Traktat Naehun jako kanon nauk moralnych dla kobiet i jego znaczenie w XV-wiecznej Korei

Author(s): Kamila Kozioł / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of the analysis is a fift eenth-century staple of Korean literature, Naehun (Instruction for the Inner Quarters). The book is a record of moral and life teachings for women from the court elite, and was created by Queen Sohye, based on various Chinese sources and biographies. In it, the original teachings and parables written in classical Chinese (hanmun) were accompanied by the translation into Korean. The vernacular version added to the text proves that it had an important educational role for people from various social strata, beyond the circle of aristocracy. Falling in line with the Confucian tradition, ethics teachings are integrated with lessons on ceremonial rites, and morals are taught through recalling patterns of behavior from the legendary and mythical Chinese traditions, with the dominant role of the lives of famous women. The educational aspect of the text covers many areas of domestic life, including admonitions on managing a household, family life and children’s education. Naehun has a prominent place in the cultural heritage of Chosŏn Korea, and is valued as a conscious representation of the world of women, their needs and expectations, canons of feminine knowledge and morality.

„Pamiętnik spisany w smutku” – kategoria han w autobiograficznej narracji damy Hong Hye-gyŏng

Author(s): Anna Piwowarska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The following article focuses on Hanjungnok, the memoir of lady Hong Hyegyŏng. A tool used for its interpretation is a psychological literary category of han. The memoir, created in the late 18th and early 19th century, is worth the attention given to it, especially due to its status as an exemplary Korean classic writing, as well as in connection with feminist issues. The author of the book was a witness, as well as a participant of the dramatic happenings that befell the court, which ended in the sentencing to death of her mentally ill husband and heir to the throne. In her memoir she describes not only her own experiences regarding the pivotal moments of the court tragedies, but also the events proceeding and following them. The narration of lady Hong Hye-gyŏng is the documentation of suffering and all of the ever-changing emotions connected to the category of han. It describes the search for reconciliation with one’s fate, explanation of contradictory arguments and opposing values, all in hope of achieving order and inner harmony, which proved to be difficult. Confucian injunctions forbade women – even ladies of the court, the possibility of freedom of expression. Especially in the face of the sovereign, who at the same time held the role of the ultimate judge. That is why, looking at Hanjungnok nowadays, one could treat it as a description of the breakdowns, frustrations and helplessness of a voiceless witness of the events unfurling. All of which makes the text of Hanjungnok not only a literary representation of a court tragedy, but first and foremost an in depth panorama of the inner experiences of the female author.

Kim Myŏng-sun jako prekursorka koreańskiej prozy feministycznej

Author(s): Anna Diniejko-Wąs / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Throughout traditional Korean literature that developed over centuries, feminine motifs were manifested, and female authors created various poetical and prose works, but it was only in the twentieth century that women’s fiction could take the form of an ideological and artistic feminist trend. The feminine voice in Korean literature was influenced by Western ideas, and the young writer Kim Myŏng-sun, who published her works from the 1920s marked by the temperament of a moral and emotional emancipationist, became a forerunner of Korean feminism. The article explores her pioneering attempts to speak about the conditions, social barriers and perspectives of women’s liberation in the dramatic reality of the conquered country. Her works often become an artistic confrontation of her own biography filled with difficult experiences on the path of gaining personal freedom, education and the unhampered shaping of emotional relationships, which, with all the artistic constraints of the pioneer, strengthens the honesty and authenticity of her own vision of the fate of women. A special theme in her works has become the ideal of the “new woman” introduced by the literature and the women’s press published in Japan under the influence of Western culture. Kim Myŏng-sun appeared in the Japanese academic and literary environment, where she gained education and watched a society on the path of a more advanced industrial modernization. Regardless of the fact that the works of Kim Myŏng-sun gradually fell into oblivion after her death, her literary output and her role as the first feminist writer in modern Korean literature deserve to be better known.

Feministyczne światy w walce płci – niewola kuchni i wyzwolenie zdobyczy we współczesnej prozie koreańskiej

Author(s): Justyna Najbar-Miller / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

On the threshold of the 21st century, within the feminizing trends of contemporary Korean literature, we can distinguish the motifs of eating and cooking which reflect the relations between men and women and applied in the form of artistic provocation aim to overcome the stereotype of a female as an object of consumption. The article discusses three distinctive works representing this trend of Korean female prose: The Kitchen written by Oh Soo-yeon in 2001, The Tongue by Jo Kyung-ran from 2007 and The Vegetarian by Han Kang from the same year. Two of the texts discussed here have already been published in Polish. The Tongue was translated by Ewa Rynarzewska, while The Vegetarian was put into Polish by the author of the article in cooperation with Choi Jeong In. For the sake of reference, the author of the article has also translated some fragments of Oh Soo-yeon’s novel making them available to Polish readers. The visions of all three Korean writers presented here are filled with threads of violent struggles of heroines and heroes trying to fight gender stereotypes. The literary analysis contained in this article helps to observe how far all the discussed scenes and themes of these novels, which are radically denying all kinds of dependence on sacred tradition, are able to open up a new chapter in Korean contemporary literature: the literature of protest and rebellion based on the deconstruction of the existing reality.

Kobieta – obywatelka, obrończyni kraju: metamorfozy wizerunku historiograficznego w dobie zimnowojennej mobilizacji w Korei Południowej (1961–1979)

Author(s): Agnieszka Smiatacz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the history of Korea, the 20th century did not just witness the increase in the possibilities of social and professional advancement for women, but it also saw the opening of a public space where women could voice their opinions and partake in social debate on national progress and state development. Under such circumstances the Korean image of femininity evolved rapidly and went beyond the traditional sphere of motherhood and married life to embrace new women roles, be it a defender of the country amidst the storms of war, a worker engaged in Korea’s economic development, or an educator rationalizing and explaining state reforms to people in their closest environment. Those new roles Korean women had to embrace were entangled in diverse contradictions and potentially conflict-inducing, as it openly compromised on Confucian conservative values for the sake of capitalist modernization and the pursuit of economic miracle. The newly discovered function of femininity was eagerly employed in propaganda campaigns, and social activities of women were strictly supervised and moderated for the ultimate purposes of the state. Paradoxically, for Korean women the side effect of this control was the eventual delay of their own emancipation, particularly because of the Confucian tradition-derived puritanism promoted simultaneously by the state. This paper scrutinizes the nature of diverse social campaigns mobilizing Korean women to support the country, as well as the shift s in perceptions of feminine roles by the state and society, induced by makeshift images created for practical application by the propaganda machine.

Językowy obraz kobiety we współczesnej leksyce i frazeologii koreańskiej

Author(s): Jeong In Choi / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The linguistic representation of women has been embedded in the Korean language in opposition to the representation of men and as such can become an object of research on the lexicon and phraseological expressions reflecting the social status and perception of Korean women. Analyzed within this article, a set of nouns referring to women shows some lexical symmetry between sexes. This symmetry is manifested by the occurrence of noun pairs like a man: a woman and female/woman like: male/manlike. The second pair of this scheme can be observed in very special contexts and meanings. Moreover, in the Korean language there is a high frequency of Sino-Korean vocabulary and morphological prefixes which denote womanhood and thus women’s professions. The usage of such prefixes has described situations where women started to pursue careers that used to be considered solely male and is not limited to Korean vocabulary only. The gradual emancipation of women has been mirrored in the language and thus shows the vocational emancipation of women – these days a permanent social phenomenon. The different linguistic examples of the inequality of sexes and some special privileges of men seem to show an existent though retreating tradition while the language symmetry shows the equality of sexes as a result of social changes.

Oblicza prezydentury Park Geun hye – meandry polityki południowokoreańskiej

Author(s): Grażyna Strnad / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In December of 2012. Park Geun-hye won the presidential election and became the first South Korean woman to ascend to the highest office in the country. Park stated “We can all become partners in the creation of a second miracle on the Han River” and usher in “a new era of hope. ” Park was the overwhelming favorite among potential candidates of the Saenuri Party. However, her candidacy was accompanied by controversy. Park Geun-hye is the oldest daughter of former South Korean President Park Chung Hee, who ruled South Korea in the years 1961–1979. There was widespread sympathy for Park among South Koreans as she had lost her parents at a young age; her mother in 1974 and her father in 1979. In November of 1979, while mourning of the death of her father, Park Geun-hye withdrew from both public and political life for many years. She returned to politics and was repeatedly elected in parliamentary elections (1988, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012). In 2004–2006, she was Chairperson of the Grand National Party. In 2012, she was the presidential candidate of Saenuri Party and was elected president in December 2012. In 2016, a political scandal engulfed the Park Geun-hye administration and culminated in a National Assembly vote for her impeachment on December 9, 2016. In March 2017, the South Korean Constitutional Court upheld the decision on the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye, who became the fi rst president of the Republic of Korea to be removed from office. Then the court issued an arrest warrant for the former president, who lost the confidence of many South Korean citizens because of her violation of the law.

Zarys statusu prawnego kobiet w południowokoreańskim i polskim ustawodawstwie rodzinnym

Author(s): Emilia Wojtasik-Dziekan / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Although legislative regulations of the status of women in the family legislation of both countries are derived from different cultural traditions, the directions of solutions and decisions assumed in them demonstrate several similar trends. The legislation of both countries guarantees equal laws for women and men in all of the important spheres of social life. Specific measures for the protection against discrimination were predicted. It’s guaranteed by the constitutions of both countries as well as detailed regulations provided by the Polish Family and Guardianship Code and the Korean Family Code, which are discussed in the comparative prospect here. Legal solutions concerning such issues as marriage and parenthood are being analyzed along with detailed decisions concerning various social aspects and cultural conditions. Also dissimilarities between both legal systems were indicated. Both currents of legislation compared in this article provide the compilation of legal norms referring to the situation of women. It doesn’t exclude the possibility of their further corrections and adaptation in social life.

Tożsamość zrewidowana – feminizm prozy Pak Wan-sŏ

Author(s): Ewa Rynarzewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Pak Wan-sŏ’s work constitutes a certain phenomenon in modern Korean literature. Her abundant and very original literary output, which is mostly dedicated to the experiences of Korean women, became an inspiration for female writers of younger generations and started a new and unusual approach to shaping the image of women. Literary portraits made by Pak Wan-sŏ were enriched with an incredible acuteness of observation and deep understanding, empathy and even contained some humorous elements. Pak Wan-sŏ did not shy away from presenting the drastic, both ethically and morally, entanglements of female characters, which in a postwar Korea, was controversial and ordered not to be mentioned. Presenting these entanglements exposed Pak Wan-sŏ to ostracism from the critics and aversion by the readers. Earlier than any other writer, she noticed and understood that the literary portraits of women, which were copied on the pages of many classical and modern works, were nothing more than a cultural product – a fictional image, which only partially presented the real image of Korean women. In her work Pak Wan-sŏ pursued to smash this artificial, in her opinion, cultural construct and create a female character that could encompass the complexity of the female psyche. At the same time, she presented an antithesis of Confucian stereotypes. Moreover, in her literary output Pak Wan-sŏ traced and revealed some of the negative aspects of patriarchal culture and the ways of discriminating women. The main objective of this article is to present Pak Wan-sŏ’s prose from the standpoint of revisionism that defi ned her identity and made her an icon of feminism in Korean modern literature.

Technopoetics of Textual Bodies: Writing, Culture and Desire in XX Century Latin American Literature

Author(s): Ksenija Bilbija / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Raz jeszcze o liryce kajkawskiej sprzed odrodzenia narodowego – uwagi o repertuarze gatunkowym

Author(s): Lahorka Plejić Poje / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Old Kajkavian literature or, Kajkavian literature before the Croatian National Revival, remains relatively unstudied and poorly integrated into the corpus of Croatian national literature. Its peripheral status is mostly due to the political and national-identity-forming processes occurring since the 1830s where the key role was given to Štokavian literature. When Kajkavian literature was studied, the focus was placed predominantly on the printed books. Unlike pre-Revival Kajkavian prose, where the author was in most cases known and the prose was printed, Kajkavian lyric poetry was chiefly preserved as anonymous and in manuscript form. None of the numerous preserved Kajkavian collections of poems have been published in a critical edition, not even recently. The topic of this paper is Pjesmarica Nikole Šafrana (Nikola Šafran’s Collection of Poems), the largest manuscript collection which, along with several Latin poems, contains more than 180 Kajkavian secular poems. Its large size, a significant number of poems which also appear in other Kajkavian collections, as well as its generic and thematic diversity make this collection representative, and a good subject for a detailed research of both the collection’s generic content and the poetic traits of Kajkavian secular lyric poetry.

SUPERNATURAL ENCOUNTERS AND TRANSFORMATIONS IN TWO MEXICAN FOLK SONGS: THE WEEPING CHRIST STATUE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOUL INTO DOVE

Author(s): María Herrera Sobek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the article, ‘Mexican Legendry and the Rise of the Mestizo: A Survey,’ (1971), Américo Paredes posits the theory that Mexican legendry is characterized by realism as opposed to the fantastic due to the rise of the mestizo (mixed-race population) acquiring power in the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, the supernatural did not disappear completely and, in fact, in some folk genres such as the ‘aparecido’ or revenant legends, it is very much alive. Two examples of the supernatural appearing in Mexican popular songs are, ‘El crucifijo de piedra’ [The Stone Crucifix] and ‘Cu-cu-rru-cu-cu paloma’ [The Coocoo-rroo-coo-coo Dove]. In the first instance, a man loses his beloved-she leaves him and informs him of her departure in front of a stone crucifix which accompanies the man in his weeping. My study analyzes the two songs cited above with respect to the supernatural and the transformations exhibited therein. It incorporates Native American spiritual beliefs related to the links between the animate and the inanimate world. In my analysis, I highlight the Native American belief system that all matter in the universe is chemically ‘alive,’ and I underscore how the mestizo, although highly conscious of reality, nevertheless inherited belief systems from American Indians. In addition, I also explore the appearances in contemporary society of weeping sacred stone figures or painted images of deities; these underscore the human need for a connection to the sacred and the miraculous.

"Niezwykły klejnot wiary", czyli o duchowej bliskości pietyzmu i oświecenia. Na przykładzie poezji religijnej Hansa Adolpha Brorsona (1694–1764)

Author(s): Krystyna Szelągowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper tries to present Pietism as a current and set of ideas linked to the Enlightenment, as a culture focused on individualism and “subjectification”, as well as on the need to dismantle the old authorities and hierarchies. Such a way of thinking is visible in the religious poetry at that time, with the Danish pastor Hans Adolph Brorson. His main work The Rare Jewel of the Faith (Troens rare Klenodie, 1739), a collection of hymns used in the Danish and Norwegian church till today, belongs to the canon of the Danish literature.

Revisiting Gendered Violence in Modern Iranian Fiction: Mahmoud Dowlatabadi’s Missing Soluch

Author(s): Selin Şencan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Gendered violence is widely defined as an “umbrella term for any harm that is perpetrated against a person’s will on account of gendered power inequities that not only exploit distinctions between men and women but also among men and among women” (Chinouya, 2013, p. 499). Thus, different forms of violence, ranging from domestic to social, are considered to be abusive patterns of behavior. Narrating gendered violence in fiction, particularly rural fiction, is an attempt to demonstrate how culturally and socially constructed norms victimize human beings in a particular society. Mahmoud Dowlatabadi’s Missing Soluch (1979) is a modern Iranian novel that reflects the traumatic experiences of many characters in a village called Zaminej. After Slouch’s mysterious disappearance, his wife Mergan has to raise her children in his absence. The novel narrates the hardships of a mother who looks after her two sons named Abbas and Abrau, and her only daughter, Hajer. Analyzing Dowlatabadi’s novel locates us in a particular region, the Middle East that is replete with traumatic histories of which gendered violence is evident and undeniable. As far as gendered violence is considered in the Middle East, women are usually viewed as victims of sexualized violence or as the potential target for domestic violence in certain societies. However, the protagonist Mergan manages to assert her agency against the patriarchal backdrops of her village. Dowlatabadi gives voice to a female character, Mergan who is exposed to many forms of traumatic experiences, but she becomes a survivor at the end of the novel. Dowlatabadi’s novel offers us insights into a better understanding of patriarchal, social, and domestic forms of violence and the possible traumatic consequences of them in the rural areas of modern Iran. The novel mainly highlights the patterns of domestic abuse, rape, and child marriage as forms of gender-based violence.

Estudios subalternos postransicionales como propuesta de acercamiento comparativo a la narrativa polaca y española contemporánea

Author(s): Agnieszka Kłosińska-Nachin / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

The paper aims to develop a comparative perspective that allows the reader to explore the traces of authoritarian systems in contemporary Polish and Spanish culture. The point of departure is the research of Polish scholars from the Post-Dependence Studies Centre, who examine Polish culture with postcolonial tools adapted to the post-communist context. From there, the article attempts to formulate a methodological framework — the so-called post-transitional subaltern studies — applicable to post-Franco and post-communist culture, particularly the presence of subaltern characters in contemporary cultural texts. In accordance with the proposed methodology, the author analyses two novels, namely “Visión del ahogado” (1977) by Juan José Millás and “Czytadło” (1992) by Tadeusz Konwicki, in which it is possible to detect similar panoptic strategies concomitant with the recourse to violence.

“Sobrevivió […] la imagen judía de la ciudad”. Representaciones literarias de Łódź en dos autores latinoamericanos

Author(s): Ewa Kobyłecka-Piwońska / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

The paper aims to analyze the representations of Łódź in two short stories by Juan Manuel Torres, “El muchacho que mató a la luna” and “Al principio de la primavera”, and one long narration by Eduardo Halfon “Oh gueto mi amor”.

Aleksis Kivi a srbská princezna

Author(s): Eliška Jiráňová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Osmo Antero Viinikainen, born in 1941 in Kotka, is a Finnish author and artist whose novel Aleksis Kivi ja serbian prinsessa (“Aleksis Kivi and the Serbian Princess”, 1996) connects two vastly different worlds using the figure of Aleksis Kivi, who is considered to be the father of Finnish literature. The novel is based on Kivi’s greatest work and the first novel written in Finnish, Seven Brothers. Besides Aleksis Kivi himself, the characters in Viinikainen’s grotesque novel include the characters from Kivi’s novel and a number of historic figures, including Serbian historic figures from the Obrenović and the Karađorđević dynasties. The paper examines the novel from the thematic and historical perspective and focuses on the perception of the historical figures in the novel and the credibility of the novel itself. As the novel is not dated, the paper also explores the historical events mentioned in the novel and their accuracy to establish a timeline.

Vznik romantických národních eposů: srbsko-finské paralely

Author(s): Eliška Jiráňová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The desire for freedom is typical of the period of Romanticism; even the nations that were in the thrall of other countries started to develop their own national literatures, which were flourishing. Romanticists and their interest in the Balkans and the Orient marked the principal period when a connection between Serbian and Finnish literatures was formed. The two seemed to be totally different at first; however, there are many shared elements and influences especially in the area of Romantic literature. Serbian Folk Songs written by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić was translated to German and German men of letters were captivated; they brought the songs to the attention of Swede Johann Ludwig Runeberg, the Finnish national revivalist. Recognition of the Serbian epic was a sentiment shared across the Finnish-Swedish intelligentsia. Elias Lönnrot took charge of the idea to prepare a similar Finnish epic consisting of folk songs. The collection of folk songs and the creation of national epics drew the attention of the European intelligentsia of the period to small European nations, and these areas became a source of interest. Both epic works were studied by Czech scholar and translator Josef Holeček.

ENGLISH AND CZECH CHILDREN’S LITERATURE: A CONTRASTIVE CORPUS-DRIVEN PHRASEOLOGICAL APPROACH

Author(s): Markéta Malá / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper explores the recurrent linguistic patterns in English and Czech children’s narrative fiction and their textual functions. It combines contrastive phraseological research with corpus-driven methods, taking frequency lists and n-grams as its starting points. The analysis focuses on the domains of time, space and body language. The results reveal register-specific recurrent linguistic patterns which play a role in the constitution of the fictional world of children’s literature, specifying its temporal and spatial characteristics, and relating to the communication among the protagonists. The method used also points out typological differences between the patterns employed in the two languages, and the limitations of the n-gram based approach.

Роман-компьютерная игра Бориса Акунина «Квест»: от специфики жанра к продолжению игровой традиции в мировой литературе

Author(s): Galina Prokudina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In this work the author discusses in a great detail a novel-computer game Quest by Boris Akunin. The novel is analysed from the aspects of its genre, structure, plot, narrative functions and style. The work deals with the phenomenon of the style of the novel-computer game in great depth. Additionally, the author includes a short historical section on the game tradition in literature.