USTAV BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

Author(s): Goran Marković / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine ima karakter oktroisanog ustava, pošto ga nije donijela neka domaća institucija, nego je stupio na snagu kao aneks (dodatak) jednog međunarodnog sporazuma. Pripada kategoriji pisanih, kodifikovanih, čvrstih i kratkih ustava. Sastoji se od malog broja dugih članova, koji obrađuju ustavnu materiju nepotpuno, donekle neprecizno, prozno i esejistički. Strukturu Ustava čine preambula, normativni dio i dva aneksa. Preambula je kratka i sadrži osnovne principe na kojima počiva ustavno uređenje Bosne i Hercegovine. Normativni dio se sastoji od dvanaest članova, kojima se manje-više cjelovito uređuju pojedini segmenti ustavne materije. Prvi aneks Ustava sadrži spisak međunarodnih akata o ljudskim pravima i slobodama koji se primjenjuju u Bosni i Hercegovini, a drugi sadrži tematski različite odredbe. Ustav dosad nije revidiran primjenom amandmanske tehnike, nego odlukama visokog predstavnika, Parlamentarne skupštine i sporazumima entiteta o prenosu nadležnosti.

Evropska unija: pravni okvir i mehanizmi za rodnu ravnopravnost

Author(s): Adrijana Hanušić-Bećirović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Evropska unija funkcioniše na principu vladavine prava tako da su sve njene radnje utemeljene na ugovorima na čiji sadržaj su dobrovoljno i demokratskim putem pristale sve države članice EU. Pravni instrumenti Evropske unije (EU) su podijeljeni u dvije grupe. Prvu grupu čini takozvano primarno zakonodavstvo EU – osnivački ugovori; Ugovor o Evropskoj uniji (UEU), poznat i kao Ugovor iz Mastrihta iz 1992. godine, Ugovor o funkcioniranju Evropske unije (UFEU) te Povelja EU o temeljnim pravima. Obaveze iz ugovora jesu postavile temelje za EU politike rodne ravnopravnosti i imaju posebnu težinu. One su provodive od strane država članica, EU institucija, kao i – zahvaljujući doktrini o njihovom direktnom efektu – od samih građana EU pred domaćim sudovima. Sekundarne izvore prava čine pravilnici/uredbe, odluke, preporuke, mišljenja te uputstva/direktive, koje su obavezujuće u smislu rezultata. To znači da su države u postizanju definisanih ciljeva slobodne da odluče o najboljem načinu njihove implementacije (čl. 288 UFEU).

Institucionalni mehanizmi i javne politike za rodnu ravnopravnost

Author(s): Adnan Kadribašić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Postojanje institucionalnih mehanizama za ravnopravnost spolova se smatra bitnom pretpostavkom za ukidanje diskriminacije na osnovu spola/roda i ostvarivanje ciljeva rodne ravnopravnosti. Potreba za uspostavljanjem institucija koje će se specifično baviti ovim pitanjima je prepoznata i istaknuta tokom Četvrte svjetske konferencije o ženama 1995. godine u Pekingu (vidi rad II.1 Ujedinjene nacije autora Damira Banovića). Zaključci ove konferencije su sadržani u Pekinškoj deklaraciji i Platformi za akciju kada je zaključeno da vlade imaju primarnu odgovornost za sprovedbu Platforme za akciju te da bi mehanizmi i institucije za unapređenje položaja žena trebali sudjelovati u formuliranju javne politike i poticati sprovedbu Platforme ali i djelovati kao katalizator u razvoju novih programa (Platforma za akciju, 1995, Glava V-A). Komitet za eliminaciju diskriminacije žena Ujedinjenih naroda (Opća preporuka br. 28, 2010) preporučuje postojanje ovih institucija kao jednu od osnovnih pretpostavki za sprovođenje člana 2. CEDAW konvencije.

Rodna analiza

Author(s): Jelena Milinović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Postizanje rodne ravnopravnosti kao ljudskog prava propisano je ustavima i zakonima o ravnopravnosti polova/rodnoj ravnopravnosti, antidiskriminacionim zakonodavstvom i cijelim nizom međunarodnih instrumenata ljudskih prava koje smo obavezni poštovati i primjenjivati. Odredbe kojima se štiti ravnopravnost i zabranjuje diskriminacija po osnovu pola/roda dio su i sistemskih i drugih propisa u različitim oblastima, od zakona, podzakonskih i drugih akata, pa sve do strateških i planskih dokumenata, odnosno javnih politika. U čemu je onda problem, pitamo se. Zašto ove deklarativne odredbe u zakonima ne znače odmah i njihovu primjenu u stvarnosti? Zbog čega i dalje postoje izražene rodne neravnopravnosti, pa čak i diskriminacija i nasilje kao ekstremni oblik diskriminacije? Zašto određene mjere vlasti imaju različite učinke na različite društvene grupe muškaraca i žena? Zašto naoko neutralne norme imaju nejednake efekte, iako nejednakost ili čak diskriminacija nisu uopšte bili namjera zakonodavca ili donosioca neke mjere? Zbog čega „ne vidimo“, odnosno odbijamo da vidimo da rodne nejednakosti postoje i da je njihovo uporno opstajanje zapravo legitimisana nejednakost u moći, podjeli rada i pristupu resursima?

Ljudska prava u kontekstu političkog sistema

Author(s): Andrea Zubović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

ljudska prava se temelje na pojmu urođenog dostojanstva svih ljudskih bića. Univerzalna su, neotuđiva, nedjeljiva i međuovisna. U Bosni i Hercegovini ljudska prava se štite na nivou države, kao i na nivou entiteta. Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine, te ustavi entiteta, na specifičan način štite ljudska prava, kroz direktnu primjenu Evropske konvencije o zaštiti ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda.

Program REFIT, inteligentna regulacja i nowe dyrektywy w sprawach zamówień publicznych

Author(s): Olgierd Lissowski,Jakub Ławniczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Biurokracja europejska i ekspansja regulacji europejskich jest uważana za jedną z głównych przyczyn narastającej fali eurosceptycyzmu. W odpowiedzi na te wyzwania Komisja Europejska zapoczątkowała wiele działań, m.in. Program sprawności i wydajności regulacyjnej REFIT (Regulatory Fitness and Performance Programme) i Program inteligentnej regulacji (Smart Regulation). W programie REFIT Komisja podjęła zobowiązanie do tworzenia prostych, jasnych i przewidywalnych ram regulacyjnych dla biznesu, pracowników i obywateli. Ma to być osiągnięte poprzez: ograniczenie biurokracji, usuwanie zbędnych obciążeń administracyjnych, uproszczenie i poprawę projektowania i jakości ustawodawstwa, tak aby cele polityczne i korzyści dla Unii Europejskiej były osiągane po najniższym koszcie i z minimalnym obciążeniem administracyjnym, z poszanowaniem zasad traktatowych, a w szczególności pomocniczości i proporcjonalności. Program REFIT zakłada dokonywanie przeglądu całości ustawodawstwa unijnego w sposób systematyczny i postępujący w celu identyfikacji obciążeń, niespójności, nieefektywnych środków oraz w razie potrzeby podjęcia odpowiednich korekt. Autorzy opisują i oceniają tego rodzaju inicjatywy i przedsięwzięcia.

ALBANIA: Radicalization and the Governance of Islam in Albania

Author(s): Arjan Dyrmishi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

With some hundred or more Albanian citizens having now joined the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), radicalization has become a salient issue in both policy and scholarly domains in Albania. Given the Albanian tradition of religious tolerance and moderation, the quest to understand and explain the foreign fighter phenomenon has sparked extensive debate – in media, among the public, and within academia. Explanations for this trend have focused mainly on the socioeconomic factors affecting certain local communities and individuals, and on the failure of state institutions in some sectors, including in security, intelligence, and education. In general, academic researchers and pundits alike argue in favor of a more robust response by the government. [...]

Наставни садржаји који могу угрозити слободу вере

Author(s): Nenad Tupeša / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

In this paper, the author analyzes the impossibility of coexistence of educational contents that are contradictory to one another. The author tries to point at the problem of opposites that originates in the phenomenon of contemporary existence of religious education as an optional subject in the school system of Republic of Srpska and an attempt to introduce new educational content entitled “Sexual education” as an optional subject in high schools in Serbia. According to the Article 40 of the Law on Churches and Religious Associations, “the right to deliver religious education in civil and private elementary and high schools is guaranteed by the law”, which results from the Article 1 of the same Law (Official Gazette of Republic of Srpska, No. 36/2006). The author wants to point at the danger of introducing the subject “Sexual education” in schools, which is in collision with the aforementioned Law, which may endanger the principal moral values of the traditional Churches and religious associations, as well as to cause a negative critique by the society. The rush toward the European way of integrations, which, in the words of professor Panov, demands the sacrifice of real and original moral values for the sake of the propagated moral suspension, is actually a wrong path that has “Sexual education” or, as they named it in the pilot project, “Reproductive health education” as one of its many small stops.

Seznam zdrojů

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

English Summary

Author(s): Hubert Smekal,Ivo Pospíšil / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this final chapter, we briefly summarise the main points raised in the preceding chapters, in order to locate overlaps and common insights. Readers accustomed to turning to the Conclusion right away, pondering subsequently whether it makes sense to read the whole volume, therefore face a much easier task. All contributions are recapitulated here, and we leave it to the reader whether to delve deeper. The book consists basically of two main parts: The first one includes chapters covering the issue of conflict between law and politics on the domestic level, while the second one is concerned with the international realm. As regards the former, our contributors predominantly deal with the problem of legitimacy of the kind of judicial activity whose impact extends well beyond mere passing decisions on individual legal cases; in particular, they focus on the activity of the Czech Constitutional Court.

Društveno-istorijski kontekst opstojnosti i razvoja države Bosne i Hercegovine u postdejtonskom vremenu

Author(s): Mirko Pejanović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

In the approach to constitutional reforms it is necessary to assure their gradual nature. In this context, in the framework of constitutional reform, the position of the institutions of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina would be changed in the first phase, as proposed by the 2006 “April package” of amendments. This phase of constitutional reform can be implemented within the framework of negotiations on Bosnia and Herzegovina’s membership in the European Union, during the opening of the negotiation chapters. However, certainty of the process of constitutional change depends mostly on the geopolitical circumstances and geopolitical influence of the International Community, and in this context, especially the countries that are members of the Steering Board for the Peace Implementation Council responsible for the implementation of the Dayton Peace Agreement. A geopolitical framework established through the agreement of the world’s leading peace-building powers in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the basis of the Dayton Peace Agreement is necessary for change of the internal territorial organization, based on a two-entity structure. It is quite certain that a change in the internal territorial organization of Bosnia and Herzegovina will be possible at a time when Bosnia and Herzegovina finalizes the process of integration into Euro-Atlantic institutions. In its gradual nature, the second phase of constitutional change will encompass the change in the territorial internal organization of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This change will aim to abolish the ethnic territorialization derived from the two-entity model. The Republika Srpska entity is ethnically homogenized because 85% of the population is Serb. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is ethnically homogenized in five cantons with a majority of Bosniak people and three cantons with a majority of Croat people. This second phase of constitutional change will await for the time when Bosnia and Herzegovina is a member of the European Union and NATO. No more than three levels of government will then be able to be funded. Currently, the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina are financing: local government, cantonal government, entity and state government.

Правна сила на решенията на Конституционния съд, постановени по спорове за конституционност на политически партии, образувани на верска основа

Author(s): Radoslava Yankulova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Article 11, paragraph 4 of the Bulgarian Constitution forbids the formation of political parties on ethnic, racial or religious basis. The purpose of this norm is not to allow the formation and the functioning of political parties whose members belong to specific ethnic, racial or religious group and therefore are not accessible to people outside this group. The state organ with the task of monitoring the compliance of the existing political parties with art.11, par.4 of the Constitution, is the Constitutional Court that is competent to rule on challenges concerning the constitutionality of political parties and associations. Constitutional court decisions, including those rendered on disputes on the constitutionality of political parties, formed on religious basis, has formal and material res judicata effect. But when the Constitutional court reviews the constitutionality of a political party it acts not only as a “court of norms” but also as a “court of facts”. So the main question is whether and to what extent art. 21, par. 5 of the Constitutional court act, forbidding the filing of further motions when the Constitutional court has already rendered a decision on the same subject, is applicable to disputes concerning the constitutionality of political parties. According to the author in such cases the res judicata effect comprises only those facts that are present and known to the court at the moment of rendering its decision. Consequently, there is no obstacle to file a motion, based on new facts, that were non-existent at the moment of rendering the previous decision. Otherwise, it would mean that once the constitutionality of a certain political party has been reviewed by the Constitutional court this same party is forever immuned from the threat of being proclaimed unconstitutional.

CULEGEREA INFORMAȚIILOR DIN MEDIUL ONLINE ȘI ROLUL SĂU ÎN ASIGURAREA SECURITĂȚII

Author(s): Cătălina-Gabriela CUREA / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Nowadays, social media represents the place where all the activities of an individual take place (from opinions about an event, musical preferences, intentions, public debates to passions), he presents and transpose his life from the real world to the virtual one. At the same time, social media is a threat to security, being a method by which terrorist activities, riots, abuses are organized and coordinated. In order to understand the new security environment and to respond to the challenges, the intelligence services introduced the concept of Social Media Intelligence, through which they can understand and prevent events, can analyze the mood of the society and its preferences.

Sudski procesi protiv katoličkih svećenika u Osijeku 1945.–1947. godine

Author(s): Slađana Josipović Batorek / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This work reviews the judicial process directed against Catholic priests in Osijek in the period immediately following the Second World War. The main characteristics of Church-State relations at the time of these trials is described in the introductory part of this article, and a short review of criminal law in postwar Yugoslavia is provided, which was the legal basis by which the regime carried out its revenge against people who did not share its political views. In the next part of the work the author presents six individual cases substantiated by available archival documents, of which the authentic transcripts of the court are particularly interesting.

Urážka prezidenta republiky po roce 1945 až do současnosti

Author(s): Pavel Vetešník / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The article deals with the definition of the legal regulation of insult of the President of the Republic and its punishment in the territory of the Czech Republic after 1945 up to the present. Due to the fact that such a definition has not always been made exclusively by legislation of a criminal law nature, the contribution will also focus on legislation of an administrative and private nature. During the elaboration of the contribution, mainly explanatory memoranda to the laws that introduced, changed or deleted the legal regulation of insulting the President of the Republic will be drawn. Periodical comments explaining the individual starting points of these legal regulations and related case law will also be a necessary helper. This will show an overall view of the legal regulation of insults of the President of the Republic in the period under review.

Dr. Korbuly Pál, sudca štátneho súdu v Bratislave

Author(s): František Neupauer / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The history of law indeed refers to persons handing down judgments and often offers interesting stories, such as the story of a judge working under various political regimes Dr. Pavel Korbuly (1906–1970). On May 4, 1934, Korbuly was appointed a single judge in criminal matters, after 1948 he became an instrument of justice under the communist regime and was one of the most active judges of the State Court in Bratislava. Prior to the Vienna Arbitration, he was a judge in the Czechoslovak Republic, then in Hungary, and after 1948 he was one of the judges who tried and sentenced victims of the communist regime (more than 500 people) in Slovakia. By the same communist regime, however, Korbuly was later prosecuted due to his active support of the anti-communist uprising in Hungary in 1956. Unlike others, he was one of the judges who had realized their responsibility for convicting the innocent and committed public repentance. From this perspective, his life story is unique in Central Europe as well as worldwide.

Rekodifikácia trestného zákona v kontexte trestných činov proti republike

Author(s): Eva Balážová,Jaroslav Ivor,Marta Hlaváčová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The issue of the legal regulation of criminal offenses against the republic is interesting and concise, as it points to the importance of protection and security of the societal interests of the Slovak Republic. Defining the individual facts of crimes against the republic ensures protection against crimes that may threaten the very democratic establishment of the republic, its sovereignty, security, defense, as well as its territorial integrity. In the Slovak Republic, the area of crimes against the republic has undergone several changes, in particular the recodification of criminal law. The main crimes related to the ideology and organization of the socialist state were changed after 1989. The basis of the recodification changed the system of the Criminal Code, which expressed a change in the priority of protection of basic human rights and freedoms of individuals over the interests of the state. This change points out the position of the values of the citizens of the Slovak Republic in today’s modern state and at the same time regulates the obligations that the citizen of the whole society has.

За някои особености в администрацията на министъра на културата

Author(s): Stefan Radev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In the present work, the reader's attention is again directed to the distinction between a state body and its administration and, in particular, the Minister of Culture from the Ministry of Culture. The administrations under the Minister of Culture and the administration of the Ministry itself are also examined, paying attention to the general and special administration.

Права на интелектуална собственост при фотографиране на сценични изпълнения на артисти

Author(s): Lilia Yotova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Photographers and artists are creators, representatives of two creative industries that create products subject of artistic property. The first are the owners of copyrights of the photographic works, and the second are the owners of the related rights of their own performances. The two categories of artists interact and work together. What intellectual property rights arise in the process of photographing of a stage performance, who owns these rights and how are they managed? What contracts and agreements are concluded between them and are the photographers and the artists equal partners?

Democracy and Natural Law

Author(s): Mircea V. Duca / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Democracy represents the engine of societal evolution from an economic and legal standpoint but with a profound impact on the psycho-emotional relationships between individuals engaged in the mechanisms of communal life. Inherent to human beings is only natural right, that ensemble of harmoniously related and innate principles to man, a system that finds its origin in the a priori space of ontological nature. The majority of constitutions pertaining to free states affirm democracy as the sole instrument capable of providing citizens with freedom of conscience, expression, opinion, and last but not least, the decency of life as the primary condition for lifelong education and cultural refinement. This article explores the intricate relationship between democracy, natural law, moral consciousness, and individual autonomy, emphasizing their interconnected roles in developing a just and equitable society.