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Най-новите проекти в съвременната епистемология

Author(s): Vinitziy Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

The article briefly investigates new approaches in epistemology, focusing on their benefits and deficiencies. These approaches include naturalized epistemology, virtue epistemology, evolutionary epistemology, and memetics. Their reconstructions include a brief introduction to an approach and an assessment part in which the benefits and the deficiencies of the approach are discussed. The conclusion is that, notwithstanding the introduction of innovative components, the new approaches in epistemology cannot resolve radically the problem posed by skepticism.

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Philosophy, Rationality and Decision-making: Basic Techniques and Tools of building the Human Mind

Author(s): Philip Ogo Ujomu / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

This paper studies the viability of philosophy as a system of knowledge and its efficacy as a tool for decision making. Decisions are the key to life, given the existential predicaments human beings constantly confront and the fact that man is a purposive being. A being with a defined purpose is inevitably a being possessing rationality. Rationality is about the meaning and communication of our thoughts and actions. It is about the way that we manage our behavior and experience as humans. Our experiences commit us to courses of action- decisions, as seen in both the public and private domains. We are often confronted with choices or options about pathways or world views to follow or adopt. Such choices compel us to make decisions or take actions that have profound consequences on our lives and eventually on the lives of others. In some cases, decision making can be a mind boggling or tricky thing. Therefore, we may ask: Is there a way that philosophical thinking or knowledge can add value to the decisions made by people or even the capacity of people to make some decisions (moral, logical, epistemological, esthetic or political)? If the answer is yes, then what logical and empirical features of philosophy can facilitate constructive and valuable decision making in daily life or at higher levels of abstract thought. Through the use of examples and analysis, the paper shows that philosophy as knowledge system is particularly illuminating with regard to the ways our human minds form ideas or principles, and the role of ideas and concepts in building tools for coordinating the physical and mental aspects of reality. Reality is partly based on facts and phenomena, as well as value judgments, opinions, beliefs, tastes and preferences. How does philosophical knowledge help us to manage these dynamic and different elements in reality? This work emphasizes the qualitative or social elements that philosophy brings to bear on the material and mental aspects of human existence.

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Process-relations in “Time Experience”

Author(s): Serghey Gherdjikov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

I analyze here process-relations in time experience. My thesis is that McTaggart’s series A and B are process-relations. I demonstrate how McTaggart’s unreality thesis should be replaced by a relativity thesis: Series A and B are relations of processes: asymmetrical and ordered. The coordinate system of time experience is centered in our living body, in its life process, which is directed against entropy increasing: biological arrow. From that flowing position we first experience series of events and they all are ordered in direction past–present–future. From the same position we experience a “backflow”: we first expect, then perceive, and then remember an event in a series: future–present–past. Life process, directed against entropy increasing, which I call “biological arrow” is basic explanation of time experience. Time as such does not exist – only processes (series of states) exist. I suggest some small experiments to demonstrate my main points and to argue against the transcendental phenomenology of “time consciousness”.

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Мястото на интелекта в теориите за съзнанието от по-висок ред (ТСПР)

Author(s): David Peev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2019

The central aim of this paper is to provide certain clarity regarding the question ‘What role does ‘the intellect’ play from the perspective of a Higher-order Theory (HOT) of consciousness. My hope is to show that there are grounds for the conclusion that there is a close relation between what we call ‘intellect’ and the evolutionary and adaptive processes that a biological system undergoes. As for the final result, my goal is admittedly modest – to merely outline a working definition of the term ‘intellect’, which is, however, compatible with evolutionary theory. Nevertheless, I hope that, if successful, such definition can facilitate future research in the field.

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Кант или Kант(ор)

Author(s): Valentin Asparuhov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2019

The article aims to overcome the traditional standards in connection with the interpretation of Russell’s philosophical logic. The requirement which is needed for that aim to be done is the re-evaluation of a series of features in the British philosopher’s mode of thinking. The text is organized as it follows. 1) A mixture of some autobiographical storylines, which suggest the negative attitude of Russell to the tradition of transcendentalism. 2) Analysis of some selected sections from Russell’s unpublished manuscript from 1903/1904, which is rarely mentioned, too. In the context of the same manuscript, some indicators are visible, and they show that in his mental experiments transcendental counterparts of important logical puzzles exist. 3) It is maintained that the problems of philosophical logic and non-classical transcendentalism could be studied together relying on Critique of Pure Reason.

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A Virtue-based Model for Medical Ethics and Practice in Edmund Pellegrino

Author(s): Philemon Ayibo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This paper deals with the resurgence of interest in virtue ethics in professional ethics, specifically as it applies to Edmund Daniel Pellegrino’s account in medical ethics. Pellegrino investigates in a clear manner the ethical problems of contemporary medicine from a virtue ethics point of view and offers a virtue-based ethic for medicine as an effective tool and a practical guide for confronting the challenges of modern medicine. His account builds on a thesis of the indispensability of virtuous character traits for a sound medical practice. Pellegrino’s virtue ethics offers a plausible and distinctive alternative to utilitarian and Kantian (principle-based) approaches to understanding and evaluating professional roles. It is hoped that our exploration of Pellegrino’s account will underline the place of a virtue ethics in medicine and stimulate a similar inquiry into social welfare, and into other forms of human professions and disciplines.

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„След Бог“ – проблем(атич)ни размишления

Author(s): Anguel S. Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

These are reflections born by the reading of Richard Dawkin’s new book under the title Outgrowing God. A Beginner’s Guide. The text is not intended to be a review of this book, but an attempt at formulating problems and providing assessments of their putative answers. They refer to Dawkin’s optimism about the explanatory potential of natural selection and his atheistic position.

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Actualization of Axiology Development: Problems, Searches, Solutions

Author(s): Lyubov’ Shabatura,Anton Yazovskikh / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The article examines the concept of “value” in the context of the general planetary process of anomie at the level of local cultures and subcultures, when the possibilities of value-normative regulation of social processes are reduced to a minimum. Under these conditions, the predictive function of axiology has become particularly relevant, and the authors raise the question of the basis for the values evolution reproduction. The search to this answer involves the application of system analysis and retrospection. The study of the main axiological concepts based on the connection between objective and subjective in this perspective allows to identify the main contours of value consciousness that coincide with the dominant concepts: biological (objective-naturalistic concept), social (dialectical-materialistic concept), individual (subjective-psychological concepts) and existential (objective-transcendental and ontological ideal realistic concepts). The material summarizes the main methodological and cognitive limitations of these concepts, which are in fact natural, since they belong to specific contours of value consciousness. At the same time, a number of provisions can be considered as general ones. As a result, the authors hypothesize the possibility to develop a synthetic concept of axiology allowing predicting the development of cultural value core as an imperative of socio-cultural processes.

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PHENOMENOLOGY, DECONSTRUCTION, AND CRITIQUE: A DERRIDEAN PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Stella Gaon / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Critical phenomenology is gaining currency as a progressive philosophy of emancipation, but there is no consensus on what its “criticality” entails. From a Derridean perspective, critique can be said to involve radical self-interrogation; a philosophy that questions its own conditions of possibility or grounds is one that opens itself to its auto-deconstruction. Deconstruction produces undecidability, however, which means that the philosophy in question can no longer account for its political claims or its normative force. This is the predicament in which critical phenomenology, like any other critical theory, will find itself when it takes its critical injunction to heart.

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Основанията на науката в изследванията на руския учен Вячеслав Семьонович Стьопин

Author(s): Nikoleta Mihaleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The focus of the article is a philosophical and methodological reflection of V.S. Styopin on three main components of the foundations of science: ideals and norms of scientific research, the scientific picture of the world and the philosophical foundations of science. Each of them, in turn, has a rather complex internal structure. Therefore, the task of the article is not limited to the development of perceptions of these three "blocks" of foundations, which has been thoroughly achieved by a number of authors, including Styopin, but mainly to what extent these grounds express important values and goals and dimensions of science.

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Артефакти 1. Дефиниция

Author(s): Serghey Gherdjikov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

In this paper I present a definition of artifact based on cases of philosophical and scientific use: anthropogenic abiotic virtual or real object with meaning and/or function. This definition is proposed in a new dimension: real–virtual, which purports to replace the classical opposition material–ideal as a better way of defining what an artifact is. I consider as virtual here not only digital simulations, but all sign forms. I show that my definition works better in explaining artifacts. I follow empirical science as a technique of studying artifacts, and subscribe to the anthropological paradigm.

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INTEGRATION OF FUTURE ECONOMISTS IN THE LABOR MARKET THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE PROFESSION OF ECONOMIST

Author(s): Alina Somitca,Sorin Somitca / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2021

The professions in the economic field, especially accounting, belong to an area where most of the activities are suitable for digitalization, and more and more companies are interested to move towards efficiency in this segment in order to benefit by reducing the costs for obtaining the highest possible performance. The special current context, namely the health crisis caused by the Covid pandemic transformed immediately afterwards into a global economic crisis, has attracted countless restrictions on population movement while social distancing has led the business and political environment to put a special emphasis on digitalization. In is well known and no longer stranger for anyone that repetitive actions in a company should be replaced by automated processes, so as to reduce the inevitable human errors, but also to make the activity as efficient as possible. The use of technology and digitalization does not mean that the professions of economists, accounting experts, will disappear and be replaced by technology. On the contrary, their role will be transformed into the voice of experts who makes checks and gives advice to entrepreneurs, an expert who will be relieved by technology of repetitive tasks.Digitization will lead to major changes so that the activities carried out by professionals in the economic field will be interdependent with the use of sophisticated computer systems and artificial intelligence to analyze, report and develop the desired results. The need for digital skills for students with economic profile is essential for their integration into the labor market.

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Development of the Concept of Entropy: A simpler alternative to Carnot Cycle

Author(s): Jamil Ahmad / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2021

The relationship between entropy and reversible heat and temperature is developed using a simple cycle, in which an ideal gas is subjected to isothermal expansion and compression and heated and cooled between states. The procedure is easily understood by students if they have knowledge of calculations involving internal energy, reversible work, and heat capacity for an ideal gas. This approach avoids the more time-consuming Carnot cycle. The treatment described here illustrates how the total entropy change resulting from an irreversible process is always positive.

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За естетическите ценности в контекста на интегралния подход у Радослав Цанов

Author(s): Tatyana Batuleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

The text analyzes the role of aesthetic experience for Radoslav Tsanoff, an American philosopher of Bulgarian origin. The article is structured in the following directions: creativity and innovation in science and art (differences and analogies); art and culture as part of a new scale of values; aesthetic experience as participation in the perspective of the theory of shared values; role and importance of culture (spirit of cosmic scale and depth). The conclusion is that these are in harmony with the general direction in his work, including the need for an integral approach and a new scale of values.

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Новата парадигма в медицината

Author(s): Julia Vasseva-Dikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

From the antiquity to nowadays the connection between philosophy and medicine is of substantive importance. One of the outstanding figures for medicine as Hippocrates of Kos, named “the father of medicine”, built the fundamental principals of medicine as rational endeavour. The other important figure in late antiquity – Claudius Galenus or Galen of Pergamon –made an important thesis that a good doctor is a philosopher too (work That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher). This work analyses the questions concerning contemporary relationships between philosophy and medicine today. One of the central topics is focused on contemporary criteria for medical theory, research and practice. In the beginning of the 90s, the so-called Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) formulated specific methodological features that medicine has to aspire to. Today, every field of medicine is based on the principles formulated by EBM. This gives grounds for a number of authors to talk about a "new paradigm" in medical science and practice and to base this idea on the EBM movement. The present paper will analyse the discussion of whether EBM is a paradigm according to Kuhn’s idea of a “paradigm shift”, and will critically analyse scientific change situation in the context of modern medicine (scientific and social aspects).

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Energia, praca i walka z entropią

Author(s): Michał Krzykawski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2022

This paper argues that what we commonly mean by “labour” in industrial democracies stems from the obsolete theoretical assumptions of neoclassical economics, which also serve as foundations for a highly entropic economic process. Therefore, to determine the new purposes and functions of what working means is necessary in order to redesign economy and, consequently, to offer an alternative to the Anthropocene. The article develops Bernard Stiegler’s take on work and discusses the way Stiegler brings up to date the theoretical reflection on the transformations of work undertaken by André Gorz. The article addresses the question of work in relation to energy crisis and work automation. Advocating for a redefinition of work beyond employment, the article envisages work automation as a new opening for what work denotes, rather than the end of work. However, two conditions must be met in order to make such a change possible; it is necessary to redefine work beyond employment and socialize benefits from work automation.

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Dialectic, Determination, Freedom and Self-Consciousness Mind (II)

Author(s): Stefan Penov / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2022

The second article focuses on dialectical logic, biological and spiritual determination, freedom of choice, consciousness and Self-consciousness, as well as on non-evolutionary development. A correlation analysis was carried out, on the one hand: between organic structures, neurophysiology, events of the bodily organism and, on the other hand, mental processes, states and formations, especially free will or creativity, as well as cognitive functions, consciousness and self-conscious Mind. Here consciousness can be a determinant, and information is a mediator between Mind and body.

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Krytyka w technopresji

Author(s): Michał Krzykawski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (20)/2022

In the article, it is argued that in order to rejuvenate critical theory we need to revive the critique of technology first and, by the same token, redefine the very concept of critique in the context of the digital reality, with an account of how digital devices impact our ability to think in general. The function and meaning of critique under new circumstances (conceptualized as technostress) is discussed in a dialogue with three thinkers: Immanuel Kant, Michel Foucault, and Bernard Stiegler. It also suggests how Bernard Stiegler’s philosophical critique can be fruitfully these combined with social theory developed by Hartmut Rosa.

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Kantowska filozofia transcendentalna. Mariana Massoniusa próba ujęcia krytycyzmu Immanuela Kanta

Author(s): Anna Musioł / Language(s): Polish Issue: 48/2022

In the article, Anna Musioł, by referring to the assumptions of Marian Massonius’s doctoral dissertation and taking into account the assumptions of his several smaller works, considers Massonius’s approach to the Kantian system of critical philosophy. Analyzing, inter alia, the problem of analytical and synthetic judgments, and a priori synthetic judgments, Musioł addresses the issue of the possibility of pure mathematics. She considers the problem of time and space and analyzes the ways of presenting Kantian antinomies and the theory of cognition developed in the context of idealism and realism as well as the realism of time and space. Additionally, Musioł focuses on the problem of Massonius’s moderate agnosticism and his scientific approach to philosophy. Finally, she proposes an answer to the fundamental question, Why did Massonius, like the early neo-Kantist Liebmann in 1865, challenge a return to Kant (Zurück zu Kant!) and advocate as necessary the development of a critical formula of the a priori forms of the mind?

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Ja

Author(s): Anthony Ashley Cooper Shaftesbury / Language(s): Polish Issue: 48/2022

The Self is the first Polish translation of an excerpt from Shaftesbury’s notebooks entitled Askêmata. The text proves that these notebooks not only complement the contents of his Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, the three-volume set which made Shaftesbury a famous and influential philosopher but is to be seen mainly as a kind of moral exercises and soliloquies in which Shaftesbury comments the works of the stoics: Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius. In one of the previous issues of „Folia Philosophica” three other excerpts from the same set were published: Character and Conduct, Attention and Relaxation, and Improvement; the present one is a continuation of the series.

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