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"Sustainable development" as a label within business studies: What can be learned from a bibliometric analysis?

Author(s): Marija Cutura,Ivan Novak,Dijana Cavar / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2017

In a modern society, the issues of sustainable development have evolved on different levels, from the new global frameworks over governmental policies to the new business models. In the 1980s, the term sustainable development emerged from the relationship between preserving the planet and meeting human needs (IUCN, 1980). The general idea behind the concept of sustainable development is to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (United Nations General Assembly, 1987). As one of the main challenges in economics and business, the concept of sustainable development has also emerged in the wide area of business economics. The aim of this paper is to provide an extensive literature overview dealing with the concept of sustainable development within a field of business economics. For the purpose of the analysis a bibliometric approach with multiple correspondence analyses has been used on the Web of Science Core Collection database for the observed period of ten years. The results illustrate the importance of sustainable development as a topic, as well as wide range of approaches and variety of sub-topics linked to the concept of sustainable development in business and economics literature.

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(009) BEYOND DEPENDENCE: HOW TO DEAL WITH RUSSIAN GAS

Author(s): Pierre Noël / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2008

The gas relationship with Russia has become an extremely contentious issue among EU Member States. It is a major reason for the EU’s failure to develop the common policy approach towards Moscow it so badly needs. Yet the relationship is often misunderstood. Russia is the largest external gas supplier to the EU, but it is far from a monopoly provider. Since 1980, Europe’s diversiﬁcation of its gas supply has seen Russia’s share of EU gas imports roughly halve, from 80% to 40%. Russian gas represents just 6.5% of the EU primary energy supply, a ﬁgure that has remained essentially unchanged over 20 years. And contrary to widely held belief, Russian gas exports to Europe are unlikely to increase signiﬁcantly in the foreseeable future. So calls for Europe to diversify its energy supply even further miss the point. The problem is divisiveness, not dependence. Russian gas is divisive because Europe’s gas market is dysfunctional and segmented. Most of the EU’s imports of Russian gas go to a few countries in western Europe, where supply is diversiﬁed, while several Member States in central and eastern Europe consume relatively little Russian gas but have no other external suppliers. Only the emergence of a single competitive European gas market can create real solidarity between consumers and ‘Europeanise’ the current large bilateral contracts between European importers and Gazprom.To address the speciﬁc concerns of central and eastern European Member States, the EU should build on the 2004 directive on security of supply in natural gas, and help these Member States devise and implement national action plans for gas security.

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(026) BEYOND MAASTRICHT: A NEW DEAL FOR THE EUROZONE

Author(s): Thomas Klau,François Godement,José Ignacio Torreblanca / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2010

Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union has been an extraordinary achievement. But the events of 2010 have made it apparent that its political governance was designed for fair weather. Having reluctantly taken the first steps this year, European leaders must now make it storm-proof. The move to an agreement to establish a permanent European Stability Mechanism (ESM) to replace the EFSF in 2013 represents a fundamental and encouraging change in the approach of European leaders to the future of the eurozone. But the new model of eurozone governance currently envisaged by the EU, which is based once more on the Maastricht Treaty, will be vulnerable to failure for the same reasons as its predecessors. If Europe wants to remain a serious player and help shape the twenty-first century, it should instead go beyond Maastricht and finally build a monetary and economic system strong enough to last. There are at least three other solutions – Eurobonds, a euro-TARP and an expansion of the federal budget. Yet each of them is opposed above all by Germany, the eurozone’s dominant power, which feels its robust growth vindicates its own economic model even though its political model for a rule- and sanctions-based governance of the eurozone looks to have failed. Europe now faces a choice between a future of permanent tensions within the EU and a new grand bargain. Europe needs clearheaded, forward-looking German leadership that would anchor a European Germany in a more German Europe.

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(045) SAVING THE EURO: WHAT’S CHINA’S PRICE?

Author(s): François Godement / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2011

Although Europe needs external lending and the show of confidence it brings, its attempt to persuade China and other emerging economies to enlarge the resources of the EFSF is likely to bring only limited results. However, there are various other scenarios under which China and other investors may lend to Europe. The best case scenario from Europe’s point of view is that it would increase the lending capacity of the EFSF or the ECB and turn them into a super borrower and lender. But this scenario is unlikely to become a reality because it requires a “big bang”-like reinvention of European public finance for which there is no commitment. More likely is that the ECB will underwrite a new IMF fund dedicated to the support or rescue of European member states. This would mean a larger Chinese contribution in IMF decisionmaking. Alternatively, China could seek to lend to Europe in renminbi, thus transferring the exchange risk to the European borrower. Such a deal would also offer China an unprecedented guaran-tee against any depreciation of the euro. Finally, the euro could collapse altogether and the IMF could be called in – the worst case scenario. In any case, Europe should acknowledge the interdependence between it and China and therefore its need for external capital.

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(YUGOSLAVIA'S) EXPORTS OF SHIPS

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/1963

The importance of maritime shipping has increased so much since the Second World War, that the natural result has been an intensive development in shipbuilding all over the world. In the last ten years preceding the war, the volume of maritime transport grew at an average annual rate of 1 per cent, as compared with 6 per cent in the post-war period (up to 1961). According to Lloyd’s Register, in 1931 the total tonnage of the world merchant fleet amounted to 68,722,000 GRT (index figure 100) as against 135,916,000 GRT in 1961 (index figure 198).

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10 lat członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej. Skutki włączenia do jednolitego rynku europejskiego

Author(s): Malgorzata Czerminska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2014

The inclusion of Poland to the common market for goods meant the abolition of customs duties and quantitative restrictions on agricultural products in mutual trade with the countries of the European Union (customs duties on industrial goods have already been abolished by the Europe Agreement) and the application of the Common Customs Tariff on imports from third countries. Freedom of movement of goods after the accession to the EU accounted for Polish entrepreneurs a chance, because the fulfillment of EU norms and standards means full access to the common market, amounting to more than 500 million inhabitants. Particularly noticeable was the impact of accession on foreign trade, which, thanks to the membership not only gained easier access to the common market, but also new opportunities to increase trade with third countries. Since Polish accession to the EU gradually increased trade in agricultural products as well as their participation in the Polish foreign trade. Emigration of Poles also increased significantly, especially to countries that with effect from 1 May 2004 opened their labor markets, namely the United Kingdom, Ireland. In the final evaluation of the benefits of joining the common market and free movement of goods, persons, services and capital far outweigh, in both the scale of the economy and at the micro level, the costs associated with membership in the European common market.

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14th EU-India Summit in New Delhi Strengthens Partnership

Author(s): Patryk Kugiel / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2017

The EU-India Summit in New Delhi on 6 October showed an increasing convergence of views on major regional and global issues and boosted the strategic partnership established in 2004. Yet, the lack of a breakthrough in negotiations of the Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) proves it remains a major challenge, along with the negative effects of Brexit, on EU-India relations. If the negotiations are protracted, the EU may consider a separate deal on investments alone. Poland should consider more actively participating in shaping EU policy on India and using existing mechanisms of dialogue to strengthen its bilateral cooperation.

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1980 Sonrası Ülkemiz Ekonomisinde Yaşanan Krizlerin İktisadi Yapıya Etkisi

Author(s): Zübeyir TURAN / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2018

Financial crisis is defined as sharp fluctuations of prices and quantities, occurring in financial markets reflecting as drastic economic problems with payments defaults in the banking sector, which in no way is impendent from each other. Crisis in one sector contaminates other sectors within small time intervals, which initially seems to be in periods. Many financial crises have occurred in the world since the 1970s. Although, a turning point like 1990‟s affected most countries leading to economic instability. Like in the past, most developing countries are not similar in terms of their socio-economic structure, on the other hand financial crises witnessed show several similarities. These financial crises, enlarged with the panic observed in the international investment markets, complemented with speculative attacks has diverged the financial capital flow among countries. Unemployment figures of the world have risen at the point of crisis in the end of 2008. As a result of the contraction in the foreign trade due to the crisis, the Gross Domestic Product of our country has been declining in great proportions. The effect of the crises on our country's economy has been examined in the study.

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20 Years of WTO – Effects of Its Activity and Perspectives of Its Functioning in the Context of Proliferation of Regional Agreements in the World Trade

Author(s): Elzbieta Majchrowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

The 20th anniversary of the World Trade Organization (WTO) activity celebrated in 2015 has provoked to the analysis and summary of effects of its activity within this period, especially as far as the consequences of the world economic crisis 2008+ are concerned. It is also important in the context of the WTO’s role as the main negotiation forum in the world trade. We may come across opinions that the WTO does not live up to the expectations of the international community, and that the effectively carried out process of trade liberalization has not been a match to the current situation in the world market. Beyond a shadow of a doubt, the last decade has not been the most successful period for the WTO and its position is currently much weaker than at the end of the last century. Still, it seems that a gradual creation of an open system of the global trade, based on common rules, having over 160 countries as its members, is a great achievement.

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2008 KRİZİ SONRASI TÜRKİYE’NİN YENİ PAZARLAR ARAYIŞI UZAK DOĞU ÜLKELERİ ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Nigar GULIYEVA / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 40/2018

In 2008, as the global crisis in the US mortgage system in Turkey directly result from the failure of the much palpable in its impact on the country's export and import partners of Turkey has shown itself to direct. During this period, experienced declines in exports and imports with important foreign trade partner for Turkey, the country has gone to the quest for new markets. After the 2008 crisis, Turkey's changed in quest of new trade, usually made with Europe and other regions of imports to exports to the US side, in particular, has begun to shift towards Asia. Made after the 2008 global financial crisis, this study has attempted to examine Turkey's new market seeking, for example, it received mentions the trade with the Far-East countries, focused on products having a significant share in this trade.

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2010: New challenges with new answers

Author(s): Mikuláš Dzurinda / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

At the beginning of the 2010–2014 term of the Government, we considered it inevitable to introduce and bring new quality and new dimension to our foreign policy; a valuebased approach to formulate our clear positions on particular issues.

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6102 Sayılı TTK Kapsamında Türkiye’de Bağımsız Denetim ve Kurumsal Yönetim Uygulamalarının Değerlendirilmesi: Nitel Bir Araştırma

Author(s): Yasin Karadeniz / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 4/2015

The purpose of this study is as follows: To explain the new dimension that the corporate governance practices, which have had troubles for years in Turkey, have acquired with the Turkish Commercial Code and, while explaining such relations, to reveal the importance of independent auditing, which could not become fully functional and has gone through many problems again in the practices of our country, and also the importance of present situation and the situation in future with the help of Turkish Commercial Code and corporate governance relations. Interviews as a way of qualitative research has been done face to face with at least one chief auditor (mostly CPAs) working in any of the independent auditing firms in İzmir and Çanakkale cities. Following interviews with auditors it has been revealed that the Turkish Commercial Code, corporate governance in Turkey would contribute positively to development of independent auditing.

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A Basic Necessity of a Modern Fiscal Policy: Voluntary Compliance

Author(s): Narcis Eduard Mitu / Language(s): English / Issue: 57/2018

Paying taxes can be considered a contribution to the welfare of a society. Taxpayers should perceive the exchange between tax payments and provision of public goods and services as higher. Taxpayers' willingness to cooperate with the state and its institutions in general, and their willingness to pay taxes in particular, depend on a variety of variables. While researchers in the field of taxation highlights the relevance of external variables such as tax rate, income and probability of audits and severity of fines, psychological research shows that internal variables are of similar importance. In this article we present a view on the relevance of citizens' knowledge of tax law, their attitudes towards the government and taxation, fiscal language, level of tax education, as well as motivational tendencies to comply.

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A breakthrough year in relations between Turkey and the European Union – an attempt to take stock

Author(s): Mateusz R. Chudziak,Krzysztof Strachota / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2016

September 2016 marks the passing of one year has passed since the outbreak of the EU migration crisis which became the basis of unprecedented co-operation between Turkey and the EU. Paradoxically, although this co-operation in containing the crisis has proven surprisingly effective, the climate of Turkish-EU relations has significantly deteriorated. This situation comes in part as a result of internal tensions in Turkey (and within the EU). However, genuine changes in the power relations between Turkey and the EU have occurred and Turkey feels that issues it attaches importance to are not being appropriately addressed by the EU—the frustration this causes has been even more instrumental in the deterioration of relations. This shift in relations between Turkey and the EU also stems from Turkey’s aspirations to emancipate itself in its relations with the West; there has been an upward trend in this regard for years. The instruments the EU has so far been employing in order to put Turkey under pressure (above all the EU integration process) are losing their effectiveness, which is in stark contrast with Turkey’s emancipation and assertiveness. However, irrespective of the present and future inevitable tensions in Turkish-EU relations, Turkey’s aim is not to break off with the EU but to develop a new model of strategic relations which better serves its own interests. Despite the recent rapprochement with Russia, Ankara seems to be aware of a lack of alternatives to strategic co-operation with the EU and, more broadly, with the West.

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A Call for Establishing a Public Policy for Mitigating the Effects of Dementia on Modern Workplaces

Author(s): Yoram Braw,Erez Cohen,Yael Brender-Ilan,Idit Sohlberg / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

The rise in life expectancy leads to a steady increase in the number employees with neurodegenerative disorders (i.e., dementia) and progressively declining vocational functioning. In the current paper, we describe these changes at the labor market and the challenges they entail. We point towards the key issues that should be taken into consideration when establishing policies for the aging labor market. These include implementing procedures for the early diagnosis of employees with dementias, educating employers regarding dementia and assisting employees already diagnosed with this and other disorders. These solutions will benefit both employees and the workplace overall, as well as decrease misconceptions about aging and dementia. These solutions are thereby to transform the work environment to be more responsive to the needs of employees with declining vocational functioning.

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A captive island: Kaliningrad between Moscow and the EU

Author(s): Jadwiga Rogoza,Agata Wierzbowska-Miazga,Iwona Wisniewska / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2012

The Kaliningrad region can be called a 'captive island', because of its specific geopolitical location - it is part of the Russian legal, political and economic space, yet it is geographically separated from the rest of the Russian Federation, and it is particularly open to co-operation with its neighbours in the European Union. Moscow is trying to compensate the region for its separation, offering it financial support and economic privileges.At the same time, it is sensitive to any potential challenges to Russia's territorial integrity - and the centre's desire for control over the region often limits the latter's potential for cooperation and internal development. This report presents the situation in the region, and is intended to help develop a model for its effective regional co-operation with its EU neighbours.

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A captured state? Moldova’s uncertain prospects for modernisation

Author(s): Kamil Calus / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2015

There have been several significant changes on Moldova’s domestic political scene in the wake of the November 2014 parliamentary elections there. Negotiations lasted nearly two months and resulted in the formation of a minority coalition composed of two groupings: the Liberal-Democratic Party (PLDM) and the Democratic Party (PDM). New coalition received unofficial support from the Communist Party (PCRM), which had previously been considered an opposition party. Contrary to their initial announcements, PDLM and PDM did not admit the Liberal Party led by Mihai Ghimpu to power. Moreover, they blocked the nomination for prime minister of the incumbent, Iurie Leancă. Leancă has been perceived by many as an honest politician and a guarantor of reforms. This situation resulted in the political model present in Moldova since 2009 being preserved. In this model the state’s institutions are subordinated to two main oligarch politicians: Vlad Filat (the leader of PLDM) and Vlad Plahotniuc (a billionaire who de facto controls PDM).

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A CASE STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF CONSOLIDATION WITHIN TRANSPORT, LOGISTICS, AND FREIGHT FORWARDING CLUSTERS IN THE POMERANIAN REGION

Author(s): Jagienka Rzesny-Cieplinska / Language(s): English / Issue: 8/2016

This paper focuses on the advantages of the companies that act in cooperation/clusters, as an approach to prevent the possible gain of interest for competitive products. Companies operating in the forwarding, transportation, and logistics sector are seeking original methods to become competitive. Price has lost its importance when selecting transportation and logistics services providers. Nowadays, it is the quality of service rates that is considered most important, followed by reliability, flexibility, and the product range. We will examine the rest of the factors influencing customers’ choice of freight forwarding, transportation, or logistics operators, in this paper.

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A century of Polish economic policy

Author(s): Wojciech Morawski / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2018

The economic policy of Polish governments changed but can be broadly divided into two groups. The first encompassed periods when Polish policy belonged to a widelyde defined world mainstream. The second - those when Polish governments attempted alternatives to the mainstream, looking for various ways of "taking a shortcut". In general, the first group helped economic development, the second hindered it, isolating the country from the world economy. The first group included the entire interwar period, when autarchic tendencies were mainstream, as well as the years 1944-1947 and 1989-2015.

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