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This article discusses how Russia treats two foreign region initiatives of EU – Northern Dimension and Black Sea Synergy and how it responds to the EU-Russia bilateral relations. These two initiatives have been chosen because both of them directly border Russia and both concern Kremlin’s foreign policy. The problem arises from the fact that European Union sees its outer policy as a tool for development of cooperation and prosperity, whereas Russia wants to dominate or has a right to influence all the processes which are going on at its borders and Kremlin does not want any other huge player appear at its borders. Consequently, such a situation directly influences the bilateral relations between EU and Russia.
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Despite the demise of the Soviet Union, the pattern of strategic partnerships and alignments among post-Soviet states has not changed significantly. Most states still find themselves aligning with Moscow through multilateral frameworks or bilateral agreements. Any significant change will only be accompanied by the abandonment of zero-sum logic and the dispersion of economic and political ties in multiple directions.
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NATO, Moscow resume long-running spat over whether the military alliance is aggressive or not.
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Authors in their article suggest, it that was can divide on two main kinds of activity with terrorism fight: the fight with terrorists as well as the terroristic organizations as well as the liquidating of stepping out causes of terrorism. The joint with international co-operation of states working and the organization in range fighting the terrorism, it can in future contribute to considerable set - back of expansion this dangerous phenomenon even if after this, to the terrorism did not stand the most dangerous “plague XXI in.Authors in their article suggest, it that was can divide on two main kinds of activity with terrorism fight: the fight with terrorists as well as the terroristic organizations as well as the liquidating of stepping out causes of terrorism. The joint with international co-operation of states working and the organization in range fighting the terrorism, it can in future contribute to considerable set - back of expansion this dangerous phenomenon even if after this, to the terrorism did not stand the most dangerous “plague XXI in.”
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We will operate in this article with visions, actions, and alternative strategies for territory around a zone of „Seven Seas – HePtaGonal“, where a new geopolitical players will emerge. the next decades crises and regional wars could erupt and spread under numerous unpredictable scenarios. During the 2030s will China, U.S., India and Russia meet in a zone of „Seven Seas – HePtaGonal“, with the spread of regional wars, using their military, political or intelligence capacity, to try to fight against terrorism or to block regional war expansion.
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The troops, the army, the armed forces - these almost equivalent terms already for thousands of years, are the foundation for the existence and functioning of the state, her armed organization, the strength and preparation, which are decisive for National defense, in the creation and preservation of national security. This article is an attempt to approximate the problems associated with legal norms, concerning the armed forces of the Republic of Poland. In essence, referring to the provisions Constitution of the Republic of Poland, as well as on relevant laws, the article studies the grounds and principles of the functioning of the armed forces in a democratic state.
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With tensions in the Baltic region rising significantly, the debate on Finland and Sweden’s potential NATO membership has also been intensifying as a result first and foremost of the Ukrainian crisis and its international repercussions, although such a Nordic enlargement has in fact been debated since the end of the cold war. The article looks at the potential NATO enlargement through the prism of recent developments, examining the issue from the perspective of the two Nordic countries involved as well as that of the current NATO members. Also reviewed is the potentially hostile response of Russia as the key stakeholder in the process along with strategic military consequences, in particular in the Baltic and Arctic regions, which might be crucial from the Alliance’s perspective. The fundamental question today is whether by enhancing cooperation with NATO Helsinki and Stockholm have already reached the “point of no return” or they still remain flexible in their national security choices.
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The increase in the internet services provided by government brings the risks of cyber attacks. Today, the cyber attacks to the web sites of the government institutions have increased rapidly. In this study, 848 cyber attack records in Zone-H web site have been examined to evaluate the cyber attacks (integrity violations) to Turkish government web sites with ".gov.tr" extensions. The attacks, which were performed, have been analyzed through five different perspectives as attack information by months, information of homepage attacks, information about past attacks, information about servers and information about attackers. According to fake names, messages, and sharing of pictures and videos in Zone-H records, it has been made clear that the cyber attacks have been performed by 131 different hackers or hacker groups from 25 different countries. In addition to this, it has also been seen that 70% of attacks are of Turkey origin and 35% of web sites, which were attacked, had been attacked previously.
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The aim of the article is to compare foreign policy of G. W. Bush jr.and Barack Obama in terms of use of military force. Transition fromground operations to targeted killings is demonstrated on three militaryoperations – Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedomand Operation Inherent Resolve. The shift from bombers to drones hadseveral reasons, mainly changing features of the threat. Authors areasking questions why and how did change the US fight against globalterrorism with respect to military technologies and how is this changereflected in US fight against the threat of Islamic state.
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The article deals with the provisional bridging systems that are being used in the Czech Republic area. The main and mostly deployed bridge sets owned by one of the Czech agencies are covered. Every bridging systems is described, along with the way of construction, deployment and a list of main advantages and disadvantages. An evaluation of contemporary usability of the bridging sets is conducted at the end of the article.
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The monetary reform in Czechoslovakia in 1953 was the culmination of a series of reforms in the countries of the Soviet bloc. It was largely prepared and implemented, in cooperation with the bodies of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and state authorities, by the repressive apparatus controlled by the Ministry of National Security. The apparatus consisted of a non-uniformed secret police known as the State Security Service, a uniformed riot police known as the Public Security Service, the People’s Militia, composed of armed workers dedicated to the Communist Party, and the Border Guard and Interior Guard Services, responsible for surveillance of the state border and important buildings within the country. The leaders of these forces were informed of the planned monetary reform in the evening of 29 May 1953 at a meeting held in Prague, and then they set up their own exchange centres (however, at these centres, money was exchanged under the same conditions as elsewhere). The State Security Service was tasked with the monitoring of the situation among the population – with the help of a network of secret agents. The Public Security Service, supported by the People’s Militia, was mainly responsible for patrolling the streets and monitoring the exchange centres. The whole operation was led by the main officials of the State Security Service, with Public Security Service commanders appointed as their deputies. Communists were concerned about potential local and limited public disorders organized by “class enemies”. Instead, many places saw strikes and work stoppages that locally turned into anti-communist demonstrations. The largest protests took place in Pilsen and Ostrava, where the local Security Services and the party apparatus failed to suppress them, and the crisis was not stopped until the arrival of reinforcements from other regions, including troops of the Czechoslovak Army. The initiators and main participants were tried, and even more people were punished out of court (transferring to heavier and less paid jobs, pay cuts, expelling students and teachers from schools or preventing students from studying, dismissals, evictions, etc.). Protests accompanying the monetary reform and developments in neighbouring countries drew the attention of the communist leadership to the possibility of large-scale unrest, or even an armed uprising. The monetary reform helped to overcome economic problems of the regime in the early 1950s, and Czechoslovakia was spared major effects of the crisis of the communist system in 1956, which, however, resulted in more significant problems linked to the deteriorating economic situation in the 1960s.
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Democracy is a model of government by which the state government derives from the people. The word “democracy” derives from Antic Greek words demos – meaning “people” and kratos – meaning “governing”. Idea of democracy has derived in ancient Greece and by its original meaning it meant governing of poor people. This idea took roots from equal right for citizens to talk freely in the parliament (isego- ria) and their equality in the eye of law (isonomia). These two kinds of equality derived from individual autonomy of individuals, that is, from the individuals’ independence and self-determination. In addition, true democracy creates preconditions for security of the citizens, although their security is a very complex and complicated social phenomenon. Along with existence of security as a true human value, need and interest, in democratic states there also exists freedom as a highest ideal and universal pointer in contemporary development of humankind. The freedom, comprehended in such way, since the time of antic Greece, implies a political right of the citizens to decide on public issues and, in this way, on the issues concerning the field of security, too. Therefore, freedom and security are products (achievements) of true democracy. Taking into consideration that true democracy has not been functioning in practice, the security as one status and process has been under the jurisdiction of the state and its government being the product of democratic election.
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The paper deals with the principle of legality during putting in practice of Military police support to allied armed forces in the Host Nation Support operation on the Czech Republic territory. Security of sending nation armed forces weaknesses have been identified on the base of analysis of the issue current state supplemented by the legal framework assessment. Suggestions, for expert discussion of Military Police authority change, are in the last chapter.
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The companies producing the military equipment and the weapons are generally classified asthe most modern and most innovative companies in the world. Quite often used in these enterprisesinnovative organizational and technical solutions, in particular new technology, are later adapted forthe production not related to the defense. The article is an attempt to assess the level of innovationof the Polish defense industry. The first chapter discusses the level of innovation in the defense industries in other countries, particularly the United States. In the second, there is a comparison between the level of national innovation industry to other countries. Additionally, the main constraints to the development of innovation were mentioned and the author identifies prerequisites that must be achieved to improve the situation in Poland. The main conclusion – despite the major difficulties in the last 25 years, many Polish companies have not lost the ability in product development. However, the basic elements which should occur to ameliorate the situation in terms of innovation are: higher specialization of industry, the continuity of orders for equipment and armament Polish Ministry of National Defence, promotion at government level, Polish production on foreign markets supportedby financing instruments for the recipients, funding of research programs with a realistic chance of implementation to production, purchase and export by the Ministry of Defence. The article was written based on interviews conducted in the years 2013–2015 with Chief Executive Officers of defense industry companies in Poland and the experts in this subject as well as other published and unpublished materials.
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At the beginning of June 2017 Montenegro has become a full member of the NATO alliance. This decision was preceded by a perennial debate about the pros and cons of such a decision that took place in the framework of the political structures, civil society, the academic community and other segments of the Montenegrin public. The public debate about the impact of the membership on the future of Montenegro took place between the two extremes in the public discourse. On one side, there was a substantiated and warranted debate between those who affirmed this decision and those who opposed it. However, to a large extent, this debate has remained in the shadow of the so-called negative campaign that was followed by a strong populist rhetoric, which has a tray in every way to challenge the arguments of the other side. This negative campaign, which presents itself on both sides, instead of using the arguments and facts, they try to gain the support by reviving the traditional historical narrative of state friends and enemies, traitors and patriots. Rather than using reasonable, logical and practical solutions, both sides in the debate played their cards on emotions and attachment of citizens that affiliate themselves to certain ideological or political programs. We estimated that it is very important to determine the effect of such campaigns on a portion of the student population in order to determine the perception of these categories of Montenegrin citizens. We analysed the perception and attitudes of young people through a questionnaire, which in the period from 1 to 15 May 2017, was filled in by 206 students of the University of Montenegro, mostly from the departments of Social Sciences. Of the total respondents, 19% of the students were from the Faculty of Law, 18% of the Political Sciences, 16% of the economy, 5% from the Faculty of Sciences, 14% from the Department of English, 13% of students of History, 9% Psychology and 6% of students from the Department of Teachers.
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In this article, the authors aimed at induce to reflection some reflections concerning some strategic and development challenges that Poland should deal with. The issues disused in this paper concern safety, administration, welfare state and public finance. Many aspects discussed seem to be current topics, especially discussion around companies of the state treasury.Many questions appear, among them: to what extent the state interference is in the development and citizens favor, and what steps are slowing the economy down in and is limiting civil liberties.
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During the Arab Spring Revolution, when the protests against the Syrian government began in 2011, Russia was one of the strongest backers of President Bashar al-Assad’s regime, backing its right to use force if necessary to prevent or put down an uprising. Currently, the Russian Federation is the power which has most prominently provided a diplomatic shield for the Syrian state and bolstered it with arms supplies, although Moscow talks about the need to “balance” between the warring parties in Syria. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the motives of the foreign and security policy of the Russian Federation in support of Syrian President Bashar Assad in the background of Russian interests and influence of norms. At the theoretical level, the paper builds upon a combination of conventional constructivism and rationalism approaches, which in relation to the motives of Russian protection and defense of the ruling regime in Syria reflects a number of fundamental knowledge.
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Strategy and strategic management represent managerial concepts which, along with others (politics, tactics, strategic alliances), are part of the increasingly evident common language of managers and performers, of specialists in management and enterprising managers which require advising in organization management domain.
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