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The first part of the article includes advice on how to search for content and images on zoological topics in old books on the example of the collection of early printed books in the Warsaw University Library. It is followed by the summary results of the thematic query conducted in the Early Printed Book department of the Warsaw University Library, as a result of which 90 Polish books containing zoological threads and published between 16th and 18th centuries were selected. The author attempted to organize the publication according to the adopted content and genre division. Then, in short chapters several issues were signalled, which seem worth further scientific deepening. They are, among others: heraldic animals (whose images are also used in so-called stemmata, emblems and superexlibris), star signs and constellations, fantastic creatures, monsters and beasts (which were present in many Renaissance books as zoomorphic ornaments), the characteristics of wild and breeding animals left by 16th century authors, and various contexts in which a zoological thread is present in old herbaria.
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The text analyses the use of dog motifs, Sirius – the “Dog Star” and the dog days of summer in Jan Andrzej Morsztyn’s "Kanikuła" in reference to astrological tradition. It recalls the most important elements of knowledge about Sirius in old culture and describes how they are used by Morsztyn. The author explores the poem Denomination and shows how the poet refers to the impact Sirius has on weather, people and dogs in other poems. Morsztyn shows dogs and the “dog star” in such a way that he blurs the boundaries between astronomical and religious sky, the heaven and the earth, man and animal. He sees dogs more as culture heroes than elements of nature, and he recalls them to create brilliant poetic games in which he half-jokingly testifies to his liking of skepticism, hedonism, sensualism, naturalism and erotism. In "Kanikuła", Sirius becomes a secular, natural deity, representing nature together with biological human desires. Yet, at the same time, he is an element of a literary game, which allows the poet to provoke and manifest scandalous ideas under the cover of play and seemingly not seriously.
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The aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina, by its nature, remains forever written in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina and remembered by the people who suffered it. Painful and negative things are remembered more, especially the dead, wounded, and disabled people, as well as fear, hunger, and thirst. All those who lived through it and suffered it recount and will recount the events of that era for the rest of their lives. No matter how personal the memories are, they are still important, because they bear the mark of a concrete experience, and they have a context. Future scholars will try to objectify it, but they will always lack a context that is impossible to construct even close, let alone completely, later on. Who will imagine that people in Sarajevo first lived in a besieged and blocked city? It was a big prison, and we all know, even without personal experience, what a prison means. Who will be able to comprehend the situation in which numerous citizens for months received 200 grams of rice per week, that they did not eat anything serious for months, that they did not have water, electricity, transportation, telephone, cigarettes? Some said that they could not live with it, nor could they die. Some envied the dead. The Catholic Church and its Caritas and St. Anthony’s Bread tried as much as they could to alleviate the needs of hungry people, including by providing clothes and everything else necessary for life. At the beginning of the war in April 1992, HKD Napredak also registered as a humanitarian society and developed a significant humanitarian activity in addition to cultural and social activities, even though it had just been rebuilt (September 29, 1990). It suffices to say that Napredak organised 80 concerts, 37 exhibitions, several book promotions and various events in Sarajevo alone during the three and a half years of war. “The first musical event was organised by HKD Napredak, which, during the war-time years, took the lead in organising all cultural events in the city.” Moreover, Napredak distributed together with Vrhbosna seminary 403,000 meals, under which auspices it operated and protected. Napredak itself distributed 436 tons of food and medicine worth about two million DEM (= BAM, today 1 million euros). What is important for this context is that it provided a lot of humanitarian aid to members of other nations, at the time when exclusivity was dominant. Many living witnesses can testify to this.
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That more than 800 benefit concerts were held in Zagreb during the First World War bears witness to the care its citizens felt toward the soldiers and their families, especially the invalids and orphans of the war. Fellowship in the Croatian national body was often emphasized with pride, but it was tied to the faithfulness of Croats to the royal crown and the Habsburg dynasty. The total predominance of Croatian national colours along with the royal colours, but the noticeable absence of Hungarian ones, even though the military units, which the people without reservation considered their own, were within the framework of the Hungarian home guards, speaks to the conditions within the lands of the crown of St. Stephen at the time.
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The medieval Bosnian dynasty of Kotromanić, which gave the country most if not all of its bans and kings from the mid-thirteenth century on, established matrimonial relations with several high-ranking families from the kingdom of Hungary-Croatia, Bosnia’s northern and western neighbour. Besides the best-known marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of Ban Stephen II, to the Hungarian-Croatian king Louis I the Great, there were four other marriages between the members of the house of Kotromanić and the nobility of baronial rank from Croatia (Šubić of Bribir, Nelipčić of Cetina), Slavonia (Babonić of Vodica) and the eastern part of the Drava-Sava interamnium (Gorjanski/Garai). This paper aims to shed more light on the remaining and probably the least known case of this kind, i. e. the marriage between Radivoj Ostojić, son of King Ostoja and paternal uncle of the last independent king of Bosnia Stephen Tomašević, and Catherine of the family of Velika (Hung. Velike) from Požega county. Radivoj acted as an anti-king during the rule of King Stephen Tvrtko II (1421-1443) and he also claimed the throne at the beginning of the rule of his own brother Stephen Tomaš (1443-1461), until finally renouncing his royal ambitions in 1446. Since he actively entered the public and political sphere as early as in 1431, it is possible that he had been married to an unknown before 1449 when he got engaged to and expected to marry Catherine of Velika. The marriage was laid down in a contract concluded in that year between himself and Catherine’s father Nicholas. Nicholas and his wife Margaret gave their shares in the family estates of Velika and Petnja (Požega county) to Radivoj “of Vranduk” and his fiancée, while Radivoj gave them in return one half of his castle of Sólyomkő or Sokol (in Bosnia’s northern region of Usora). Nicholas did not belong to baronial elite, his family being only locally significant and, as owners of lands and castles, restricted to the county of Požega. He served as a vice-count in the counties of Baranja and Požega when these were administered by John of Korođ (Kórógy), Ban of Mačva. It is possible that Nicholas came into contact with Bosnia’s aristocracy while assisting John of Korođ in his political missions along the southern borders of the kingdom. In the later part of 1449, Radivoj Ostojić and Nicholas of Velika took under mortgage the castle and estate of Ljevač (county of Vrbas) from the members of the family of Nelepec of Dobra Kuća, a Slavonian branch of the prominent Bosnian family of Hrvatinić. Radivoj and Nicholas loaned 2 000 golden florins in cash and lands to the Nelepec family. In 1455 Nicholas of Velika left all of his possessions to his three daughters including Catherine, wife of Radivoj de castello Zalathnak (he did not appear with this designation anywhere else). The only information about Radivoj’s (and probably Catherine’s) children before the fall of Bosnia comes from the Dubrovnik archives, where an unnamed son (and in one case “sons”) of Radivoj were referred to in 1451, 1454 and 1455. The context of these mentions seems to suggest that he was (or they were) still very young, which would make it probable that Catherine was indeed his/their mother. Radivoj’s children (liberi) are also cursorily mentioned in a privilege granted to Radivoj and his family by Pope Pius II in July 1459. This act coincided with a Bosnian legation visiting the pope at Mantua; it is possible that Radivoj himself took part in he mission, shortly after he and his nephew, king’s son Stephen Tomašević, had surrendered the castle of Smederevo to the Ottomans. An important castle on the Danube, Smederevo was the last territorial remnant of the Serbian Despotate. The castle was acquired by the Kotromanić prince along with his appointment as a new despot of Serbia in March 1459. The succession was approved and supervised by the Hungarian-Croatian king Matthias Corvinus, who soon bitterly regretted it and accused the Bosnians of treason and a deal with the Turks.
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Voting on the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement in the Croatian Sabor marked the beginning of the half-century struggle of Croatian politicians against the Settlement. Only in a small part of the political and general public, especially where the unionist idea had deeper roots (Slavonia being the best example), the Settlement was enthusiastically hailed as the renewal of the ancient union with Hungary. Most of the political public was filled with indignation at the final result of the negotiations, especially the two opposition parties – Strossmayer’s National Party and Starčević’s and Kvaternik’s Party of Rights.
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A new crisis in the Croatian-Hungarian relations broke out in 1883 and resulted in the resignation of Ladislav Pejačević from the post of the Croatian Ban. Like his predecessor Mažuranić, Pejačević clashed with the Hungarian government in Budapest, this time the reason being the imposition of the Hungarian language in the Croatian territory. In the summer of 1883, bilingual Croatian-Hungarian inscriptions were placed at the financial offices in Croatia and Slavonia, and in relation to the Financial Administration in Zagreb provoked anti-Hungarian protests that spread beyond Zagreb, although their echo was weak in Slavonia and Osijek. In the text of the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement, Pejačević saw no basis for bilingual signs to be placed anywhere, not even in public offices, and he refused to give in to Hungarian pressure, preferring to resign on August 24, 1883.
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Among the youngest generation of Croatian emigrants who left Croatia from the mid 1950s onward through academic stipends offered by western countries or by crossing the border illegally there was a liberal-democratic current best expressed after 1958 by the journal Hrvatski bilten, which changed its name in the following year to Nova Hrvatska. The journal was published monthly in London from 1959 until 1974; from 1974 until 1990 it was published bi-weekly. Jakša Kušan was the editor of the journal during the whole of this time. Like other emigrant groups, this group supported national in-dependence for Croatia, but the realization of this ideal – unlike nationalists on the radical right – was proposed from the perspective of liberal values and with the vision of a constitutional democratic state in mind. The journal was interested in themes from national history and the life of Croats under the Communist regime, providing information about current political events in Yugoslavia and Croatia, especially about opposition activities.
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Naprijed, the party organ of the Communist Party of Croatia (KPH), was in practice the executor of cultural politics of the KPH during the early 1950s. Consequently, an analysis of the articles published in this weekly allows one to reconstruct the attitude of the leadership of the KPH to western culture. The liberalization of the early 1950s did not mean that the idea that culture was the implement of creating a socialist society was abandoned, but the focus shifted from prevention of ideological errors to education, deliberation, and dialogue which would lead towards “correct” ideological conclusions. Through a series of comments and reviews of western literature, drama and especially films in Naprijed, an attempt was made to gain an understanding of the prevailing attitude toward western culture, the main evaluative criteria of imported works and the level of ideological flexibility toward their evaluation.
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On the slightly risen and very easily defended northern edge of the hill on which present day city of Udbina is situated, there is the locality named Gradina (▲ 849). This locality is situated on the very top of the rocky uplift under which the Krbava field is divided in two parts. Eastern part leads to Visuć and Kozja Draga, while the second part leads to south towards Kurjak and Komić. Therefore, the Gradina is situated on the location of the excellent control of those parts of Krbava field. This location was inhabited from the prehistoric period, which was confirmed by the results of the archeological excavations on the northern part of the defense wall, and the excavated items are dated in the Iron Age, that is in the period between the 8th and the 5th century BC. This position was also used in the Roman period what can be confirmed by the founding of two cententionals from the 3rd century. The life on this position was continued in the middle of the 14th century, if not even in the end of the 13th century, what still has to be proven by the excavation of the so far intact layer of the first phases of the building of the stronghold of the counts Kurjakovići. The excavations conducted after 2008 were focused on the upper area of the hill (preliminary named “upper city”) with the circular tower of the diameter of 7m (external diameter of 11m). Bellow of this round tower on its western and northern external side the foundation of even older circular tower was found. This older tower was connected with the inner room with smooth daub flooring. The dimensions of the both towers are almost identical, although the older one is slightly smaller. On the northern part of the older tower the remains of the stairs which had lad to tower were found. Furthermore, several excavation probes were open on the northern slope just beside to the remains of the entrance of the outer wall. Near to the inner part of the wall the remains of the burned beams and huge iron axle pins were found. These founding indicate the possibility of the existence of the wooden console and/or the room for guards. Besides the western part of the entrance of the outer wall the carved remains of fi re place were found also. Furthermore, in order to alleviate the hill slope, the shallow staircase was made of compact boulder. The excavated moveable material is very various and it ranges from numerous construction tools as well as axle pins and staples, to the various weapons and military equipment (rifle barrels, lead bullets, stone cannon bullets, spurs…). Finally, the various ceramic, glass and bronze dishes were also founds, and these artefacts are evidence of the civil life in Udbina castle in the period between the 15th and the 17th century.
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Milan Shuflay duket se ka dhënë thelbin e lidhjeve mes shqiptarëve e malazezëve në mesjetë, kur pohonte se “Zeta dhe Shqipëria e veriut përbënin një fytyrë biologjike të veçantë: ishin të lidhura me të njëjtën tokë plastike, me të njëjtin gjak ilir e me të njëjtat peripeci historike”. Në fakt, e gjithë kjo trevë e Ballkanit perëndimor e ka përcjellur në të njëjtën mënyrë momentin kryesor të ndryshimeve të mëdha etnike e kulturore në Ballkan, atë të dyndjeve e të kolonizimit sllav.
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U neposrednoj blizini grada Zadra u Dalmaciji smjestilo se naselje Arbanasi, koje je dobilo naziv po katoličkim Albancima koji su se onamo doselili iz okolice Skadarskoga jezera u prvoj polovini 18. stoljeća. Sve do današnjih dana sačuvali su doseljeni Arbanasi svoje gegijsko narječje, kao i mnoge značajke narodne kulture.
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Është e njohur që pas kryqëzatës (një mijë e dyqind e trenjë mijë e dyqind e katër) sundoi në vendin e Shqipërisë së sotme trubullirë që keqësohej nga kontraditat midis grekëve, sllavëve, anzhuinëve dhe në disa qytete të fuqishme italiane që përbënin një faktor të fuqishëm ekonomik në tokën dhe bregdetin e Ilirisë. Kjo gjëndje që kishte dobësuar akoma më shumë sundimin qëndror të Kostadinopojës lehtësonte për hapjen e popullatës shqiptare drejt jugut.
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Mbretëria Shqiptare, si një ngrehinë shtetërore e hershme dhe e rëndësishme, e shfaqur në pjesën veriore të Azerbajxhanit të sotëm, shtrihej nga Kaukazi i Vogël, në rrjedhën e poshtme të lumenjve Kura dhe Araks, deri në degëzimet verilindore të vargmaleve të Kaukazit të Sipërm. Shqiptarët kaukazianë, sikurse shprehej Straboni, jetonin midis “Iberikëve dhe Detit Kaspik”.
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Die ersten albanischen StudentInnen gingen genau zu jener Zeit nach Österreich-Ungarn, als das Osmanische Reich bemüht war, seine Strukturen nach den großen Aufständen in den albanischen Territorien wieder zu festigen. Diese StudentInnen, die aus patriotischen Familien stammten, fanden in der Habsburgermonarchie, die ihnen Bildung und Kultur vermittelte, einen idealen Nährboden zur Entwicklung patriotischer, kultureller und literarischer Aktivitäten zugunsten der Albanischen Frage. Ihre Tätigkeiten waren anfangs individueller Natur, sowohl innerhalb der albanischen Territorien als auch außerhalb in den albanischen Kolonien.
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Pisanje o sodobnih diasporičnih procesov smotrno pripomore k razumevanju vloge, ki jo ima albanska diaspora v kontekstu albanske družbe in pri opredeljevanju odnosa, ki se oblikuje “tam nekje” med domovino in Albanci po svetu. V pričujočem članku ki je sestavljen nekako iz dveh” pa pol” delov, se povzame rele vantno literaturo o globalni mobilnosti in modernih diasporah. Deloma se članek osredotoča na konkretni primer albanske diaspore, ki je, kot politični subjekt, prišla na kosovsko prizorišče šele s procesom razkosanja albanskega etničnega prostora in po albanskm osamosvajanj na začetku XX. stoletja.
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From one point of view, foreign cultural policy covers a cultural dimension of foreign policy on both bilateral and multilateral levels, and it belongs to the area of traditional diplomatic relations, thematically coming under the area of culture. The very visible means used in this dimension include mostly bilateral agreements on cultural cooperation. From another point of view, foreign cultural policy means cultural diplomacy, which can be seen as a part of public diplomacy and its practice. It is orientated mainly on a foreign public and wants to present the country’s own culture to other states and their public while creating a positive image of the state abroad through cultural activities. Such an image can help to achieve other political priorities precisely via helping to create a positive image and good reputation for the given country on the international scene.
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The essence of this work is dedicated to the Elementary School "25. maj" in the village of DelimeĎ in Tutina, and its concrete reason is the already completed hundred years of work and existence of this school. However, wanting to cover the topic as comprehensively as possible, the author gave the topic itself a broader context. Namely, in addition to the fact that the concrete course of time and the existence of the school itself through space and time, from its foundation to the present day, is dealt with, the paper pays additional attention to the historical context that preceded the school's creation, as well as demographic trends, geographical environment, and living conditions. , peaceful and troubled times, and socio-political events and happenings in the last three centuries. In the paper, the main emphasis is placed on the elementary school in DelimeĎ and the centenary period of its existence. The essence of this work is dedicated to the Elementary School "25. maj" in the village of Delimeđ in Tutina, and its concrete reason is the already completed hundred years of work and existence of this school. However, wanting to cover the topic as comprehensively as possible, the author gave the topic itself a broader context. Namely, in addition to the fact that the concrete course of time and the existence of the school itself through space and time, from its foundation to the present day, is dealt with, the paper pays additional attention to the historical context that preceded the school's creation, as well as demographic trends, geographical environment, and living conditions. , peaceful and troubled times, and socio-political events and happenings in the last three centuries. In the paper, the main emphasis is placed on the elementary school in Delimeđ and the centenary period of its existence.
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