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İhsan Oktay Anar’da Postmodern Bir Tercih Olarak Dilin, Yazım Kurallarına Aykırı Kullanımı

Author(s): Mehmet ÖZ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2018

Postmodernism, meaning post or beyond modernism, claims that the values put forth by modernism have now lost its functions, suggesting also that promises of a better, more developed peaceful world and of humankind made happier with new developments in the economic and social life have not came true, that those optimistic goals and expectations have not constituted a remedy for exploitation, wars, many other destructive things, and that postmodernism is mostly in direct contradiction to modernism. Modernist elements such as purpose, hierarchy, centrality, border, determinism, certain kind, design, displayed are confronted by different or contrary elements of postmodernism such as coincidence, play, pluralism, hybridity, anarchy, exhibitant, intertextuality. It is possible to observe this attitude of postmodernism in architecture, painting, literature and other fields. Because this attitude in literature reflects upon the language of the works, it results in the ruling out of many syntax and grammar rules of the language. This can be observed more frequently in sections that techniques associated with postmodern literature such as pastiche, parody, collage are used. Our aim in this article is to first reveal the contradictory attitude of postmodernism against modernism, then to show its reflection on literature and literary language and finally, to present it by utilizing the works of İhsan Oktay Anar, namely Stories of Efrasiyab, Amat and Seventh Day. The Turkish Language Association Spelling Dictionary will be the basis for determining correct or incorrect (contradictory) spelling of these examples.

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Jonathan Culler: Saussure

Author(s): Jaroslav Peregrin / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/1994

Review of: Jonathan Culler: Saussure, Bratislava, Archa 1993, 119 s.

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AUTOUR DU CONCEPT DE SYMBOLE

Author(s): Daniela Mirea / Language(s): French Issue: 11/2017

Our article aims to make an analysis of the symbolic sign concept as it was understood and defined by different paradigms of thinking: religious, philosophical, psychoanalytic, linguistic. The representatives of tradition and modernity do not have in mind the same referent when talking about the symbol. The structuralist theories of the symbol are the reflex of a scientist society, they reduce the symbol either to a dyadic structure or to a triadic structure according to different schools of semiotics, knowingly denying the metaphysical referent. In the conception of tradition, the existence of the metaphysical referent is a sine qua non condition. We are dealing with two different paradigms of thinking; the working tools of structuralist semiologists are not functional in the logic of analogy. Our article insists on the dynamics and specificity of the religious sign.

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Антропологија и антика: eпистемолошка разилажења и сусрети

Author(s): Lada Stevanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2018

The paper deals with the relationship between two academic disciplines: anthropology and Classics that was changing through the time. Although the classical scholars that were oriented towards anthropology never represented dominant stream in the discipline that researched antiquity, we may follow the transformation of mentioned relation that reflects specific methodological positions and changes, as well as wider social and historical context that unavoidably had impact on the development and the status of the academic disciplines. The research attitude towards the Other (as the other culture or as own past) that developed in a specific way in colonialist nineteen century led gradually to disciplinary self-criticism and self-awareness of superior position of the researcher in anthropology that reflected the attitude towards own culture. Regarding the classics, I will point exactly to those researchers that had anthropological approach (even after this discipline abandoned diachrony), changing the dominant perspective from which the antiquity was perceived in order to free themselves from the position about the “cradle of European civilisation”. They started to pose new questions and changed the focus of their research, taking new perspectives for interpretation of fascinating ancient cultures.

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BARTHES AND LITERATURE AS DISCOURSE

Author(s): Carmen Petcu / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2017

As Barthes emphasizes, literature as discourse forms the signifier (the relation between crisis and discourse defines the work, which is a signification); in myth there are two semiological systems: a linguistic system, the language-object (the language which myth gets hold of in order to build its own system), and myth itself (metalanguage), because it is a second language, in which one speaks about the first. There are between the signifier, the signified and the sign, functional implications which are so close that to analyze them may seem futile (this distinction has a capital importance for the study of myth as semiological schema); the materials of mythical speech, however different at the start, are reduced to a pure signifying function as soon as they are caught by myth. The signifier of myth presents itself in an ambiguous way: it is at the same time meaning and form, full on one side and empty on the other; when it becomes form, the meaning leaves its contingency behind (it empties itself, it becomes impoverished, history evaporates, only the letter remains); the form does not suppress the meaning, it only impoverishes it, it puts it at a distance, it holds it at one’s dispose; the concept reconstitutes a chain of causes and effects, motives and intentions. Unlike the form, the concept is in no way abstract (it is filled with a situation); through the concept, it is a whole new history which is implanted in the myth.

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Kritička teorija države Clausa Offea. Teorijsko nasljeđe Frankfurtske škole i politička teorija državno organiziranog kapitalizma

Author(s): Nenad Zakošek / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/1990

The author explores the connection between the political theory of Claus Offe and the theoretical paradigm of the traditional Frankfurt school from the perspective of scientific sociology and methodology. In spite of numerous differences it can be shown that Offe is linked with the tradition of the Frankfurt school and can be considered as one of the representatives of the "third generation" of the critical theory in Germany. The author analyzes the main tenets of Offe's political theory which is a reinterpretation of Marx's theory of crisis Connecting Marx's insights with the results of contemporary structuralism, system theory, and the theory of rational choice Offe shows that the crisis tendencies of contemporary capitalist society lake the form of welfare state crises. The author gives a detailed account of Offe's analysis of the administrative and Iegitimative aspects of the crisis of the welfare state as well as of his estimate of new social movements and of neocorporativism that arise in response to this crisis. Offe's normative ideas are oriented towards a gradual improvement of political institutions and the suppression of market mechanisms as towards preconditions for bringing a democratic society into being.

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Rodni režimi na poluperiferiji

Author(s): Marina Hughson / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 21/2015

Rodni režimi su „relativno strukturirani odnosi između muškaraca i žena, muškosti i ženskosti, u institucionalnom i vaninstitucionalnom okruženju, na nivou diskursa i na nivou praksi. Ova strukturacija je opredmećena u različitim rodnim ulogama, različitim identitetima i različitim rodnim reprezentacijama (uključujući i različit rodni performans)„(Blagojević, 2002.: 311). Rodni režim je društveni obrazac koji je dominantan način uređenja odnosa među rodovima u jednom društvu. Rodni režim se formira u zavisnosti od različitih ekonomskih, društvenih, istorijskih i kulturnih karakteristika jednog konteksta i on je duboko funkcionalan za to društvo.

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Diskurz, moć i seksualnost...

Author(s): Zlatan Delić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 22/2015

... i kao tri koncepta Foucaultove filozofije- Ovaj tekst je zamišljen kao neka vrsta uvoda u filozofiju Michela Foucaulta, a pisanje uvoda u njegovu znanstvenu i filozofsku zaostavštinu predstavlja pokušaj mapiranja ključnih filozofskih koncepta koji reprezentiraju Foucaultova znanstvena stajališta i njegov utjecaj na tokove poststrukturalističke i općenito savremene teorijske misli. Rad "Tri koncepta Foucaultove filozofije: diskurz, moć i seksualnost" se može razumijevati kao poststrukturalistički susret između Foucaultovih filozofskih stajališta i feminističke teorije koja je njegova načela prihvatila za izgradnju sopstvene emancipatorne i subvertirajuće politike.

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Negdje između kulture

Author(s): Homi Bhabha / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 26/2017

Nedavna promjena u načinu pisanja kulturalne kritike učinila je prozu prostijom, manje urešenom instrumentarijem izvođenje argumenata. I dok su nekad tekstovi bili nakićeni ironičnim navodnicima kao indijsko vjenčanje cvjetnim vijencima, danas je na snazi svojevrsna trezvenost u odnosu na semiotičke i post-strukturalističke svečanosti. "Izmi" i "štva" - ti repovi kojma je mahala dogma kritičkog mišljenja - više ne pridonose novim paradigmama i problematikama. Smrt autora, ili ograničavanje njegovih ideja, događaji su koji neće izazvati više pozornosti nego prizor mrtvačkih kola u predgrađu Palerma. Naprasno su razoružane one kritičke prakse koje su nastojale detotalizirati društvenu stvarnost prikazujući mikrologije moći, različite diskurse i mjesta s kojih se govori, klizanja i poskliznuća označitelja.

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Prošlost i tuđina - prema dijalogu Bratanića i Levi-Straussa

Author(s): Ines Prica / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 19/1996

Although a severe dispute by Branimir Bratanić with "ahistorical" methods of thought in ethnology and anthropology at the beginning of 1970s, combined with a common view about the incompatibility of certain traditions of thinking and analysis of the subject in primarily German character of the development of Croatian ethnology, definitively reflected as a loss of advantages that some European disciplines have bequeathed through a fertile dialogue with structuralism and semiotics since 1960s, a postmodern point of view introduces a new approach in rethinking an international dialogue of disciplines. By dying out of the model center/periphery determining a necessary propagation of ideas and theories and applications of center discourses in a bricolage of peripheric disciplines, characteristics of certain social and historic contexts are more and more evident as legitimate factors with relative autonomy, that is identity of scientific traditions. A starting point is a cultural definition of science as a discourse, lively and contradictory historical, social and linguistic tissue, based on which it is possible to reconstruct, a never realized dialogue of Branimir Bratanić with Claude Levi-Strauss, a dialogue which carries paradigmatic characteristics of a historical controversy incorporated into the development of European ethnological science, the controversy about historical or universal character of its subject. Since recently a very productive dilemma in Croatian ethnology, which is summarized as a question of the relationship of ethnology towards an ethnic character of its subject, is one of the peaks of those epistemological icebergs whose upper image today tends to such a rearrangement which will respect more difference than similarity, in-determination than analogy. That what will prevent fragmentation and discrepancy is found in a hope of almost infinite opportunities of dialogue, a point at which differences are not reduced but can communicate. This text starts from Bratanić's hints that the Levi-Straussian concept of universal unconscious character of human culture provokes rather a discursive antipathy than that we are dealing with methodological irreconcilableness of so called historical and anti-historical principles of interpretation and understanding of culture. Behind "signal" concepts of scientific discourses and different definitions of their aims, which are here thrown light upon as fundamentally defined by a position of a scientific subject and a model of writing, one finds, moreover, a similar thought about an essential character of cultural phenomena and elements, about a "primeval meaning" of their origin and a destructive action of civilizing processes.

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Caracterul performativ al securității

Author(s): Luciana Pucea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2008

The traditional approach of international relations, centered around the realist paradigm of Power Politics is being questioned by new approaches like constructivism or post-structuralism. Concepts like sovereignty, security or identity are reexamined and new questions are being raised: what happens with the centrality of the state in a new environment governed by the logic of globalization and interdependency? what happens with the traditional logic of security, now that we are confronted with new and uncommon threats? how are we to respond to the immigrants, now that geographical boundaries no longer bound? This paper focuses on the concept of security, as understood by Ole Wæver, a member of the Copenhagen School of Security Studies and examines it as a construct, rather a process than something a priori given. It does not suffice to identify a threat, but one should understand why and how certain issues become security problems. Should we treat them in terms of security or rather in terms of risk management? This kind of critical approach, by stressing on the importance of the implications of such a decision, promotes the concept of de-securization, or to use the mainstream formula, preventive security, or risk management.

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Što je strukturalizam: moda, metoda ili ideologija?

Author(s): Matilda Crnković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1970

Od College de Fransa i Sorbonne do crkve Saint Germain des Prea zarađuju danas knjižare Quartier Latina na strukturalizmu kao nekada na egzistencijalizmu i, kao nekada Sartru, hrle danas fanatici u seminare strukturalista. No, nisu samo francuski sociolozi, historičari i psiholozi svih političkih boja, te kritičari umjetnosti, a također i teolozi oni koji vide još samo strukture. Jedna nova internacionala, koja seže od Sjedinjenih država do Rusije, predala se strukturalizmu, srcem i perom, ali i trijeznom glavom: jer nova nauka nije ni filozofija niti pogled na svijet, nego metoda rada gotovo isto toliko komplicirana kao u prirodnim znanostima.

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In(k)scribed Identities: A Sociological Analysis of Catholic Croat Tattoos

Author(s): Timea Barabas / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2019

For centuries, a number of Catholic Croat women from the territory of modern dayBosnia and Herzegovina have participated in a traditional form of tattooing. Rooted in thesocio-political context marked by the rule of the Ottoman Empire (16th–19th century), it wasbelieved that the symbols would offer protection against kidnapping by the Turks. While thepractice carried on, outliving the context of its creation, it entered into a slow decline; todaynot more than a handful of people still bear these markings. Using interviews collected byIlinčić (2016) as secondary data, I apply Foucauldian discourse analysis to follow the constructionof meaning associated to tattoos along the interpersonal-intergroup continuum. Drawingupon structuralism and feminist theories about the body and social identity theory, I focus onhow tattooing is used as a communicative signifier of social and or self-identity.

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Strukturalna antropologija 2

Author(s): Silvio Braica / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/1990

Review of: Claude Levi-Strauss, "Strukturalna antropologija 2", Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1988, 350 pp.; by: Silvio Braica

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Strukturalističke interpretacije biblijskog mita

Author(s): Silvio Braica / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/1990

Review of: E. Leach, D. a. Aycock, "Strukturalističke interpretacije biblijskog mita", August Cesarec, Zagreb, 1988, 187 pp.; by: Silvio Braica

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Lingvistika stila

Author(s): Radoje Simić / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1/1990

Die Idee von der Zeichenstruktur brachte Saussure weder zu Ende, noch erkannte er alle Folgen dieser Entdeckung. Deshalb verwickelte er sich in gewisse Widersprüche des Zeichens (in der Willkür des Zeichens, in der Definition der sprachlichen Einheit, im Wert des Zeichens u. ä.). Er widmete seine Aufmerksamkeit nicht der Dichotomie System/Norm, Kultur/Ideologie usw., und sie beruhen, sowie Bedeutung/Wert des Zeichens und andere, auf dem Gegensatz zwischen zwei Typen der Gesetzmäßigkeit, nach denen sich die Zeichen auch verhalten: auf dem Gegensatz zwischen dem »natürlichen und sozialen Regulativ. Und auf den ersten Blick scheint eine sehr einfache Lösung hier vor uns zu sein — von diesem Standpunkt aus — hinsichtlich der Abgrenzung der Stilistik von der Linguistik, im Bereich der Sprache oder anderer semiologischen Disziplinen, in anderen Zeiehensystemen. Der Autor stellt fest, daß wir in der Sprachwissenschaft eine Situation haben, die der entgegengesetzt ist, die von ihr verlangt wird; und man verlangt, daß man das Zeichensystem vor allem vorn Standpunkt sener gesellschaftlichen Bedeutung aus betrachtet und nicht vom Standpunkt seiner inneren Ordnung aus.

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Roman Jakobson (1896-1982)

Author(s): Milorad Radovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/1982

Tri su čoveka neizbrisivo svoja imena zabeležila u hroniku lingvističke nauke XX veka. Ukoliko uopšte postoji način da se paradigmatski ili, čak, samo hronološki vide događanja u lingvistici u tom isečku vremena, njihova pojava i rad jesu ključni prelomi u načinu naučnog mišljenja о čoveku i njegovom jeziku u novijem dobu. To su, u generacijskom sledu nabrajanja, Ferdinand de Sosir (Saussure), Roman Jakobson, i Noam Comski (Chomsky). Prvi kao »nesvesni« ili barem »nenamerni« tvorac strukturalizma u lingvistici (i drugde), drugi kao, na žalost samo doskora, »najveći živi strukturalista« treći kao poslednji stvarni »prevratnik« sa nekom vrstom revolucije u načinu mišljenja — a kroz pomak nastao ustanovljavanjem transformaciono-generativne gramatike kao teorije i prakse.

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MICHELIO FOUCAULT FILOSOFIJOS (NE)ATSPINDŽIAI VYTAUTO KAVOLIO LITUANISTINĖSE STUDIJOSE

Author(s): Alvydas Noreika / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 95/2018

The article deals with the problem of the relationship between Vytautas Kavolis’s Lithuanian Studies and philosophy of French post/structuralist Michel Foucault. It questions the established opinion that Kavolis’s inquiry into the history of Lithuanian culture is based on Foucault’s ideas. It argues that the influence of these ideas on the Lithuanian thinker is insignificant; for the majority of Kavolis’s research topics and methodological means either have nothing in common with those of Foucault’s or are explainable by parallelisms in their thinking. In the majority of cases, the Lithuanian thinker developes his own original attitudes independently of the French philosopher. Only in two cases, it is possible to talk about Foucault’s direct influence on Kavolis.

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Maschinenmensch und Geistesmensch im Drama Thomas Bernhards Der Ignorant und der Wahnsinnige

Author(s): Sonja Novak / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2019

The so called “Geistesmensch” is Thomas Bernhard’s aesthetic basis when creating a protagonist in his literary works. His “Geistesmenschen” [intellectuals] are often fanatic characters in pursuit of the ultimate truth or power and who have tiresome monologues in which they critique the world and the society. Yet they themselves are no better than this world and the society they criticize; they are also full of flaws. This paper examines another kind of Bernhard’s protagonists, who are depicted as being in a subordinate, dependent relationship with these “Geistesmenschen” and are described as their opposites. For the purposes of this paper, they will be called “Maschinenmenschen” [human machines or mechanic humans]. In Thomas Bernhard’s play Der Ignorant und der Wahnsinnige the character of the Doctor appears as the “Geistesmensch”, while the character of an Opera Singer appears literally and figuratively as a human machine (“Koloraturmaschine”). As opposite characters entangled in a co-dependent relationship, they represent what Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari call a system of “desiring machines” as described in their work Anti-Odpius: Capitalism and Schizophrenia 1 and A Thousand Plateuas: Capitalism and Schizophrenia 2. As parts of the same machinery, they strive towards achieving what Deleuze and Guattari call “a body without organs” which represents a kind of freedom from their dependency on each other and the system: Bernhard’s intellectual, the Doctor, describes throughout the play how to dissect the human body and in his monologues depicts very vividly how to remove its organs, while the human machine, the Opera Singer, is trying to pry herself loose from the machinery of the cultural industry she is a part of. Achieving a “body without organs” would for them mean freedom from the system of entangled machines and the possibility to become human again.

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POST MODERNİST DÜŞÜNCENİN İSLAM’A BAKIŞ AÇISINDA ORYANTALİST İSLAM KURGUSUNUN İZLERİ: NEITZSCHE, FOUCAULT VE DERRİDA ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Caner Övsan Çakaş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2018

In this research study, it was aimed to reveal the traces of the Orientalist Islamic fiction in the thoughts of Nietzsche, Foucault and Derrida, which are considered important representatives of the postmodernist thinking that emerged as a reaction to the positivist epistemology with the idea of Enlightenment. In the course of the study, the opinions of postmodern thinkers about Islam in their works have been examined and analyzed by means of deconstruction method. Despite the fact that postmodernist thinkers have developed a critical perspective on the orientalist positivist epistemology and European-centered understanding of this process, it has been seen that their conception of Islam is largely based on the image of negative Islam, which is framed by orientalists. As a consequence of the work, the postmodernist thinkers have come to the conclusion that Islam has been negatively framed in European society, and that they have developed a critical view of why so-called negative Islamic fiction has been alienated in European society.

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