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ZAŠTO BI FILOZOFI TREBALI BITI UPRAVITELJI DRŽAVE

Author(s): Ivica Musić,Mate Buntić,Mate Penava / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2015

When we talk about the state, the key emphasis is put on its order and whether the best order is democracy, socialism or some other form of government. People tend to forget that the persons who rule are more important than the systems in which they work. Having seen this problem, Plato offered a solution that is, according to him, ideal. Namely, he believes that the state should be governed by philosophers. Of course, word philosopher is understood in its primary meaning – it refers to the people who love wisdom, people who strive for the elevated good. The paper discusses questions of societal order and the choice of the ruler, mostly through Plato's paradigms of political philosophy. Emphasis is put on the part about a philosopher's characteristics as a ruler and the reasons why a philosopher should be a ruler. The concept philosopher in this context refers not only to the people who are professionally involved with philosophy, but to all those who in their work exibit four basic virtues: wisdom, bravery, modesty and justice. In order to avoid a one-way discussion, the paper exposes also two theories that criticize the idea about philosophers as rulers. It is Kant's and Popper's notion of this problem. Based on these confronted attitudes, we conclude that there is no real rulership without an aretheistic approach to politics.

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The philosophic background as starting-point for early Christian doctrine of God’s immanence

Author(s): Tudor Cosmin Ciocan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

In philosophy of religion the term of Immanence is mostly applied to GOD in contrast to the divine Transcendence. This relation, as we will see here, it is not far from the truth since one cannot be without the other, however they are not to be put in contrast, but in conjunction. The one-sided insistence on the immanence of God, to the exclusion of His transcendence, leads to Pantheism, just as the one-sided insistence upon His transcendence, to the exclusion of His immanence, leads to Deism. These two can be separated, but the consequences are great for human knowledge and society; it is the two taken together that result in, and are necessary to Theism. But from the least complicated idea that even the name of God is a manifestation of His immanence contrasting with Deus absconditus, whose existence and name cannot be known or thought, theology and religion in general need to regard immanence of God as crucial for the acts of worship. What are the philosophical background for Christian theology to imply the immanence characteristic for God’s existence related to His creation? – This is the main question the present work tries to answer as an overview.

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PILIETINĖ TAPATYBĖ IR PAMALDUMAS PLATONO ĮSTATYMUOSE

Author(s): Vilius Bartninkas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2015

This paper explores the meaning of religion and piety in Plato’s Laws. A discussion of contemporary scholarship shows that currently there is a trend to emphasize ethical innovations in Plato’s later thought without discussing its relation to religion. However, an analysis of the key foundational narratives of Magnesia reveals that religion has a substantial role in the dialogue. Plato rethinks the meaning of piety in his last dialogue. On the one hand, he criticizes the traditional Greek religiosity by providing a way to reconcile the performative and the rational devotion to gods. On the other hand, piety is incorporated in ethical theory as a key structural component. Thus, piety emerges as one of the most fundamental ideas in the political project of Magnesia.

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Na początku był błąd…

Author(s): Monika Rudaś-Grodzka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

Plato’s Timaeus, a dialogue on the creation of the world and the soul of the world, mentions a hidden mistake or defect inscribed into the structure of the cosmos. Gnostic philosophers examined this passage in the first and second centuries. In the Syrian-Egyptian writings of the Nag Hammadi Library, this mistake, on which matter is founded, becomes key to understanding the world as emptiness (kenoma). A similar perspective can be found in Isaac Luria’s Kabbalistic ideas as well as in the works of Franz Kafka. The latter’s short story ‘The Cares of a Family Man,’ a testimony to spiritual experience in which the author approaches the limits of what is human, has been variously interpreted by Theodor Adorno and other philosophers. Walter Benjamin and Gershom Scholem have made Odradek a reference point in their theological discussions. Rudaś-Grodzka’s anamorphic approach, meanwhile, presents a new reading of the story.

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О НЕКОТОРЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЯХ СИМВОЛИЗМА В СОЧИНЕНИЯХ КЛИМЕНТА АЛЕКСАНДРИЙСКОГО

Author(s): Dmitry Kurdybaylo,Ivan Gerasimov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The use of term σύμβολον in Clement’s writings is problematic because of differences between common doctrine of symbol and symbolism expressed by Clement almost theoretically, and particular examples of symbolism and allegoric exegesis, where Clement’s wording and underlying conceptions are strongly dependent on the relevant contexts. In order to bring the most instances of σύμβολον in a system we propose some classifications. Firstly, according to their function, we distinguish ‘protective,’ ‘anagogic,’ and ‘manifestative’ symbols; secondly, according to the contexts in which they predominantly appear, such as the Pythagorean tradition, Greek Mysteries, Egyptian religion and hieroglyphic script, and extracts from the Greek grammarians; finally, in the context of Biblical exegesis, where one can distinguish instances of typology, morally instructive allegory and symbolism per se. In the latter case the nature of symbol is constituted by Divine Logos who “signifies the invisible link between earth and heaven.” Such a reading clarifies the ontological importance of symbolism for Clement’s metaphysics and philosophy, and helps to explain some difficulties in Clement’s writings actual for Western theology.

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ГЕНИЙ МЕСТА, СОВЕСТЬ МЕСТА, ПРОКЛЯТЫЕ МЕСТА

Author(s): Aleksandr Evgenievich Levintov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2013

Благодаря тому, что Платон не построил стройной понятийно-философской системы о гении, как сделано им было относительно государства, человека, Бога, землеведения, астрономии, знания и т.д., то во многих диалогах он лишь касается этой темы, почти всегда передавая “право голоса” своему Учителю Сократу, и таким образом лишь намечает некоторые стороны этой идеи, оставляя нам простор для продолжений. Важнейшими из этих идей, по его мнению, являются: - гении — побочные дети богов; - гении представляют собой нечто среднее между богами и людьми. Их назначение — «быть истолкователями и посредниками между людьми и богами, передавая богам молитвы и жертвы людей, а людям наказы богов и вознаграждения за жертвы. Пребывая посредине, они заполняют промежуток между теми и и другими, так что Вселенная связана внутренней связью, благодаря им возможны всякие прорицания, жреческое искусство и вообще все, что относится к жертвоприношениям, таинствам, пророчеству и чародейству. Не соприкасаясь с людьми, боги общаются и беседуют с ними только через посредство гениев — и наяву и во сне.

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METAFORA ŞTIINŢIFICĂ ÎN CONCEPŢIA LUI ARISTOTEL

Author(s): Cristinel Munteanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2016

In this article, I intend to briefly present Aristotle’s view on metaphors, in general, and then focus mainly on his (implicit) theory of scientific metaphors. There is no doubt that such (short) presentations have already been made. In this context, the originality of my presentation will reside in the different perspective from which I approach the subject-matter. In other words, my aim is to clarify certain aspects of Aristotle’s theory of metaphors, namely those aspects that may seem strange to today’s readers who understand metaphor in a dissimilar way. For instance, one can sometimes notice that the ancient Greek philosopher praises the use of metaphors, while other times he does not agree with their use. I will try to demonstrate that Aristotle is not at all contradictory in his suggestions, if we were to consider the essence of each of the three types of discourse (lógos pragmatikós, lógos poietikós and lógos apophantikós) which the great philosopher always considered.

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Uloga individualiteta u kontekstu dijaloga moderne

Author(s): Đuldina Kurtović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2016

Philosophical thinking and understanding of individuality and its role in the context of the crisis of modernity is necessary so we could objectively and critically perceive the picture of modernity, but also to perceive its crisis. Many philosophers, among which is impossible not to mention philosophical thought of Hegel and Kierkegaard, were thinking about self return, the importance of individuality and the birth of subjective freedom. Both of them agreed in the case of turning point in the history of human spirit, the turning point which was marked as the path of self return. That turning point they saw in Sokrates, and it was decisive for the birth of consciousness of freedom. Although Hegel and Kierkegaard differed in many ways, this turning point was place where two of them had met and agreed. On this fundament where self –determined and self-consciousness individual is established, it is possible to expect overcoming the crisis of modernity. This overcoming requires special kind of dialogue that will be full of tolerance and mutual respect.

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Od Hegela prema antičkom žanru gnoma – dijalektika u Sofoklovoj tragediji Kralj Edip

Author(s): Vladimir Rismondo / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/162/2021

Hegel’s viewpoint on Greek tragedy is a valuable way-station in any theoretical as well as practical consideration of dramatic play. Hegel considered Greek tragedy from the perspective of his dialectical system, thereby indirectly influencing dramaturgical practice in the 19th and 20th centuries. This is why the paper explores Sophocle’s tragedy Oedipus Rex from the viewpoint of Hegel’s theoretical perspective, as well as practical perspectives based on an influential textbook on playwriting by Lajos Egri. The paper further explores the different understandings of dialectics in philosophical and dramatic dialogue. Also, it addresses the kind of applied dialecticism in the work of Greek artists of the 5th century BC. Finally, the text explores the early Greek literary form gnome, which is – hypothetically speaking – the source of the later Greek understanding of dialectics.

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Teleologija i evolucija – Aristotel i Hans Jonas u kontekstu ekološke etike

Author(s): Saša Marinović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/162/2021

Aristotle has interpreted research done by empirical methods using metaphysical concepts extensively. According to some authors, his metaphysically intoned philosophy of biology is compatible with the modern theory of evolution and with some of the essential topics of ecological ethics. We will try to show how the interpretation of the substantial whole, under the aspect of the notion of potentiality, is Aristotle’s contribution to the debates of eco-ethical holism. Furthermore, we will show how Hans Jonas also finds the possibility of valuing the individual organic substance in Aristotle’s works, which are not only representatives of the human species. Hans Jonas pleads for a revision of the modern theory of evolution, which, combined with some of Aristotle’s metaphysical elements, could avoid the reductionism to which it was exposed after Descartes.

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The Relation Between Work and Thumos. A Critical Interrogation of the Motivation Behind Knowledge Work Compulsion

Author(s): Benda Hofmeyr / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

In this paper I attempt to come to a critical understanding of an intriguing phenomenon at the heart of a broader question, i.e. what are we today – as knowledge workers – in relation to our present understood as the globalising neoliberal governmentality in which life is reduced to constant work under conditions of comprehensive control? Previous attempts to interrogate the nature of knowledge work and the knowledge worker have led me to conclude that these workers do not work to live, but live to work. An important reason seems to be that the neoliberal knowledge worker works all the time because s/he paradoxically wants to. This presents a paradox since the overinvestment in knowledge work does not appear to generate proportionate gains for the working subject. In my attempt to arrive at some kind of explication for this phenomenon of compulsive work, I critically interrogate Fukuyama’s contention that work has a thumotic origin. To this end I briefly discuss Plato’s conceptualisation of thumos and Hegel’s understanding of the significance of labour.

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Медицинский дискурс в романе Ю. О. Домбровского «Обезьяна приходит за своим черепом»

Author(s): Igor A. Kravchuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

The article explores the poetics of Yu. O. Dombrovsky’s novel The Monkey Comes for its Skull (1943–1959) through the prism of medical discourse, which occupies a prominent place in the structure of the work. Every appeal of the novel’s characters to medical discourse indicates a situation of communicative shift, the breakdown of connections between words and things. Thus, “medicalization” becomes one of the symptoms of the new paradoxical reality of occupied and post-war Europe. Contrary to the Enlightenment paradigm, a medical view of the motifs of human actions does not reveal the truth, but on the contrary, leads away from it. For Dombrovsky’s work, ancient Stoic philosophy with its understanding of wisdom as therapy of the soul, the completeness of self-control and absolute spiritual freedom is also important. Sooner or later, each of the characters has to remain one-on-one with his own conscience and moral dilemmas, while auxiliary discursive practices cease to be an effective means of social camouflage. The ideological composition of the work corresponds to a specific narrative technique and motif structure, which is characterized by the use of genre techniques of detective and spy novels. In general, the novel The Monkey Comes for Its Skull offers the reader an alternative to “new prose,” with its demonstrative rejection of fictionality, its accent on documentary, factography. Dombrovsky prefers to overcome the “literariness” of literature from within the prevailing genre and aesthetic conventions, synthesizing and transforming various types of discourses, including medical ones.

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Ерос и философия

Author(s): Dani Kotev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

The article reconstructs the mythical understanding of Eros from philosophy’s standpoint. The ancient Greek god Eros is transformed into a concept with clear boundaries. Accordingly, the article examines the connection between the mythological and philosophical worldview. The archaic conceptions of Eros are regarded as the basis of philosophical concepts, and accordingly as a metaphysical entity with a high degree of abstractness. The initial parameters of the very concept of Eros are based on the erotic in its metaphysical context. The article therefore examines the possibilities offered by the conceptualization of Eros and the erotic within the limits of metaphysics.

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Изкуство и познание – теории и гледни точки

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Изкуство и познание – теории и гледни точки

Author(s): Nikolina Deleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

The question of the cognitive value of art is considered from the general perspective of contemporary cognitive-anti-cognitive debate. The article is devoted to the question of whether art can be a source of knowledge and what kind of knowledge. The arguments for and against the cognitive function of art are considered in light of the historical development of this debate from Plato and Aristotle to the present. The cognitive value of art is examined in its relation to the aesthetic and moral value of art. Art as a source of knowledge is conceptualized in terms of history, aesthetics, axiology, philosophy of art and art criticism.

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Nostalgia Paradisului

Author(s): Corneliu Barborică / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2012

The article is an attempt at presenting the most important moments in the development of utopia as a perennial quest of humanity for a better world, in compensation for the manifold evils prevalent in our society. The author shows the origin of the utopia, which is not born from nothing but is the result of several myths, social disorders and mainly deep disappointment with the real society. Several important utopias of the world literature are quoted, such as the Egyptian paradise of Amenti, the Greek myth of Arcadia, Plato’s Respublica, as well as the contributions of Campanella and Thomas Morus. Karl Marx with his Manifesto and Capital is not omitted. Looking at the present day utopias, the author warns against the utopia transposed into politics.

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THE CITIZENS’ LIFELONG LEARNING IN PLATO’S LAWS

Author(s): Aikaterini Lefka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

In the Laws, Plato presents an educational program for all members of the projected city of Magnesia, which concerns not only various kinds of specific knowledge, but also, and more importantly, the application of ethical and political virtues, in view of becoming excellent citizens and achieving a “good life” in the long run, at the private and public level. These objectives are realized in many ways, as for example, by the people’s participating in the legislation and the city’s administration, by receiving a common fundamental education, including lessons of reading, writing, mathematics and astronomy; practicing sports; playing music; singing; dancing and also by taking an active role in religious festivals. The population is then divided in three groups, according to age, and they form “choirs” dedicated to different divinities (the children to the Muses, the young people to Apollo, the elderly to Dionysus). Thus, we may deduce that Plato was one of the ancient Greek philosophers who supported the concept of “lifelong learning,” expanded through various kinds of knowledge, skills and qualities. In my paper I examine the objectives, different contents of Plato’s pedagogical project destined to all the Magnetes, the various methods he proposed to use in order to arrive at its attainment, as well as the eventual reasons for these choices, related to his philosophical theories. I conclude by making a comparison with the notion of “lifelong learning” as we understand it today.

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Pacyfikacja i okupacja? Wybrane aspekty ateńskiej polityki wobec sprzymierzeńców z II Związku Morskiego

Author(s): Wojciech Duszyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

This article is an attempt to determine the nature of the Athenian garrisons that were situated in other member states of the Second Maritime League (fourth century BC). This issue is related to the broader problem regarding the nature of this alliance, often perceived by modern scholars through the prism of its predecessor (the fifth century Delian League), as an instrument of Athens’ imperial policy. In this case, having military posts in other member states, in addition to tasks related to the projection of power against external opponents, would also serve to guarantee the dominance of Athens over its allies. From a modern point of view, they could therefore have an occupational character, although the regulations governing the functioning of the symmachy contained guarantees to protect its members from such situations. The article focuses on material that regards the use of garrisons to interfere in the internal affairs of allied poleis. The source material, however, contains a rather modest amount of similar information. Moreover, the analysis suggests that responsibility for cases of abuse tended to lie with specific Athenian commanders; however, it is difficult to talk about one „imperial” course in Athenian politics.

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Fighting Social Change

Author(s): Valida Repovac Nikšić / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

The following essay analyses Chapter 10, The Background of Plato’s Attack, in the first volume, The Spell of Plato. The focus is on Popper’s interpretation of Plato’s sociological perspective discussing the social change and the role of the Great Generation in it, with the dawn of Athenian democracy. Also, the essay examines Popper’s analysis of the reactionary social events during and after the Peloponnesian war (431-404 BC). The highlight is on Popper’s view of these twitches of tribal, collectivist forces that want to keep their world’s old organic “stable” image at all costs. It is also essential to take a deeper look at the historical context and novelties such as trade and naval communications that Popper believes contributed to the birth of an open society. This new society brings individual responsibility and reason instead of group morale and emotions. Popper presented the tension between these opposites by looking at the first “modern” revolution (as he calls it) in ancient Greece and analysing Plato’s views on the changed social condition. Plato believed he found an argument for a return to the old society. Popper assails Plato’s project and accents the manipulation of Socrates. The first defeats of democracy by autocratic forces (tyranny of oligarchs) demonstrate the fine line between the two opposing concepts of society, the ease with which these retrograde processes take place and lead towards a backslide from an open (democratic) to a closed society.

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Wiedza boska a wiedza ludzka. Boska synestezja w filozofii Ksenofanesa z Kolofonu

Author(s): Sebastian Śpiewak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 49/2023

The aim of the present article is to analyze the poetry of Xenophanes of Colophon concerning his epistemological considerations with the notion of god proposed by him. Traditionally, Xenophanes is well known as a philosopher engaged in the debate on the meaningfulness of mythological ideas. At the same time, he advocates the concept of god, which is different from pictures transmitted through The Greek epic. It shall be shown how the theological approach of the Colophonian finds its justification in his remarks on cognitive abilities, especially in creatively used opposition between human and divine knowledge. Recently indicated, the connection between Xenophanes’ theology and his epistemological theses is not exhausted in the critique of religious anthropomorphism but is more profound, and based on the awareness of the impossibility of clear knowledge (saphes) for a human being. The latter is, however attributed to god alone, who gains the knowledge in the manner of synesthesia.

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„Кронос“ като ум и „Афродита“ като душа в античната антропология. Съкрушената душа в съвременното общество

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„Кронос“ като ум и „Афродита“ като душа в античната антропология. Съкрушената душа в съвременното общество

Author(s): Elitsa Dimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2024

The purpose of this article is not to clarify the authenticity and various features of Pythagoreanism, but to trace whether it has an influence on different philosophical currents on how the human being is perceived as two incompatible alternatives – as a transitory form of the animal or as a divine creature. The fact is that there is no clear and consensual definition of what constitutes a person. The separation of soul and body in man as two separate entities belonging to different dimensions is also a concept inherited from antiquity. Matter as evil and soul as good has been a philosophical maxim since the time of Pythagoras. Thus, the human being remains outside the unity of nature as torn into two different entities. They relate to the being, matter and time differently. They express his different natures – the low and the high, the small and the large, matter and ether. The interpretation that soul and body are connected only indirectly and that this makes man imperfect is the root of an erroneous but established notion. In this sense, it is important to rethink from a modern perspective where human perfection lies, such as the right to choose and freedom.

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