We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Download

Žodžio laisvė atitikmenys M. Daukšos raštuose

Author(s): Anželika Smetonienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Publication Year: 0

The use of the word laisvė (freedom; liberty) started to prevail only in the 19th century. Prior to this, the words valnastis, valia, and various loan root hybrids were found in the earliest written works. The noun laisvė was used for the first time in written Lithuanian in the 17th century, namely in the Dictionary of Konstantinas Sirvydas of 1642. The article focuses on the equivalents of the word laisvė in earlier works, that is in Kathechismas arba moksłas kiekwienam krikszczionii priwalvs [Catechism or Science Obligatory to Every Christian] written by Mikalojus Daukša in 1595 and in his Postilla Catholicka [The Catholic Postil] written in 1599. The analysis has disclosed the use of loan words and various hybrids, but this must have been predetermined by the pursuit of stylistic diversity, because variety and figurativeness of vocabulary are characteristic of M. Daukša’s texts. No translation scheme has been observed: different words in the Lithuanian language usually correspond to the same source word in the translation. Neither the meanings of equivalents nor the context had any influence on translation.

More...

Download

Mokinių požiūris į kalbinius stereotipus

Author(s): Loreta Vilkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Publication Year: 0

The article focuses on the stereotyping of linguistic attitudes. The aim is to reveal the attitude of Lithuanian school students towards language-related stereotypes in society. The research is based on the data from the Vilnius University project “Linguistic Attitudes and Linguistic Behavior of the Lithuanian Population” (2020–2021; supported by the State Lithuanian Language Commission). They consist of qualitative semi-structured interviews with 68 students (aged 16–19). The interviewees live in various Lithuanian cities and towns. The pupils were asked to express their views on the following linguistic stereotypes: 1) the situation of the Lithuanian language is getting worse; 2) today’s young people are illiterate; 3) internet communication has a negative effect on the Lithuanian language; 4) English and its active use poses a threat to the Lithuanian language; 5) the mother tongue must be respected and loved. The research shows that students are critical of the existing negative stereotypes related to the Lithuanian language. They more frequently do not identify with the group that creates and maintains such stereotypes. Therefore, negative stereotypes basically perform the social-differentiation function. The positive stereotype is accepted by students as a non-negotiable truth. Thus, this stereotype performs a social-explanatory function, helps to support the group’s ideology, unites the community.

More...

Download

Adaptacijos atvejai Evelinos Daciūtės pasakose

Author(s): Laimutė Adomavičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Publication Year: 0

In the 21st century, the concept and evaluation of text adaptation (retelling, screening, staging, comics, etc.) has changed in children’s literature around the world, including Lithuanian literature. Hierarchically, the secondary text of the adaptation has gained a new status: it is no longer seen as inferior. There is a move away from fidelity to the original source. According to Genette’s concept of hypertextuality, the newer text (hypertext) is not inferior to the older text (hypotext) but rather creates a dialogue relationship. The aim of this paper is to analyse cases of adaptation of literary works in the same medium. The pieces selected for the narrative and/or intertextual analysis of the text are short stories "The Empty Pot", "The Magic Brush", "Four Suns" by contemporary Lithuanian (e)migrant writer E. Daciūtė, published in the series of books titled "Bears’ Tales. Lupine Labyrinth" (2014) and "Bear Tales. The Garden of Dreams" (2016). The analysis of the selected works from "Bear Tales" by E. Daciūtė has revealed the author’s innovative approach to adaptation and creation. Different examples of adaptation have revealed her creative use of Chinese folktales: from adaptation, indirect quotation, to free interpretation. Thanks to E. Daciūtė, Lithuanian children’s literature is enriched by an intercultural dialogue between Lithuanian and Chinese cultures. Undoubtedly, her works have contributed to the dissemination and popularisation of Chinese folklore, mythology, literature, and culture in Lithuania.

More...

Download

Laisvė kaip atminties ir vietos sąsaja Antano Vaičiulaičio laiškuose

Author(s): Gabija Bankauskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Publication Year: 0

The article analyses the relationship between freedom and memories as revealed in Antanas Vaičiulaitis’ (1906–1992) letters to his family and friends. In the memoirs, the connection is conveyed in a distinctive way through the places that were important for the writer. The analysis draws on two theories: Maurice Halbwachs’ memory categories and Edward S. Casey’s link between place and memory. Vaičiulaitis’ individual experience of memories is constructed in the foreground mostly by mentioning his native land and people who were important to him. They are actualised in the letters by a horizontal axis of representation – the landscape and natural objects that are significant to the writer are arranged according to the gaze and become the repositories of his memories. The second plane is related to vertical representation, where memories are used to convey the author’s sensual relationship to the place. The letters constantly recreate his habitus, the places that integrate the writer’s notion of freedom, and the customs that unite Lithuanians around the world. Thus, Vaičiulaitis’s constant nostalgia for freedom in his letters can be seen as a way of remembering, a unique sphere of experience, a world created through imagination, encompassing the feeling of being in a certain place.

More...

Download

Wskrzeszanie Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego

Author(s): Tadeusz Bujnicki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The Krajowcy movement originated at the beginning of the 20th century as a conceptualisation of a multinational, independent, and autonomous state on the territory of the former Grand Lithuanian Duchy. It was to unite three nationalities (Polish, Lithuanian, and Belarusian) into a federation. Inspired by the Swiss model, the state would be made up of nationality-based cantons which would each be guaranteed ethnic, cultural, and religious equality. The chief Democratic Krajowcy were Ludwik and Witold Abramowicz and Michał Römer. Their Conservative counterparts were Konstancja and Roman Skirmuntt and Czesław Jankowski. They presented their opinions in journalism, publishing their own press, including: "Gazeta Wileńska" (ed. Michał Römer), "Przegląd Wileński" (ed. Ludwik Abramowicz), and "Kurier Litewski" (ed. Czesław Jankowski). The inception and popularity of the Krajowcy movement spanned the years 1905–1914. After the First World War, which established the independent nationstates of Poland and Lithuania, the Krajowcy mentality was largely defeated by burgeoning Polish and Lithuanian nationalisms. The last representative of the Krajowcy in the interwar period was Ludwik Abramowicz, who published the "Przegląd Wileński" until 1938. Up until the beginning of the Second World War, modified versions of the Krajowcy ideal were referenced by Stanisław Swianiewicz and Józef Mackiewicz.

More...

Download

Laisvės (at)mintis DP stovyklų literatūros vadovėliuose

Author(s): Jurga Dzikaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Publication Year: 0

"The Conspectus of Lithuanian Literature" (1946), edited by Petronėlė Janutienė, "The History of Lithuanian Literature" (1947), edited by Juozas Masilionis, and "The Lithuanian Literature" (1948), edited by Pranas Naujokaitis, are three textbooks originally prepared and published in DP camps. The authors of these textbooks point out that due to the lack of resources and living literary examples, they often had to be guided by memory alone. This raises a question how, in the postwar era, consciousness, guided mostly by memory, tells the history of literature and speaks about freedom to a child who lives in exile; what it says about a free human being. A textual analysis offers an answer that the textbooks coveyed an understanding of freedom as a power uniting a community into a nation. At the same time, freedom is not a gift to the community but a task. The community lives in between two states: freedom is what community has, defends, and maintains, or loses and regains. Both are impossible without a fight. In addition to this, a refugee camp student using the textbook is taught that personal freedom is defined by choices which bring a person closer to the nation.

More...