Aus den Judizialakten des XVIII. Jahrhunderts.
Bilder aus dem täglichen Leben der Juden in Prag.
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Bilder aus dem täglichen Leben der Juden in Prag.
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Before the 19th century, the Central European countryside was a place where non-local social classes pursued their interests, whether they were of an economic, political, missionary, cultural,or reformatory nature. These classes introduced their ideas and tried to influence local inhabitants through various tools of power from their positions as owners of manors and through state political mechanisms sanctioned by religion, etc.
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In the Slavic period and the Early Middle Ages, arable and livestock farming began to be the primary resources of village livelihoods in Moravia. As such, they influenced all other realms of social and cultural life in the countryside. The land and its possession dominated the basic life strategies of the population in pre-industrial villages; many autochthonous expressions of folk culture in Moravia originated in agricultural traditions. The situation did not change even under the feudal system, despite the changes and innovations inspired by the Enlightenment that altered the lives of serfs under Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Joseph II.
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Folk dress was a symbol defining ethnographic areas. From the beginning of the Modern period, folk dress had a unified form in Central Europe that survived until the 20th century in home-made workwear. Written and pictorial sources from the 16th century have enabled the examination of local differences that evolved into the distinctive regional types known from the 19th century.
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Music and dance culture in Moravian regions features differences as well as similarities. It is logical to inquire about the origins of these differences and identical features, but the questions cannot be answered in allregions and for all cases. It is necessary to beaware that despite a variety of borders, folk culture is permeable because the specific development of even smaller, closed territories was affected by external influences.
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While revealing indigeneity as a vital feature of traditional folk culture, we pointed out the originality of several phenomena and their components, as well as their durability, in the rural environment. The duration of some components resulted from the rural residents’ choices within the framework of what was then imaginable or possible, and with regards to the economic aspects.
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The previous chapter highlighted the stability that characterized the rural population and influenced traditional folk culture which simultaneously incited such preferences. Traditional folk culture was presented from the subjective perspective of its bearers. These bearers, however, often became a subject of topical social trends. The most noticeable developments included various standards ordered by lords, authorities, and the church.
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The economy of rural farms aimed at agrarian production was quite a limited and changeable system in the form in which it emerged during the Middle Ages and the Modern period. Unexpected events, such as wars, basic catastrophes, bad weather, and poor harvests weakened the economic balance and farming for many peasants and could even plunge them into material misery. In bad years, official statements and texts written by rural residents mention the lack of foods and raw materials and increasingly high prices that limited the availability of goods for the less-wealthy inhabitants.
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The spread of traditional folk culture phenomena over a wider area need not be associated only with tangible documents. A similar spread occurred with folklore materials, specifically with ballads – song compositions with a dramatic story and a usually tragic end. These epic, or lyrical and epic, songs narrate a story in brief but with a time sequence and respect for a cause-and-effect relationship. As mentioned by Oldřich Sirovátka (1925–1992), it is not possible to clearly definethe ballad form, as there are a lot of inter-stages between the lyrical song and the ballad: the lyrical song uses epic methods and the ballad uses lyrical means.
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Na začátku považuji za nezbytné připomenout několik důležitých fakt. Podle našich i cizích encyklopedických a jiných příruček žilo ve 20. století v Řecku 95 % Řeků, zbytek tvoří občané makedonské, turecké, albánské, židovské, romské nebo jiné národnosti. Nedlouho po skončení 2. světové války v Evropě v květnu 1945 došlo na jihu Balkánského poloostrova k prvnímu ozbrojenému konfliktu. Levicové a demokraticky orientované síly v Řecku, které sehrály rozhodující úlohu v antifašistickém a národně osvobozeneckém boji, byly pronásledovány členy četných profašisticky, monarchisticky a pravicově orientovaných skupin a spolků. I přes nepříznivou vnitřní a zahraničně politickou situaci se proto na podzim roku 1946 začaly formovat první partyzánské jednotky. Jejich zástupci podepsali dohodu s Národně osvobozeneckou frontou (NOF), jež sdružovala Makedonce z Egejské Makedonie. Řekové i Makedonci však byli zřejmě nedostatečně informováni nebo vůbec nevěděli o jednání W. Churchilla a J. V. Stalina v říjnu 1944 o rozdělení zájmových sfér na Balkáně.
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Study deals with issues of learning process in the sphere of culture and education in correlation with the past as well as present cultural world. Author gets inspired by thinkers such as Hans Georg Gadamer, Michel Foucalt, Paul Ricɶur, Karl Popper. Statement provides an opinion on the epistemology of scientific knowledge, global culture, interpretation methods, as well as the integrative nature of musical pedagogy.
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Oligophrenopedagogy who daily deal with working with people with intellectual disabilities in varying degrees, are looking for an even wider range of methods and techniques that will help them in the therapeutic work. Increasingly, in the circle of their interest in art therapy appears as the art of communication tools gives disabled people in an atmosphere of affirming individuality, originality. In art, there are no solutions only right, success is guaranteed.
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Classes of creative activity are the project of cultural education leading since 5 years by Aleksandrę Drzazgę and Katarzyna Michalską in a public school (gimnazjum, pupils between 13—16) — Gimnazjum nr 1 z Oddziałami Integracyjnymi im. Ks. J. Szafranka in Bytom. Within the framework of the Project, young people have the obligatory classes — 2 hours a week of Education for creativity‑literature, art and media (K. Michalska) and 2 hours a week of Education for creativity‑theatre with some elements of creative thinking training (A. Drzazga).
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Artstic and educational projects undertaken by the international network of art colleges and universities called CROSS‑BORDER NETWORK OF HISTORY AND ARTS. Presentation of the purpose and effects of the project “Forced Migration”, realised in April 2011 in the headquarters of the Krzyżowa Foundation for the European Agreement in Krzyżowa in Lower Silesia.
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The research of ancient history in institutional terms is less represented than other historic periods, which certainly has an impact on the quality and quantity of published papers. We should also bear in mind one specific characteristic of ancient historiography – the difficulty of making a clear distinction between historical and archaeological research of the ancient history of Bosnia and Herzegovina – thus the results of both of these scholarly fields can be observed through the prism of comparability of their themes. A noticeable stagnation in the process of archaeological and historical research is the result of the war of 1992–1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, the recent period witnessed the birth of a significant number of papers addressing topics such as Roman conquests, peregrine communities (civitates peregrinae), municipal units, and Romanization and urbanization of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. We should emphasize that the majority of these papers address the topics from the period of Augustus’s and Tiberius’s reign. The focus is on the study of the position of indigenous communities during the military conflicts with Rome, while the issue of their development following Bellum Batonianum (AD 6–9) is quite neglected. Apart from Slovenian scholar Marjeta Šašel Kos, the first phases of the Roman conquests of the territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina were mostly studied by Croatian scholars – Siniša Bilić-Dujmušić, Danijel Džino, and Marin Zaninović – as part of their wider scope of research during the last two decades. Their research assumes two opposite directions. Firstly, they believe that the conquest of the Adriatic hinterland, i.e. the interior of Illyricum, should be traced through military and political interaction of Rome with individual indigenous communities and polities. Secondly, they believe that the sources are interpreted by tracing the essential political interaction between Rome and the entire regional geopolitical system of Illyricum in order to avoid defining Roman interactions with certain smaller political bodies. In the context of regional historiography regarding Roman conquests, we should single out the papers of already mentioned Danijel Džino. Although his stances frequently part ways with the scholars from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Džino should be acknowledged for making a methodological contribution to the study of the ancient history of Bosnia and Herzegovina through his research.
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In the focus of this paper is the portrayal of Southeastern Europe in Karl Markus Gauß‘ travelogues Die sterbenden Europäer (2001), Die Donau hinab (2009) and Zwanzig Lewa oder tot (2017), in which the author describes in his typical essayistic style his travels through Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and other southeastern European countries and regions. His travelogues thematize the historical and political changes in southeastern Europe since the Second World War concerning the destiny of minorities and current political changes as well as the search for the Danube-Swabian roots of his family.
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Every May 8, European, North American, and many other countries around the world celebrate Victory in Europe Day (known as VE Day). For millions of people living in the West, VE Day has a special meaning, symbolising the historic victory over Nazi Germany and an end to nearly six years of a brutal war. On this day, various celebratory events are held to mark the occasion, including parades, memorial services, and street celebrations.
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This paper argues that the proper origin of Serbian-Albanian hostility had been established in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In the first part, the paper offers examples of positive mutual perceptions between Serbs and Albanians in the oral tradition, early Balkan ethnography and historiography from mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century. It is contended that the appreciation for Albanian heroes found in Serbian/Montenegrin folk oral songs and narratives stems from a similar social background and shared patriarchal values among the two ethnic groups. In the second part, the paper follows the change in their perceptions from the later part of the nineteenth century onwards, influenced by the Eastern Crisis of 1875-1878, formation of the Albanian national movement, weakening of the Ottoman rule and territorial disputes over the present-day Kosovo and Northern Albania. It is argued that these tendencies gradually led to the establishment of Serbian-Albanian hostility, which became cemented on the eve of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. In the last instance, the article focuses on positive examples of Serbian intellectuals who contested such approach and advocates for the re-affirmation of these narratives that emphasize similarities and promote friendship between Serbs and Albanians.
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The article examines the role of the Orientalist and Balkanist discourse in the Former Yugoslavia with a particular focus on Albanians. Here, Western Orientalist and Balkanist stereotypes of the Former Yugoslavia are examined arguing that the Orientalism and Balkanism of peoples living in the Former Yugoslavia is and was viewed differently from Western standards and by the peoples living in the Former Yugoslavia in the way how they perceive each other. In addition, this article analyzes the perceptions of Albanians living in the Former Yugoslavia, both in the sense of how they defined themselves and how they were viewed by the South Slavic majority. Methodologically, the article relies on three seminal works that shall serve as pillars of this theoretical analysis: concepts of Edward Said’s “Orientalism, ”Milica Bakic-Hayden’s theories on “nesting Orientalisms” in the Balkans, and Maria Todorova’s analysis of the external practices of representation of the Balkans.It is argued that these authors provide a useful theoretical framework for exploring the distribution of the Orientalist and Balkanist discourses in Former Yugoslavia.
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This paper focuses on inter-ethnic relations in Kosovo by analysing the process of adoption of two relevant minority-laws in Kosovo: the Law on Historic Centre of Prizren and the Law on the Village of Velika Hoča/ Hoce e Madhe. Using critical frame analysis, the paper examines what is going on during legislative process, what representations are made of the issues on the agenda, beneficiaries of the law and other actors involved in the process. The findings show that even minority favourable legislation can serve as an exclusion mechanism. While legislative framework in Kosovo guarantees full protection of minority rights, political institutions in Kosovo encourage ethnic cleavages and inter-ethnic tensions.
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