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Razumjeti razgovor strojeva: Heideggerova ontologija prisuća nasuprot Lacanovu antihumanizmu

Author(s): Katarina Peović Vuković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2015

This paper addresses the question of machine intelligence, a cybernetic problem closely related to the questions of subjectivity, human intelligence and the constitution of human communication. The example of chatterbots and their (movie) representations will be used in order to reexamine their similarities and differences, as well as their relation to subjectivity in the broadest sense. Reversing the thesis on the instrumentalisation of the subject by means of a cybernetic framework, which is, as Martin Heidegger claimed, established as a paradigmatic framework of contemporary sciences, the paper will point to the closest relation between the subject and the mechanical or digital quasi-intelligent machine. Jacques Lacan's applied psychoanalysis provides a theoretical framework for this paper since it is in a position to point out the inadequacies of understanding communication as a means of conveying information. Such critique will prove to be fruitful not only for describing communication and the difference between the machinal and the human, but also for indicating the problems of identity politics. Lacan's anti-humanism and ethics of separation appear as tools of contemporary critique of political economy.

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Hijerarhija i borbe u mreži književnih kritika: operacionalizacija Bourdieuove teorije književnog polja i simboličkih borbi eksponencijalnim modelima slučajnih grafova

Author(s): Marko Lucić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2015

Bourdieu’s theory of literary field – an important part of his theoretical and empirical treatment of fields – was founded on the concept of two »spaces«:the space of positions in the distributions of capital (inherited and acquired economic and cultural capital, and social capital) and the space of position-takings,or expressions of actors in a field. By the means of those expressions, actors attempt to influence evaluation of their and others’ positions and products. Hence,Bourdieu referred to these attempts as »symbolic struggles« in the literary field.The thesis central to Bourdieu’s theory is that relations of power in a field, i.e.relations of inequality in possession of different quantities and compositions of capital, determine position-taking of actors in the field. Within the literary field, selection of the objects and content of literary critique should therefore correspond to similarities and differences in the actors’ endowment with capital.Verification of that thesis required conceptualisation and operationalization of the actors’ interactions in literary critiques. Drawing on earlier work in reconstruction of Bourdieu’s theoretical and empirical approach in the framework of social network analysis (SNA), the author aimed to show that exponential random graph models (ERGM) are appropriate for modelling hierarchy and struggles in the literary field. For that purpose, the author conducted secondary analysis of a binary network consisting of inter-individual mentions of 35 Dutch literary authors in literary essays and interviews from 1976 – the only publicly available data set of the sort. ERGM stand out among other inferential SNA techniques by their ability to test simultaneously multiple hypotheses about 1) endogenous regularities in a network of interactions – where local and global hierarchy and struggles are formulated within theories of social networks, but are also relevant for insight into the field – and 2) exogenous covariates of interactions, i.e. similarities and differences between actors according to their attributes. In conclusion, multivariate and longitudinal application of ERGM was indicated to be appropriate fora consistent operationalization of symbolic struggles in the field. Multiple successively measured networks that are diverse in content enable the inclusion of social capital and sub-domains of interactions’ meanings into the analysis, and thus the examination of the mechanisms of reproduction and transformation of the literary as well as other fields.

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ТЕКСТОВАЯ КУЛЬТУРА И ПОКОЛЕНИЕ «БОЛЬШОГО ПАЛЬЦА»

Author(s): Oxana Lavrova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

Basing on the content analysis of 200 texts of the 20th century and on the author’s model of 8 subcultures of the postmodern era, this paper assumes a hypothesis that postmodern consciousness is characterized by egocentrism, tends to a dialogue with the other and to the understanding of him and refers directly to the text and textual reality. In the information era, that is, the postmodern period we are living in, individual forms of egocentric existence in the virtual reality turn paradoxically and relentlessly from isolation to polylogical interactive communications between people both in virtual and immediate reality.The metaphor “thumb generation” is used in the article as a marker of the informational way of living but designates at the same time the phenomenon of rising bodily activity in the informational milieu. The bodily pole counterbalances the informational way of living of new generation in the immediate but not in the virtual reality and involves a person in a special sort of messages to the mankind called flash mobs.

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NEVOLJE S IDENTITETOM

Author(s): Jela Sabljić Vujica / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2015

The examination of the origin and the configuration of the subject presents the central problem of the contemporary theoretical praxis. The question of identity formation is, for the first time, postulated in the modern period as a part of the comprehensive project of revaluating the normative notion of rationality. However, this question becomes fundamental in postmodern theory, principally in the structural and the post-structural school of thought. Doing so, the identity formation is deprived from ideological connotations, and it is elaborated exclusively within the psychic or the discursive layout. Considering the insights of the Critical theory and analysing the cardinal components of the above mentioned statements it will be evident that the postmodern concept of identity contains ideological implications.

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Antiteologija novoga događaja

Author(s): Žarko Paić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 10+12/2015

Jezici u kojima je riječ »novo« sinonimom bezuvjetnoga raskida s tradicijom u metafizičkim su temeljima dovoljno »stari« da bi imali mogućnosti istinskoga kazivanja tog imperativa vremena. Kao da umjesto njih o našem vremenu bolje govori ono neljudsko iz sklopa kibernetičke tehnologije. Programski jezici računalstva zasnovani na binarnome kôdu postali su nadmoćni simboličkoj snazi »prirodnih« jezika. Štoviše, čini se da su u svojoj zastarjelosti osuđeni na ono isto što je suvremeni francuski filozof Alain Badiou namijenio filozofiji. Da je, naime, njezina sudbina postati izložbenim »predmetom« u muzeju ukoliko ne uspije otvoriti mogućnosti nadilaženja ove epohe. A ta epoha od 19. Stoljeća za svoje presudne pojmove ima znanost, politiku i umjetnost.

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Simbolička razmjena i rad

Author(s): Katarina Peović Vuković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/140/2015

The paper questions themes and methods of critical theory in the realm of analysis of labour and related questions in the context of economy of the post-industrial society. The paper revitalizes often neglected the French philosopher Jean Baudrillard and his theory of labour which insists on symbolical dimension of labour. The paper accents importance of Baudrillard’s interpretations through theoretical concepts of Imaginary, Symbolic, and Real founded during the sixties by the French philosopher and psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. The paper contextualizes his major thesis on character of labour in the post-industrial society, which he elaborates at the end of the seventies, and confronts them with contemporary critiques which, especially after the economic crisis in 2008, insist on returning to classical questions of the critique of political economy. By mapping differences between definitions of symbolic character of labour and materialistic interpretations which are founded in the heritage of Marx’s critique of political economy, paper warns on a necessity of including both theoretical paradigms, relating political- symbolical and economical-materialist approach. While insisting on a relevance of both approaches, the paper tries to elaborate present anomalies in the era of so called dematerialization of labour, as it is the case of, for example, paradoxical increasing of working hours at the cost of eight hours labour time.

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Tijelo i tekst: genealogija praksi razdvajanja

Author(s): Dušan Ristić,Dušan Marinković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/139/2015

In this paper we are identifying transformations from individualization and localization of practices over a specific corporeality to collective political practices over the body-population. In this way we take a genealogical approach to the problem of the erosion of paleosymbolism and the occurrence of discursivity of the body through the discontinuity of the body and text. In the processes of the general social deritualization – primarily of public communication, which signifies the rationalization of the Western society, at the end of the 18th century, occurred new forms of utterances: medical, psychiatric, legal, pedagogical, psychological, which were grouped into text/knowledge/power. With reference to Foucault’s analytics of power, we analyse deritualization of the practices of uttering that occurred in parallel with the changes within the practices of punishment and that includes the new technology and mechanisms of power over the human bodies. In the paper we conclude that the same matrices of texts and practices that were earlier constructed for concrete, individual bodies will be applied to the new body – society.

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Podziemny nurt materializmu spotkania

Author(s): Louis Althusser / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2016

The fragment of The Underground Current of the Materialism of the Encounter presented below offers a draft of philosophical trajectory named „Materialism of encounter” or „aleatory materialism”. Its characteristic feature is the focus on contingency of preliminary constellation that organizes the very possibility of an event and its duration. The text takes as its goal the critique of the philosophical tradition that sees in materialism merely a negative of idealism that duplicates its structure and logic. The text starts with an analysis of philosophical consequences of Epicurean atomism and moves towards the discussion of a recurrent theme of void and contingency of the origin appearing in the works of such authors as Machiavelli, Spinoza, Rousseau, Marx or Heidegger. The Underground Current of the Materialism of the Encounter was published posthumously, and is based on materials that were supposed to become a basis of an unfinished book by Louis Althusser. The translation was possible thanks to courtesy of l’Institut Mémoires de l’édition contemporaine (IMEC).

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ДРЕВНЕГРЕЧЕСКАЯ ТРАГЕДИЯ КАК ИСТОЧНИК СПЕКУЛЯТИВНОГО МЫШЛЕНИЯ

Author(s): Evgeny Nayman / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

This article focuses on the role of the ancient Greek tragedy in the formation of a speculative philosophy. The author argues that the tragedy model is a prototype for the Schelling’s and Hegel’s speculative metaphysics. Its dialectical structure acts as the general means of resolving the philosophical contradictions between dogmatism and criticism, freedom and necessity, the subjective and the objective. The speculative system restored the identity of freedom and necessity through conflict. The comparative analysys of the idealistic “philosophical tragedy” and ancient Greek tragedy revealed their deep internal relationship. Based on Szondi, Lacoue-Labarthe and Bataille, the author argues that the speculative tragedy, based on the principles of Aristotle’s theory of catharsis, and the mimetic nature of dialectical thinking are closely linked with the poetics of the tragic action, recreating the ritual forms of sacrifice.

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THE THEORY OF POSTMODERNISM AS A CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY

Author(s): Elnur Hasan Mikail / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2010

A feeling of “new” emerged in almost every level as the political situations stabilized by the balance of terror that appeared in the post World War II era started to disintegrate by the 1980’s. For the past two decades, the postmodern debates dominated the cultural and intellectual scene in many fields throughout the world. In aesthetic and cultural theory, polemics emerged over whether modernism in the arts was or was not dead and what sort of postmodern art was succeeding it. Advocates of the postmodern in turn aggressively criticized traditional culture, theory, and politics, while defenders of the modern tradition responded either by ignoring the new challenger, by attacking it in return, or by attempting to come to terms with and appropriate the new discourses and positions.

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A SEMIOTIC READING OF DIGITAL AVATARS AND THEIR ROLE OF UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION IN DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

Author(s): Sercan Şengün / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2014

This study tries to explain the role of digital avatars for communication in two distinct ways. In the first part it debates what kinds of meanings avatars have for their users. To answer this question based on semiotic theories of Saussure and Lacan, a new approach will be proposed. Saussure’s theory of signs and Lacan’s theory of chain of signifiers as an entry for self, will be merged to form a new viewpoint. In the second part, the role of avatars in the digital communication for the receivers will be approached by Berger’s uncertainty reduction theory.

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Routinen der Vielfalt: Praktiken der Anerkennung im pädagogischen Feld

Author(s): Agnieszka Czejkowska / Language(s): German Issue: 33/2016

Research objective: The aim of the paper is to show that the concept of diversity has much more implications for schools and education than commonly assumed. The research problem and methodology: Based on an evaluation research study (formative and summative) involving 20 schools at the elementary and secondary level, which have undergone a federal process of professional development findings are presented, which indicate that we need to be more strategic in terms of our research practices and dissemination when it comes to diversity. The process of argumentation: The paper introduces the concept of a critical theory of professional development in education, which includes the conceptual history approach and post structural points of view. The findings of an evaluation research study are then analysed. The exploration of the connections between diversity discourses and the challenges of the daily organisational and pedagogical routines completes the analysis. Research results: For the results show that diversity management is becoming more and more of an issue. Further crucial points seem to be media relations and the competition between schools. Conclusions, innovation and recommendations: Strengthening the competence of everybody involved and enabling transfer of knowledge is the key. Instead research tends to confront players with what they don’t know and can’t handle, often classifying their working approaches in an offensive way rather then supporting them by acknowledging their expertise in first place. The approach of a Critical Professional Development in Education could be the key.

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POSTMODERNA KAO DEKONSTRUKCIJA DEMOKRATIJE

Author(s): Sarina Bakić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 24/2023

Review of: Bernard Harbaš, Politike postmoderne, Centar za kulturu i edukaciju Logos, Tuzla, 2023

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„Logos” ruské historie a strukturalistické koncepce totalitarismu a tranzitologie

Author(s): Milan Lupták,Marina Luptáková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 5/2016

Politický vývoj Ruska po rozpadu Sovětského svazu v roce 1991 přibližuje tuto zemi k modelu neliberální demokracie. Neliberální režimy sice používají některé mechanizmy demokratického vládnutí, jako například formální potvrzování vládnoucích elit ve fukcích prostřednictvím pravidelně se opakujících voleb, které nicméně nebývají zcela spravedlivé, neboť stávající moc nezřídkakdy sahá k manipulativním a diskriminačním prakrikám. Klíčovým faktem zůstává v neliberálních demokracií eliminace liberálních prvků. Politická a občanská práva a svobody nejsou respektovány a vláda zákona je pouhou chimérou. V praxi se občan nedovolá žádné ochrany před protiústavní zvůlí. Zatímco liberální demokracie usilují o rozptýlení a kontrolu moci, demokracie neliberální usilují o její koncentraci a centralizaci. Významnou roli často sehrává osoba charismatického vůdce, která představuje integrující a mobilizující prvek režimu.

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EITHER/ OR, AND BEYOND

Author(s): Maria-Ana Tupan / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2023

Reality and fiction build a binary which shared the fate of dualist thinking in general in the postmodernist age, dominated by deconstruction. The climactic point was probably reached by the fabrication of lens which magnify reality. The fabrication of virtual reality lens was meant to augment reality, virtual reality meaning less or a deformed reality show. Science and technology have thus reified the philosophical battle over positivist taxonomies and classifications that first came under the philosophical onslaught of Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche. The “either/ or” dichotomy of the former ended up in the latter’s “beyond”, which, in quantum language, is a superposition of opposite states. Although the bulk of fantasy and science-fiction still capitalizes on the distinct ontologies of reality and fiction, the literature of late modernity (modernism and postmodernism) speculated on an ontological hybrid bridging the ontological gap between the two of them. Such are the modernist novel, “Isabel and the Devil’s Waters” by Mircea Eliade, and the postmodernist story, “Schrödinger’s Cat,” by Ursula K. Le Guin read in the key of an ontological poetics in the present paper.

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Phenomenological structuralism: a structurationist theory of human action

Author(s): Paul C. Mocombe / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Building on Structurationist sociology, this work explores Paul C. Mocombe’ssynthesis of phenomenology and structural Marxism, phenomenological structuralism,as an essay in Structurationist theory and the phenomenological ontology of EdmundHusserl, Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merleau–Ponty, and Jean–Paul Sartre in order toresolve the structure/agency problematic of the social sciences.

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Нарративный анализ фэнтези

Author(s): Mariia Shapirko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

The article delves into essential moments in narratologyʼs history that shaped its evolution (Russian formalism, French structuralism, German narratology, Anglo-Saxon literary theory), and explores the plot intrigue within Ricoeurʼs work. Specifically, it focuses on the structural aspects of fantasy using the narrative model of a fantastic story devised by J. Šramek. His model draws from Proppʼs Morphology of the Folktale, in which he describes predetermined functions that are repeated in fairy tales. Šramekʼs model consists of nine functions that follow the logic of a work of fiction. His research into the narrative model of a fantastic story outlined a narrative system that can serve as a common denominator for the fantasy genre. As a result, the model was successfully applied in the analysis of the Harry Potter book series, which proves that it could possibly be applied to other fantasy works as well.

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Noua antropologie a vizualului: o propedeutică pentru filmul-ca-filosofie

Author(s): Bogdan Silion / Language(s): Romany Issue: 11/2021

The appearance of cinema has unleashed confusion among aestheticians, philosophers and sociologists, in their attempt to correctly categorize the new artistic expression. If intellectuals had initially perceived cinema as „an art of alienation” (Th. Adorno), a „distorsion of sight” (Kafka) or as „an expression which is unable to create concepts” (Kracauer), generally dommed to fade away quickly – at least once the color motion picture film came out –soon, these opinions changed. „The seventh art”, as Méliès had first named it, has gone beyond expectations and has become one of the best way to express reality by means of art. We are part of a cinema-like world. In this world, reflection has ceased to be a privilege of philosophy; it is undoubtedly a dynamo-genesis, a permanent movement towards accomplishment, a fixation point which is continuously changing. „Thinking is thought through concepts, or functions, or sensations” (Deleuze, Guattari, Ce este filosofia, Editura Hecate, 2020, p. 234).„The world as cinema” or „cinematic-thinking” are two examples of new concepts introduced by cinema to establish its authonomy not only among arts, but also to avoid being identified with philosophy. According to Gilles Deleuze, who is one of the most important theorists in this field, the concepts in cinema are not the same as in philosophy, even if the latter one can approach them in a discourse (Bergson’s philosophy that is phenomenology, or Peirce’s pragmatics have proven to be the best ways to translate cinema language into philosophical language). Cinema has therefore its own language, which is non-discursive and more than that non-cartesian, relying on the role of symbol and image in perception. This new and exclusively visual method to understand reality by means of images has been named a new anthropology of the visual. Which are the characteristics of this new form of expression? Which is the new connection of the film with the reality? Is it possible to establish a theory of cinema outside philosophy? How can a film be effectively defined? Not only do the answers to these questions lead to deciphering the features of this new anthropology, but they also help us understand the deep changes that cinema has brought into our lives, as well as in our conscience.

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“System” and “structure” as terms and concepts in formalist and structuralist parlance

Author(s): Igor Pilshchikov / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

This paper explores the evolution of the terms “system” and “structure” as applied to literature and art by Russian formalists (Yuri Tynianov) and (para)formalist phenomenologists (Gustav Shpet), and subsequent structuralist theorists in Prague (Roman Jakobson, Jan Mukařovský) and Tartu (Juri Lotman) from the 1920s to the 1980s. Initially favoured by Petrograd formalists, the term “system” gradually shared space with “structure”, introduced by Shpet in 1923 and embraced by his followers at the Moscow Linguistic Circle and the State Academy of Artistic Sciences. In 1928, Jakobson, collaborating with Tynianov in Prague, adopted both terms as synonyms but eschewed “system” in his post-1929 works. For Mukařovský, the relations between the elements in a structure create dialectic contradictions. These shifts paved the way for Lotman’s “metaleptic conversion” of system and structure. On the one hand, according to Lotman, each structure (= text) is a realization of more than one system (= language); on the other hand, a structure (= text) birthed from a system (= language) transmutes into a system in itself, consequently giving rise to new structures (= texts).

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The Problem of Axiological Orientation of Personality in the Cultural Space

Author(s): Viacheslav Voitsekhovich / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The main approaches to understanding culture are Western and Eastern. The Eastern approach is substantiated, according to which the essence of culture is the “Cult of Light”, i.e. following everything positive leading to the preservation and development of homo sapiens, to the spiritual improvement of man and society. I. Kant and a number of thinkers of the XVIII century introduced a system of ideals and values of culture. It consists of “Truth, Goodness, Beauty.” The author expands the system with the ideals of “Love, Faith in the Highest.” The system of negative values, or “anti-culture”, is “lies, evil, ugly, hatred, faith in Satan.” Explicitly orimplicitly, it is followed by that part of society that leads to the degradation and self-destruction of both the individual and our biovid /bio species/ as a whole. The concepts of “field of human activity” or “cultural space” in the broad Western sense, divided into positive and negative sides, are introduced. In it, a person who is at the point of bifurcation, a state of free choice of life path, tends as a result either to “Light”, to a positive value system, or to “darkness”, a negative value system. A large part of society strives for “Light” and struggles with the part of society that has chosen “darkness”. Consciousness is studied as the basis and source of cultural activity. The thesis about the impossibility of a logical definition of consciousness based on consciousness is substantiated. A more general concept of “superconsciousness” is needed – a genus in relation to consciousness as a species. So did G. Leibniz, G. Fichte, G. Hegel, V.S. Solovyov, and other great thinkers. The consequence of this approach is the hypothesis about the possibility of other types of consciousness and culture that differ from human ones but are at the same level of reason. Cultural studies are studied as a teaching close to the level of world view and as a humanitarian science.

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