open to access, 7 of which were doctoral and 24 of which were master’s, were included in the scope of the study. This study is important in terms of addressing the notions of tourism and gender in Turkey for the first time with the bibliometric analysis method. According to research results, it can be observed that the majority of the postgraduate thesis on "tourism" and the title of "gender" are theses with a master's degree. When the methods of the postgraduate theses are examined; It was seen that the quantitative method was used in 16 theses, the qualitative method was used in 14 and the mixed method was used in 1 thesis and it was understood that there is a closeness in the number of methods used. When62 individuals carrying out their graduate thesis studies are examined in terms of biological sex, it’s detected that female individuals (44) attach more importance to the study.
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The work of Assia Djebar, a prominent figure of North African literature of French expression, incorporates the themes of transgression and guilt as common threads. In this article, we will examine how she develops these themes in her autobiographical novel, “Fantasia” (1985). We will seek to explore the roots of the narrator and other female characters’ transgressions and feelings of guilt while revealing the condition of women in the Muslim patriarchal society. We will then dwell on their rapport with the female body, the veil, love, and autobiographical writing. Although guilt results from transgressing the prohibitions imposed by the Muslim society, for Djebar it becomes an instrument of emancipation thanks to her writing in French
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Maissa Bey is a writer who dedicates her work to the condition of women in her country. She has written about the daily life of these women in a patriarchal society, which leads her to address the question of mistake. We will study the writing of the feminine mistake in two novels: Surtout ne te retourne pas and Nulle autre voix. In this article, we will look at the environment that pushes the feminine into mistake. Then we will see, with reference to Foucault's theory, that this fault is a breach of the rules, an affront to social conventions. These female offenders show their madness. Finally, we will see that this mistake allows the female protagonists to go beyond their condition and assert their identity.
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This paper intends to move beyond the common knowledge of how pandemic restricts mobility at large and provokes us to think about those for whom mobility restriction was a way of life much before the coronavirus arrived. Looking at shadow pandemic of gender-based mobility restrictions of women and non-male actors in conservative societies in South Asia, in this paper I argue that social deconstruction of “immobility” is embedded in the process of gendering the pandemic. Drawing from interviews conducted on the Indian immigrants in Germany over a year during and after the global lock down, this paper explores how covid-induced immobility mimics an already established framework of coerced immobility based on gender that acts as a motivation of migration for women and non-male actors at some level. Referring to Ayelet Shachar’s idea of shifting borders, I locate the moral borders at home as a crucial competitor of physical borders of the barbed wire, that often provokes women and non-male actors to take the leap of faith for survival and better livelihood.
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A premise of this article is that the existing gap between the advanced gender equality normative framework and the state of gender equality in real life has widened in times of crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic. The background theoretical-methodological framework is presented in the introduction. The first chapter presents progressive gender equality achievements in the normative and strategic international, European and national framework. The next chapter explains why all crises have been worsening gender (in)equality in real life and even within the scope of already achieved rights. The third chapter outlines the negative impacts of COVID-19 on gender equality and living conditions of women globally, in the EU and Serbia. The fourth chapter addresses how the COVID-19 pandemic could contribute to advancing gender equality. The conclusion sums up the main topics of analysis and considers challenges related to the pandemic’s possible positive impacts on gender equality.
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Women have been one of the symbols of modernization since the Westernization process. Although women have equal rights over the law with men, it has not been possible to see the applicability of this equality in life because the habits brought by the patriarchal life style could not be abandoned in a short time. The concept of democracy, II. After the Second Constitutional Monarchy, in a way, it merges with the feminis movement and the longing for women to raise the personalities that will ensure the survival of democracy begins. The feminist movement, which started under the leadership of Simone De Beauvoir and called the “Second Wave Women’s Movement”, also affected Turkey in the eighties. In this period, when women’s existential problems regarding gender are discussed, being a woman and feminine questions are discussed, women are no longer listening and come to a position of speaking, discussing and making their own decisions. In our country, women who cannot use their legal right sand who are subjected too ppression and violence are handled by recent novelists, albeit partly for ideological purposes. One of these writers is Emine Işınsu. In particular, most of the artist’s stories are important in that they are examples of the reflections of the changes in the view of woman after the eighties in olur literature. In our study, we aim to identify the feminist elements in these stories and to determine how and for what purpose these elements are used.
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Introduction: The study into the attitudes towards stereotypes in feminized professions has been inspired by the changing social roles, including professional roles, challenges to the stereotypical division into male and female roles, as well as the growing number of men who choose feminized professions. Research Aim: The aim of the research was to diagnose the emotional-appraisal component of the attitudes of teacher students towards men working in a feminised profession, using the teaching profession as an example. Method: The study used a diagnostic survey method, using semantic differential (Osgood et al., 1957) to investigate the attitudes of undergraduate teaching students towards men in a feminised profession using the teaching profession as an example. Results: The research revealed that students have relatively positive emotional attitudes towards men taking up work in feminised professions on the example of the teaching profession, especially towards the issue of men pursuing this profession because of their interests and the possibility of realising their aspirations. Respondents were the least positive about men in feminised professions towards the fact that they pursue this profession for lack of other opportunities and their awkwardness in life, but it is worth noting that these attitudes were at an average level. Conclusions: In the attitudes of the respondents, one can see a positive attitude towards the changes taking place in the perception of taking up roles and tasks defined by gender stereotypes. Gender and stereotypical assessment of predispositions to perform a specific job should not constitute a significant barrier to pursuing one's own career intentions.
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This article analyzes the labor gender policies and the strategies of “genderization” put forward by the Franco Dictatorship in Spain. The Franco regime understood that women were the touchstone of society and key in both biological and sociocultural reproduction. Legislative regulations and sanctioned discourses accentuated the division between productive-public and reproductive-domestic spheres, relegating women to the latter. Nevertheless, to what extent did women embrace and challenge the regime’s idealistic view of gender? This article contemplates female employment within and beyond official discourse. Oral sources used in this article suggest that socioeconomic reality overflowed the narrow limits of normative femininity. Not all women could enjoy the “honor” of embodying the exalted role of “perfect (house) wife” that the Franco regime had entrusted to them. In addition, this article explores changes in the ideal of femininity throughout the dictatorship. The Franco regime underwent crucial transformations during its almost 40 years of existence. This article argues that its adaptation had repercussions on sociocultural patterns and gender policies. Francoism built its early notion of normative femininity on the ideals of domesticity and Catholic morality, but (re)shaped the meanings of womanhood and (re)adjusted the legal system to fit the new circumstances that arose in the Cold War context.
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This article examines the influence of American fashion journalism on the Polish market of fashion magazines in the interwar period. The main objective is to identify the strategies of fashion description in interwar Polish fashion magazines or fashion columns in women’s magazines and to map their variance according to two categories: elitist and democratising. Such tools of textual as well as visual description such as ‘magical writing,’ advice manuals, ironic writing and fashion non-fiction will be discussed. The article is the first attempt in the literature on interwar journalism in Poland to argue that fashion discourse in the domestic press mimicked the way fashion was covered in American fashion magazines.
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This paper examines the Chechen Black Widows and how they carry symbolic terrorist attacks against Russian targets – the authors’ newly created concept of feminevil. By and large, feminevil is a growing phenomenon of girl-militancy in human violence. The theory used in this paper is Symbolic Convergence Theory (SCT). Developed by Bormann (1972), SCT posits that a group can unite to form a collective culture so as to achieve ambitious objectives. Whether it is a word, phrase, narrative, or physical symbol, each tenet – (a) fantasy theme, (b) symbolic cue, (c) fantasy type, and (d) saga – merges with all the others to recognize anything that helps generate, increase, and sustain a rhetorical society’s awareness.
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Personal proper names are part of a community’s language inventory. To a large extent, they verbalise gender stereotypes, expectations and norms, power relations, political circumstances, and how minorities are treated. In my paper I analyse the current socio-onomastic representation of gender-neutral names in the context of naming practices in the Czech Republic. More specifically, I examine what factors might explain the decreased use of these names, which, paradoxically, differ from other names in that they have an extended functionality. From a linguistic and legal perspective I inquire into how Czech naming practices stigmatise the sexual otherness of non-binary people and trans people in Czech society. In the conclusion I set out the conditions that must be met for gender-neutral names to be freely available to the entire population.
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This paper deals with the current social context in which the gender-balanced functions of the Slovak language are being created. The rules that exist for creating and using gender-based Slovak are at odds with contemporary society. This paper examines the mechanism of language changes including gender-balanced language and makes observations about how they are perceived within the communication community in particular. Language is approached as a construct that is a reflection of society and social processes, while at the same time language influences some of these processes in return. Language changes occur more slowly than social ones, or rather, these changes do not respond operatively to changes within society. An exception to this is the enrichment of vocabulary, but conceptual changes progress much more slowly. The fact that language is used to strengthen certain images of the world also plays a role in the process. Language ideology provides this process with new impulses.
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Criticising the use of the generic masculine, feminist and gender linguists have proposed different alternatives. In the Czech context, the following three types of alternatives can be distinguished: (1) feminisation, (2) neutralisation and paraphrases, and (3) making non-binary persons linguistically more visible. Empirical studies on the usage frequency of these alternatives, however, are lacking. This paper addresses this issue by analysing agentive nouns and the feminisation of surnames in selected Czech newspapers. The results show that in references to individual women almost exclusive use is made of feminine expressions. Mixed-gender groups are still largely referred to using the generic masculine. In only a minority of occurrences are neutralising strategies used to refer to persons. What is more common, however, is to find neutralising strategies being used where the intention of expressing gender fairness was probably not the reason for their use, as referring to persons is not their primary function. Neither pair forms nor graphic symbols for non-binary reference are used. The surnames of female foreign nationals are almost always feminised, even though this is not necessary and the texts provide other linguistic means of identifying the persons as women. Based on an analysis of the distribution of generically-intended masculine expressions in the analysed texts, I propose dividing them into two types according to whether or not there is an obvious inclusion of females and non-binary persons.
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This paper explores novel ways in which Corpus Linguistics, Critical Discourse Studies (DHA – the discourse-historical approach), and Feminist Linguistics can be fruitfully combined and thus contribute to a new awareness and knowledge concerning language and gender in discourse. For the paper a large heritage corpus of texts on mountaineering (Alpenwort – Corpus of the Austrian Alpine Club Journal) is explored, which constitutes a type of discourse that has yet rarely been studied in the abovementioned fields. The corpus was used to analyse gendered nomination with the following questions in mind: What frequently occurring patterns and typical ways of producing gendered nomination can be observed? How are the binary categories ‘female’ and ‘male’ linguistically produced and reinforced in these texts? These questions are answered using standard corpus linguistic methods: for example, gendered key items are determined via historical keyness-analysis; the concept of c-collocates and the method UFA (Usage Fluctuation Analysis) are used to trace how the meaning of such key items develops over time. These procedures reveal salient patterns of gender referencing that are then interpreted with the background of the DHA framework and can thus contribute to the investigation of gender bias in sports/leisure discourse.
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This paper explores how a Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS) approach can be utilised to investigate representations of gender as well as potential gender bias in radiology reporting, which constitutes a form of professional, medical discourse. The database collected for this purpose consists of three specialised German sub-corpora (332,901 cranial, thoracic, and whole-body computed tomographies, with more than 61 million tokens), which were extracted from a larger medical corpus called MedCorpInn that was built as part of an interdisciplinary project conducted jointly by the University of Innsbruck and Innsbruck Medical University. As a basic premise, CTs are assumed discursive, linguistic events, which are influenced by social and institutional factors. They represent an essential everyday communicative practice among radiologists and referring doctors and they function both as documentation and as a legal record of imaging procedures. To investigate whether there are differences and/or subtle similarities (Taylor 2018; Brezina 2018) in the largely standardised reports on female vs on male patients, a CADS-approach focusing on gender is applied. Keywords, collocation, and concordance techniques will be introduced and used to explore how male and female patients are discussed in the medical discourse studied here. Research into internal clinical communicative practices could also be of interest from the perspective of gender medicine.
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