Koncepcja woli według św. Augustyna – perspektywa antropologiczna

Author(s): Martyna Koszkało / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The subject matter of this article is the concept of free will presented in some of Saint Augustine’s works. In the first part, I present Augustine’s view about the structure of the human soul. I emphasize that, according to Augustine, our free will is both distinct from reason and memory, and identical to the soul and the moral agent. In the second part, I provide an overview of the selected features that are connected with human will and freedom, for example: (1) wanting, (2) being an agent, (3) responsibility, (4) auto-determination. Next, I investigate two interpretations of Augustine’s concept of the original sin (by W.S. Babcock and by Scott C. MacDonald). I try to demonstrate that the first one assumed a too strong concept of the continuity between the dispositions, intentions of the agent and his/her acts of will, while the second one treated freedom in a too intellectualistic manner. Eventually, I discuss the voluntaristic components of Augustine’s theory of happiness.

ТЕТРАГРАММАТОН И КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ЕДИНОЙ БОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ СУБСТАНЦИИ В «ИСПОВЕДИ», КН. VII АВГУСТИНА И В УЧЕНИИ СПИНОЗЫ

Author(s): Igor Tantlevskij / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

The author supposes that the Tetragrammaton’s interpretation, attested in Ex. 3:14, exerted direct influence on the formation of the conception of single, eternal, and infinite God’s substantia, reflected in Augustine’s “Confessions”, book vii and in Spinoza’s teaching.

СОСТОЯНИЯ И ОТНОШЕНИЯ У ГРИГОРИЯ НАЗИАНЗИНА

Author(s): Pavel Butakov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

The Greek word ‘schesis’ in the works of Gregory Nazianzen has generally been translated as ‘relation’ and interpreted as a programmatic term for his doctrine of Trinitarian relations. Although this may be a valid interpretation of the terminology of other 4th century theologians, this is not true of Gregory. His usage of the word ‘schesis’ does not correspond with the traditional Aristotelian or Stoic ways of designating a relation. It denotes a status or a disposition, it may even mean a place in a relation, but it is not the relation itself, and not a disposition towards another. Therefore all the interpretations of Gregory’s teaching on the Trinitarian relations are to be revisited and reformulated more carefully, keeping in mind the peculiarity of his usage of ‘schesis.’

TAKING A NEW LOOK AT THE ANCIENT TRADITION OF SUETONIUS-DONATUS’ BIOGRAPHIES (A 9-th century biography of Aelius Donatus)

Author(s): Maya Petrova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The article treats a medieval text Vita Donati grammatici (The Life of Donatus), containing biographical information concerning [Aelius] Donatus, a Roman grammarian of Late Antiquity. The history of the scholarship of this text, as well as its contents, possible reasons of creation, its genre, and some eccentric and parodic features are under consideration. The study is accompanied by an English and a Russian translations of the Latin original text.

ГАЛЕН. О МОИХ ВОЗЗРЕНИЯХ

Author(s): Eugene Afonasin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

Galen’s last work, De propriis placitis (On my own opinions) has a very complex textual history. Except to few extracts, the Greek original of the treatise is lost. The last two chapters of the treatise, entitled On the substance of natural faculties, circulated independently in a fourteenth century translation into Latin by Niccolò da Reggio. The main body of treatise is preserved in a medieval Latin translation made from an Arabic translation (as numerous words, transliterated from the Arabic, testify). There is also a quote in Hebrew. Fortunately, some time ago V. Nutton (1999) published an excellent commented edition of the treatise. It has proven indispensable for the present study, as well as a recent publication of a newly discovered Greek text by Boudon-Millot and Pietrobelli (2005). The treatise, important for understanding of Galen’s various opinions, certainly deserves a close study. It is now translated into the Russian for the first time.

ПОНЯТИЯ NATURA NATURANS И NATURA NATURATA В ФИЛОСОФИИ СПИНОЗЫ КАК ВОЗМОЖНЫЕ КОРРЕЛЯТЫ ДВУХ ЕВРЕЙСКИХ ТЕРМИНОВ ДЛЯ ОБОЗНАЧЕНИЯ «ПРИРОДЫ»: TÔLEḎEṮ / TÔLĀḎĀH И ṬEḆAʿ

Author(s): Igor Tantlevskij / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The author assumes that Spinoza correlated his notion Natura naturans with Hebrew term tôleḏeṯ / tôlāḏāh (var.: tôlāḏ), i.e., according to its root, the “Nature as begetting”; as for his notion Natura naturata, he could correlate it with the Hebrew term ṭeḇaʿ, i.e., according to its root, the “Nature as imprint”.

ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ ЦИЦЕРОНА О ЛЮБВИ

Author(s): Svetlana Demina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

This article investigates Cicero’s thoughts about love. According to this Roman philosopher a disposition to love is given to people by nature. He defines love (amor) as recognition of importance of another person per se and an aspiration to do anything good for him unselfishly. Love as a philosophical category allows Cicero to explain a person’s behavior, to disclose importance of a person for another person, to display a moral similarity of both loving persons as well as to explain unification of people in associations of different levels (matrimonial and family relations, friendship, neighborhood, citizenship, nationality, humankind). In Cicero’s opinion, the widespread understanding of love as a passion is erroneous and leads to violation of moral and legal norms, therefore Cicero’s attitude to this passion is extremely negative.

ТЕОФРАСТ. О ПЕРВЫХ НАЧАЛАХ

Author(s): Eugene Afonasin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

Cicero (De natura deorum 1.13.35), Clement of Alexandria (Protrepticus 5.58) as well as Proclus (In Timaeus 35А) inform us that Theophrastus [372–287 BCE] inclined to identify the god and the sky (the stars are animated therefore divine). In the article we will see that, indeed, the student of Aristotle frequently professes ideas that would surprise the philosopher of Stagira. For instance, he frequently insists that the kosmos is a living and ordered universe (the whole), and its innate movement is something which cannot be explained with the help of hand-made teleological constructions, such as the first mover. The analysis of the Metaphysics is supplemented in the paper by observations based on Theophrastus’ (Syriac) Meteorology and a selection of the fragments of his lost scientific works. The Metaphysics is translated into Russian for the first time. The reader is also adviced to consult Aristotelian Movement of Animals, a Russian translation of which immediately follows this publication.

Rhetoric, Liberties, and Classical Culture from Free Speech (“Parrhesia”) to Serio-comic (“Spoudogeloion”) in Lucian of Samosata

Author(s): Michel Briand / Language(s): English Issue: 66/2016

This paper extends a recently published preface (in Lageot & Marchadier F. (dir.), Le blasphčme dans une société démocratique. Paris: Dalloz, 2016). In the polymorphous and paradoxical works of Lucian of Samosata, “the ancient Voltaire,” I propose to focus on some rhetorical devices which intensely perform and stage the freedom of speech denoted by the Greek notion of parrhesia, as M. Foucault reappraised it, in a cultural and political perspective (Foucault M. Le courage de la vérité. Le gouvernement de soi et des autres II (Cours au Collčge de France, 1984). Paris: Gallimard/Le Seuil, 2009). For instance, in The Dead Come to Life or The Fisherman and Philosophies for Sale, or Zeus Rants, Lucian stretches and articulates sophistic and true (or false) philosophy, Socratic dialogue and comedy, epideixis and dialectics, by renewing, hybridizing or inventing genres and registers which still inspire contemporary critical theory, as well as a significant part of post-modern creations. As he applies a pragmatic conception of thought, which is not reluctant to use satire, allegorical fiction, and polemical or fantastic discourse, Lucian may become an important reference for new rhetoric, as it both resists and produces new dynamic values, altogether practical and theoretical, or even, while facing discourses and images, is able to combine active, even critical and distanced, reception and sensitive immersion, and reflexivity or meta-fictionality. Four main enunciative strategies and processes have been scrutinized in this study: the interplays of rhetoric and false or true philosophy; the dynamics of hyperrealistic, fantastic, and specular auto-fiction, e.g., in Alexander the False Prophet, True Stories, The Dream or Lucian’s Carrier; the dialogic powers of serio-comic (spoudogeloion), between reflexion and comedy, e.g., in The Fly, Charon or the Inspectors, and the Dialogues of the Dead; and the dialectics of critical / immersive readership and meta-fictional / committed authorship, e.g., in Heracles, The Hall and About Dance.

Przyjaźń podług Lucjusza Anneusza Seneki. Kilka spostrzeżeń

Author(s): Elżbieta Wesołowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2010

This article attempts to examine the problem of friendship as it was understood by Seneca in his letters sent to Lucillus. The author scrutinizes the main items in the philosopher’s autobiography to investigate the influence of the events from Seneca’s biography in the shaping of the opinions of the thinker. Lucillus, the addressee of the letters, was actually Seneca’s long-time friend and confidant. The issue of friendship has a long and rich tradition of its own in the antique times. This particular relationship between human beings was of much interest to Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, Cicero and many others. Seneca does not venture into an attempt at creating a vision for coherent science related to friendship. What he does though is to furnish a vast array of thoughts concerning such questions as: who is worthy of friendship, why is it worth having a friend and what forms the basis for friendship? Strangely enough, these establishments made by Seneca somehow seem to be more close to us than those in which the philosopher constructs the image of a superhuman wise man, a stoic.

The Source of Notions. Plato’s Conception of Language in the Perspective of His Ontology

Author(s): Anna Olejarczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 36/2016

In the paper, I argue for the importance of holistic approach to Corpus Platonicum and such reading of it which leads to the coherent model of Plato’s ontology and epistemology connected with his conception of language. The starting point of my draft of, as I assume, much-needed investigation, is the analysis of Cratylus and theory of truth dependent on proper names. The next step is taking under consideration Plato’s quotation from Hesiod, which leads to the distinction between two ways of substantiating statements given by Hesiod in his two didactic poems. The right name does not have to be given by gods, nor does it belong to the ancient order, even so old as the Golden Age. Instead, it has to belong to the natural order, which makes everything that exists to be as a whole. Hence, it could be created, it could be given by lawgivers or others who understand these valid connections, for example, by an honest sophist or a true artisan of techne– basilike — the philosopher. Accordingly, the proper name is the fruit of hard working; it takes a lot of investigation to find one. This conclusion leads to the analysis of Plato’s methodology of proper investigation that connects dialectics with the geometrical approach: the method of exposing the proper measure. Plato’s epistemology consists in several (possibly seven, as it is shown in Republic) levels of perceiving the world, and bi-polarity of One and Many is crucial for his ontology; hence, there are a few sources of notions. But, as I argue, phantasia gives only false and worthless notions, eikasia is the source of practical ones, and noesis solely creates the true, proper, and essential notion. The notion created by noesis is connected with every other notion, with other forms, and things in the proper measures.

Wokół ideału człowieka – motyw przebaczenia w szesnastowiecznej réécriture Gran Conquista de Ultramar (Wielki podbój zamorski)

Author(s): Agnieszka Durlej / Language(s): Polish,Spanish Issue: 7/2014

En este artículo se presenta el motivo del perdón en la reescritura española de la obra Gran conquista de Ultramar del siglo XVI en relación con el funcionamiento de este motivo en la Ilíada de Homero. Este estudio ayuda a mostrar los caminos que siguen los héroes de los textos analizados para acercarse al ideal de hombre. Se presenta la visión del hombre noble que sabe perdonar. Ese perdón puede referirse tanto a Dios, a los demás, como a si mismo. Tal actitud revela el deseo del héroe de acercarse a la perfección del ser humano.

Nihilizam i postmetafizičko mišljenje

Author(s): Abdulah Šarčević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 04/1998

Uistinu nama izgleda da je opravdana riječ o strašnoj istini, o onom nepodnošljivom krajoliku koji odavno prelazi u kulturu, u sublimirane, više forme ljudskog egzistiranja. Tako, naprimjer, moderni arhitekt koji raspolaže neslućenim sredstvima, uvijek ima pred sobom zadatke koji proizilaze iz vlastitog vremena i njemu pripadnog pojma obitavanja, istine; i on sa svojom umjetnošću stoji "u službi ovog kontinuiteta između jučer i sutra". Ljudske snage, međutim, u svakoj vrsti djelovanja i stvaranja, u modernom životu, izručene su moćima i jednostranostima tehničke forme civilizacije na koju je prije svega usmjereno naše postojanje; i niko ne može predvidjeti ishod toga u 21. stoljeću. Svako je danas izručen nekoj formi potuđenja: i umjetnik i radnik, i političar, i filozof; moći mišljenja i uvjerenja, opažanja i nadanja, suočena su s tim usudom svjetske civilizacije čije je porijeklo u Evropi.

Ar Galima Semiotiką Pradėti Nuo Aristotelio? Ženklo Aiškinimas, Grįstas Hilomorfine Esaties Teorija

Author(s): Algirdas Budrevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 74/2013

Sign—the basic idea of semiotics—has been explored by great many philosophers since antiquity; nevertheless, as of now we do not have its ultimate and systematic theory. Peirce proposed an original and philosophically (ontologically) grounded conception of the sign. Could there be a different ontologically based conception of the sign? Could there be developed a different and ontologically based semiotics? The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the fundamentals of semiotics can be developed starting from the ideas of Aristotle. The idea of sign might be grounded on Aristotle’s account of Being and cognition considered in terms of form and matter. Various signs can be treated in terms of form and matter. Pictures, letters are signs of form. A wedding-ring is a material sign-symbol. Many signs can be treated in terms of similarity to the objects they signify: photographs, pictures, sculptures, diagrams, graphical charts, land maps, etc. It is quite natural to treat signs in terms of form and matter. The paper shows how the sign can be defined in terms of form and matter. A concrete model of sign as similarity of form (homomorphism) to the signified object is described. The structurally treated Cartesian system of coordinates is involved for articulation of the modes of Being. Intentionality as directedness of consciousness of the sign perceiver toward the signified object is used in the account of sign.

Güzel?

Author(s): Haluk Naci Gülalp / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Special/2017

Idealist philosophy mainly rooted in Socrates (Plato) has reached its peak by Kant and Hegel. This, in essence, totally subjectivist outlook considers the right one is only ‘I’ and reality is what that ‘I’ perceives. Frankfurt School, unfortunate to have been founded after Marx, not being able to neglect him have chosen to distort Marx claiming to be Hegelian-Marxists, -not less meaningless than saying monist-pluralist- and have tried to blend idealism and historical materialism which are mutually exclusive. Interestingly this still prevails mainly in contemporary French names deepening the confusion and requiring explanatory interpretations which contribute only to higher complexity. Beauty is not an entity/a monad per se and is nothing but a qualifying noun form of an adjective which expresses ‘like’ that which stems from the relation with nature and cultural value judgments which entail no right for a claim of personal/subjective preferences to be assumed valid and universal.

Metafizikos Onus Probandi

Author(s): Gintautas Vyšniauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 61/2009

In the second article the second way of proving God’s existence is considered. The logical form of this way is the copy of the first one but the content is quite new, for it proves not the existence of the first unmoved mover but the existence of the first absolutely immutable maker. In the frameworks of Aristotelian picture of the world (but not in the Christian one) it is quite possible to claim that the first unmoved mover moves as final cause but perhaps there is no such Weltanschauung which would accept the claim that the first efficient cause causes its effects in a same manner as the final cause moves. But the immutability principle inherited from pagan Greek philosophy (Parmenides, Plato, Aristotle) and incorporated in Christian philosophy demands that God would create and recreate the world while remaining absolutely immutable. Even more than that, it demands to preserve absolute divine immutability of descending, incarnating, living, dying, resurrecting, ascending and promising to come again God. This is too much for elementary logic and common sense. Therefore the first two ways to prove Gods existence taken together have to be recognized as the corruption of Christianity by pagan philosophical principle of immutability.

Krikščioniškosios Tiesos Universalumas Justino Kankinio Raštuose

Author(s): Mindaugas Kubilius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 56/2008

In order to communicate Christ’s truth to intelelectuals of Antiquity, it became indispensible for Christians to prove its universality in philosophical terms. Following already an established tradition of kerygmatic preaching to Greeks, Justin Martyr attempts to demonstrate how the truth of one God incarnated, Logos-Christ, is anticipated in thought of various Greek philosophers. Justin transforms the Stoic concept of logos spermatikos into a concept of the innate cognitive capacity to know the universal Logos who revealed himself as Christ. According to his view, all humanity by virtue of the innate capacity participates in the Logos-Christ. By virtue of grace, the Logos-Christ revealed himself fully to all humankind. Thus, the universal truth can be known only by virtue of faith into the very fact of the Incarnated Logos.

Античные натурфилософы о приливах и течениях

Author(s): Eugene Afonasin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 19/2017

The article deals with currents and tides. We look at the history of their observation in antiquity as well as alternative theories, designed to explain their nature. Major theories accessed are those by Aristotle, Poseidon and Seneca. Special attention is given to ancient explanation of the phenomenon of the periodical change of the stream in Euripus’ channel (Chakida, Greece). Throughout we reflect on an analogy between natural phenomena and the processes occurring in living organisms, common to our philosophers of nature, as well as the peculiarities of their interpretation of the theory of mutual transformation of the elements. Besides, it is important to note the place of the method of analogy in their observations and theoretical constructions.

Tragedyanın Özündeki Dionysosçu Bilgelik Ve Sinemadaki İzleri

Author(s): Çağdaş Emrah Çağlıyan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2017

In Ancient Tragedy, where we find the roots of tragic thought, it has been agreed that, the life on earth is full of misery and pain; however, every incident occurring on earth is actualized by the will of the gods in Olympus. This agreement ensures enduring the living with its most hurtful and scariest face by finding divine will behind this life. Thus, the heroes of the Ancient Tragedy do not regret anything and take all the responsibilities of all their actions, even they are tested with most formidable griefs. Because this endless pain caused by their actions is actually a necessity of the eternal side of their personalities, there is a seal of divinity. At this point, we can find the expression of the conflict between factivity and infinity, in the discrimination of Apollo and Dionysus formulated by Nietzsche. As Apollo is the God of shape and commends golden mean, Dionysus saves the humans from the limits they are imprisoned in and unifies them with their nature. The key of reaching the tragic comprehension is strengthen our connection with Dionysian area. Dionysus saves us from the illusions of the appearances and reduces the worries and aches derived from the possible losses in the living, prevents the passive way of existence. Therefore, the triumph of Dionysus in this rivalry also conveys the legitimation of life even with its most horrifying side, which carries the essence of the tragic. Accordingly finding the bases of tragic comprehension in affirmation, we can see this comprehension in other narratives. In this study, we will trace the tragic thought in the cinema, one of the most massive and efficient narratives in our age. Because, realizing our possibility to reach the tragic comprehension, also contributes us to legitimate our own existence. In this context, Barton Fink (Ethan and Joel Coen, 1991), The Wicker Man (Robin Hardy, 1973) and Badlands (Terrence Malick) films, which present various views of Dionysus, are pretty suitable examples to guide us. In our study, we will examine the continuous tragic comprehension dating from Ancient Tragedy via these examples.

AZ ANTIK JOGTÖRTÉNET ÉS A KLASSZIKA-FILOLÓGIA HATÁRTERÜLETEI

Author(s): Gábor Hamza,István Sándor / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2006