Sõnaraamat, mis pakub huvi keelesaarte uurijale
Review of: Sarmīte Balode, Ilga Jansone. Kalnienas izloksnes vārdnīca 1-2. Rīga: LU Latviešu valodas institūts, 2017. 1. kd 648 lk, 2. kd 720 lk.
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Review of: Sarmīte Balode, Ilga Jansone. Kalnienas izloksnes vārdnīca 1-2. Rīga: LU Latviešu valodas institūts, 2017. 1. kd 648 lk, 2. kd 720 lk.
More...
There is still no good etymology for the Estonian-Votic terms for malt – Est. linnas, usu. pl linnased, Vot. linnaz, linnahzõt. The etymologies offered this far are based on occasional juxtapositions without sufficient semantic motivation, thus raising more questions than providing answers. The main Finnic brewing terms are Germanic (Scandinavian) loanwords, while Est. õlu ‘beer’ etc. is either of Germanic or Baltic origin. This article considers the possible Baltic (Balto-Slavic) origin of the Estonian-Votic malt name, seeing the donor form in the Balto-Slavic stem variant *linda- (*lindā) ~ *ln̥da- (< I.E. lendh-), some of whose Baltic descendants are Lith. lį̇̃sti (< *lind-ti; leñda, liñdo) ‘to crawl, move slowly, drag (on); germinate, sprout etc.’, Latv. lìst (lìen ~ lìed, lìda) ‘crawl, creep, move slowly; squeeze in; appeal (to), please; cut, mow; sprout, germinate etc.’, OPru. lindan (accsg) ‘valley’, Rus. ляда ’assarted field or grassland; a plot of woods or bush assigned for slash and burn; virgin land; fallow land overgrown with grass or brushwood; low grass; bush, young woodland etc.’, (O)Cz. lado ‘overgrown, fallow, bad land’, Pol. lada ‘virgin land’ etc. (Slav. *lęd-). The presumed meaning of the Baltic (Balto-Slavic) source word is ‘germ, sprout (of a plant or grain)’. The borrowing must have adapted to the nouns with inflectional suffix -kse: *linta- > *linδa-kse-. The above etymological suggestion is supported by some (East) Slavic malt names analogously associated with germination such as Rus. dial. рóща ‘growth force; germ, sprout; greenery; shoot, runner; young mixed forest; germinated barley, malt’, рости́ло ‘rye malt’, BRus. рόшча ‘shoot, plant, germinated grains, growth in length’. Those Slavic malt names have semantic Finnic parallels such as Vot. itü ‘germ; malt’, Fin. dial. itu ‘germ’: itujauhot ‘malt’, Ingr. iDü ‘malt’, Olon. idy ‘germinated grains before drying’ etc., Lud. id́u: id́ud́auhod pl ‘malt flour’, Veps. idu, id́u: idujouh.
More...
The article is dedicated to the twenty-five years of experience gained while teaching Latvian to Finnish students at the University of Helsinki. The introduction to the article gives an insight into the beginnings of the Baltic studies in Finland, the restoration of the lectureship in the 90s of the 20th century, and introduces the current situation. The aims of contemporary students when they choose the Baltic languages as their main study subject are discussed, as well. The article considers the difficulties faced by Finns in learning a new Indo-European language: it briefly explores the difficulties of pronunciation – especially the pronunciation of voiced and voiceless consonants, and the differences in morphological categories (gender and number) in Finnish and Latvian. Word derivation paradigms are the most complex part of speech. Verbs and pronouns are mentioned among the most difficult subjects for students, while the first conjugation verbs (or “short” verbs) and reflexive verbs are the most difficult to learn (not only because of their form, but especially because of their use). All Finnish students (especially those who have not encountered other Indo-European languages) consider prefixation the most challenging of the grammar topics. Latvian language prepositions and their government also cause many mistakes. Naturally, the students translate many sentences literally from their mother tongue. Consequently, for example, there are difficulties with the expression of such concept as future of the verbs or the constructions of Latvian double denial. The article is based on a voluminous material of student errors. It is the analysis of errors that helps the Latvian language lecturer to identify problems and to emphasize and explain the most difficult things in the study process.
More...
This diachronic and contrastive study briefly outlines the trends of the ordering of lexical items in Greek Koine and Latvian, focusing on the four Gospels of the New Testament and four translations thereof into Latvian, spanning the 18th–21st century. The language of the Bible has had a lasting influence on the formation of the Latvian literary language. The word order in Latvian and Greek is relatively free, however, it is possible to note certain trends, to wit, 1) at the level of certain parts of speech where there are words with a fixed position, either postpositives or prepositives; 2) placement of words in Noun Phrases; as well as 3) the ordering of constituents within the clause where the order depends on the information status, i.e., on whether it is presupposed or asserted, and on the presence of particular syntactic constructions. In terms of word order, it appears that the oldest Latvian translation of the Bible is closer to the Koine original, albeit at times it also shows some German influence.
More...
Review of: Igaunu-latviešu värdnlea. Eesti-läti sõnaraamat. Atbildlgais redaktors / Vastutav toimetaja Valts Ernštreits. Sastädltäji / Koostajad Valts Ernštreits, Marika Muzikante, Maima Grlnberga. Riga: Latviešu valodas agentüra, Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, 2015. 1096 lk.
More...
Review of: Läti-eesti sõnaraamat. Latviešu-igaunu värdnica. Projektijuht / Projekta vadltäjs Arvi Tavast. Sõnaraamatu töörühm / Värdnicas darba grupa Merle Madisson, Aive Mandel, Tauno Nõulik, Anita Tannenberg. Eesti Keele Instituut / Igaunu valodas institüts. Tallinn / Tallina: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus / Igaunu valodas fonds, 2015. 737 lk.
More...
Review of: Laimute Balode, Ojārs Bušs. No Abavas līdz Zilupei. Vietvārdu cilmes īsā vārdnīca. Zin. red. S. Rapa. From Abava to Zilupe. The origin of Latvian geographical names. Scientific editor S. Rapa. A short dictionary. Latviešu valodas aģentūra, 2015. 303 lk.
More...
Reviews of: Jean-Pierre Minaudier. Grammatika ülistus. Ühe kirgliku rahvaste- ja sõnadehuvilise lingvistilised rännakud. Tallinn: Varrak, 2017. 149 lk. Liivi rahva keel ja meel. Eduard Vääri uurimused liivlastest ja liivi keelest. Tallinn: Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia Emakeele Selts, 2016. 429 lk. Keiti Vilms. @keitivilms. Eesti esimene säutsukogumik. Tallinn: Tänapäev, 2017. 175 lk. Ajapüüdja. Mälestusi Kokora mailt. Kogunud Andrus Kasemaa. MTÜ Alatskivi Kogukonna Arenguselts, Liivi Muuseum, 2017. 453 lk.
More...
Review of: Kihnu sõnaraamat. Koostanud Reene Leas, Reti Könninge, Silvi Murulauk, Ellen Niit. Toimetanud Karl Pajusalu, Jüri Viikberg. Kihnu Kultuuri Instituut, Eesti Keele Instituut, Tartu Ülikooli eesti ja üldkeeleteaduse instituut. Kihnu– Pärnu–Tallinn–Tartu: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, 2016. 652 lk.
More...
Review of: Valter Lang. Läänemeresoome tulemised. (Muinasaja teadus 28.) Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, 2018. 320 lk.
More...
Review of: Benita Laumane. Zvejasrīku nosaukumi Latvijas piekrastē. Liepāja: Liepājas Universitāte, Kurzemes Humanitārais institūts, 2019. 507 lk.
More...
Review of: Dr. Bertram. Balti visandid. Värvikaid lugusid 19. sajandi Eesti- ja Liivimaalt. Saksa keelest tõlkinud, kommentaarid ja järelsõna Pille Toompere. [Püünsi:] Kirjastus Bertram, 2022. 359 lk.
More...
The author of the contribution deals – on the occasion of the approaching 10th anniversary of the takeover in the Czech Committee of Slavists in 2003 as a star-ting point of the institutional crisis in international Slavonic studies – with the International Committee of Slavists and with the forms and methods of its activity. He presents a set of proposals to bring a necessary change concerning the special commissions, the participation of young researchers, the system of management etc.
More...
The study investigated the accuracy of non-word production by bilingual and monolingual children. The participants (125 children in total) belonged to two groups of bilingual children with different language repertoires and one group of monolingual Lithuanians. The analysis revealed that the overall performance of both bilingual groups was better than in the monolingual group. The bilingual children demonstrated more accurate and statistically significant results in repeating longer and structurally more complex non-words. The findings of this study suggest that the bilinguals being acquainted with two phonological systems had a greater experience with diverse phonology, which ensured a more precise performance of the task.
More...
This article focuses on English use in the example of Estonian-speaking YouTubers. Altogether, we analysed videos from eight content creators, each well-known among high-school-aged viewers who post regular videos in Estonian. The dataset consists of videos (or video excerpts) in which we look into the proportional share of English words or phrases and explore potential functions of code-switching. The results show that while all eight YouTubers use English in multiple videos, the usage frequencies differ significantly and reflect individual differences. English emerged in platformspecific contexts where the words were directly related to content creation (26% of all code-switching cases). Occasionally, the speakers referred to English pop culture phenomena (16%), expressed emotions (12%) and used loanwords or other (embedded) elements (6%). For numerous cases (23%), it was hard to determine why they preferred using an English word or phrase instead of its Estonian equivalent.
More...
The article analyses, how the types of subordination are described in the works on Lithuanian syntax, during the Soviet occupation, during the years between the middle of the 20th century ant the end of eighties. The investigation opens with the Grammar of the Lithuanian language (1945) by Juozas Žiugžda and ends with the manual for higher schools Syntax of the Lithuanian language (1988) by Vytautas Sirtautas and Česys Grenda. Initially, under conditions of occupation school grammar continued the traditions of syntax of independent Lithuania and distinguished only two variants of subordination – agreement and government. This tradition was continued in the works of the ideologue of the occupation regime Juozas Žiugžda. It was only when Pranas Gailiūnas came to Žiugždaʼs help that the three-variant model of subordination, which had already been adopted in scientific works from Russian linguistics, was applied to the school. Bronius Kalinauskas, a lecturer at the Pedagogical Institute, transferred the three-variant Russian syntax model to Lithuanian in the 1960s and early 1970s. Pranas Gailiūnas took over this model from him (or directly from the Russian linguistics) and applied it to secondary, and Jonas Balkevičius – to high school. In Kalinauskasʼ works we also find many differences in the types of subordination (full and partial agreement, strong and weak government, full and partial adjunction), that are most likely taken over from Russian linguistics. Their analysis in later works of Lithuanian syntax has largely defined the field of consideration in this area of grammar. Subordinate syntactic relations were described in works on syntax of two directions during the considered period: as one of the characteristics of the parts of sentence (Žiugžda, Sirtautas), and as the structural basis of word groups (Kalinauskas, Balkevičius, Labutis and Valeckienė). Only in the Grammar of the Lithuanian language, edited by Vytautas Ambrazas (1985), was more clearly turned in the direction of merging both directions. Throughout the considered period, syntactic relations were not distinguished from semantic relations (this is especially obvious when defining the relation of government). And only at the very end of the period (in the article of Vytautas Ambrazas) did these shortcomings of the description of syntactic relations begin to be realized, and an attempt was made to clearly distinguish between syntactic and semantic units. However, the syntactic level of analysis continues to be confused with the morphological (expression) level (agreeing in gender, person, number; governed inflections), both of which are considered as surface levels of language. Already at the beginning of the twentieth century agreement was perceived as the alignment of morphological forms, rather than semantics or syntax. Later, it became known as a variant of a syntactic subordination, without delving into the semantic relationships that this connection conveys. In essence, this multifaceted concept, first merging semantics and morphology, later on – and syntax, has survived throughout the twentieth century and in part continues to this day. Government in independent Lithuania was defined as a semantic relationship, and in the first decades after the war it was generally perceived in a similar way. Nevertheless the semantic (later on and syntactic) nature of the relationship was fused to its morphological expression. At the early period of occupation, agreement and government were associated with the study of word groups, as they made the basis for their structure. Adjunction (šliejimas) in Lithuanian linguistics was singled out as a semantic (later on and as a syntactic) relationship of words that is not expressed by means of morphology. So it was based on surface expression (or not-expression, exactly) only and didnʼt have any distinct syntactic content. The article analyses, how the types of subordination are described in the works on Lithuanian syntax during the years of Soviet occupation – approximately between the middle of the 20th century ant the end of eighties. The investigation opens with the Grammar of the Lithuanian language (1945) by Juozas Žiugžda and ends with teaching aid for higher schools Syntax of the Lithuanian language (1988) by Vytautas Sirtautas and Česys Grenda. Initially, under conditions of occupation school grammar continued the traditions of syntax of independent Lithuania and distinguished only two variants of subordination – agreement and government. This tradition was continued in the works of the ideologue of the occupation regime Juozas Žiugžda. It was only when Pranas Gailiūnas came to help for Žiugžda that the three-variant model of subordination, which had already been adopted in scientific works from Russian linguistics, was applied.
More...
The 2020’s kicked off with a number of new challenges for the human kind: the COVID-19 pandemic and the war that Russia started in Ukraine. These global events of the past three years have affected the way we use language as well: a democratic society needs to talk about what is happening and have everything explained and be informed about it; besides, language has responded to these developments rather vigorously. The pandemic has divided the society in two based on how the people approach the virus: its believers and its deniers. With the advent of vaccines the society split even further into two irreconcilable camps: those who supported the vaccines and those who were against them. Language saw an influx of new words, emotional expressiveness and verbal aggression were on a rise, and two polar linguistic tools, euphemisms and dysphemisms, were being used to describe the opposing factions. The COVID pandemic was not over yet when, in February of 2022, the world was shaken by yet another tragedy as Russia invaded Ukraine. The brutality of the war and the fierce resistance on the part of the Ukrainians triggered the use of euphemisms, and politically tinted dysphemisms in particular, which had existed at the passive level of the vocabulary for a long time (following the collapse of the USSR and the restoration of independence in Latvia and in Lithuania). The empirical material of this article shows that one side tries to call a spade a spade without avoiding the use of various dysphemisms, while the other does it selectively, using lies and misinformation, using both euphemisms and dysphemisms in great abundance, attempting to force everyone to use them at the beginning of the war. However, in the democratic world, as well as in Ukraine, Russia‘s official euphemistic style of speech has been met with ridicule, leading to the creation of new euphemisms and dysphemisms. During situations of physical aggression, both sides also use verbal aggression and irony. Thus, the usage of political euphemisms and dysphemisms will not see any sort of decline, especially in a state of war. The euphemisms and dysphemisms featured in the article are used to designate said events – the pandemic and the war in Ukraine – in the Latvian, Lithuanian, and Russian languages. A juxtaposition of the specific euphemisms and dysphemisms has established that some of them are common in both discourses: that of the pandemic and of the war (for example, Voldemort: ‘something that others are afraid to call by its real name’, putinistai // putleristai // vatnikai: ‘users and disseminators of Russian propaganda’). Only with the discourse of COVID-19, the universal dysphemism is covidiot, which is widely used to describe any person who, during the pandemic, behaves differently than the person using this dysphemism acts or thinks. However, used dysphemically, lexemes fascists, Nazis are considered universal only in the discourse of the war in Ukraine, because the two warring sides apply them and derivatives and compounds thereof (e.g., Ukrofascists, Nazi regime vs. Fascists, ruscists) with reference to one another. In the discourse of the pandemic, derivatives and compounds with these lexemes (e.g. Latvian covidfašistu banda ‘covid-fascist gang’) were applied only to government representatives and persons supporting the official line of the state (the alleged ‘dictatorship’). Various new words (situational dysphemisms) have also been created to describe the realities of both the pandemic and the war in Ukraine. A comparison of material from the three languages highlights both the universal nature of the reviewed language phenomena, and the possibility of their adoption.
More...