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Was geht in den Köpfen der herrschenden Bürokraten vor? Warum handeln Sie so und nicht anders? Gibt es eine Typologie, in die sie — nach dem Motto »Die guten ins Töpfchen, die schlechten an die Macht« — einordenbar sind? Diese Fragen versucht Jaroslav Suk im folgenden Beitrag zu beantworten. Suk war 1968 aktives Mitglied der »Bewegung der revolutionären Jugend« [vgl. gegenstimmen 7 182], wofür er zwei Jahre im Gefängnis saß. Später gehörte er zu den Mitinitiatoren der Charta 77 und des VONS. Unausgesetzte Schikanen und Drohungen gegen ihn und seine Familie zwangen ihn zur Emigration. Seit April 1981 lebt er in Uppsala im schwedischen Exil.
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Review of: Veljko Micunovic: Moskauer Tagebücher 1956-1958. Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Wolfgang Höpken. Klett Cotta, Stuttgart 1982, 550 Seiten, öS 523.-/DM 69.- Janusz Głowacki: Ich kann nicht klagen. Unionsverlag, Zürich 1983, 153 Seiten, öS 188.50/DM 24.80 Reinhard Henkys (Hg.): Die evangelischen Kirchen in der DDR. Beiträge zu einer Bestandsaufnahme. Chr. Kaiser Verlag, München 1982, 483 Seiten, öS 243.20/DM 32.- Rainer Bauböck - W. Brus/P. Kende/ Z. Młynar: »Normalisierungsprozesse « Im sowjetisierten Mitteleuropa. Ungarn, Tschechoslowakei, Polen. Forschungsprojekt Krisen in den Systemen sowjetischen Typs, Studie Nr. 1, 56 Seiten, 1983. Bestellungen an: Dr. Zdenek Młynar, Porschestraße 21-23/25, A-1232 Wien Nikos Chilas - Georg Brunner (Hg): Ausgewählte Beiträge zum 2. Weltkongreß für Sowjets und Osteuropastudien. Berlin Verlag 1982. Band I: Grundrechte und Rechtssicherheit im sowjetischen Machtbereich. 139 Seiten, öS 182.40/DM 24.-. Band II: Politische Kultur, Nationalitäten und Dissidenten in der Sowjetunion. 157 Seiten, öS 182.40/DM 24.- Jiri Grusa (Hg): Verfemte Dichter. Eine Anthologie aus der CSSR. Bund-Verlag, Köln 1983, 189 Seiten, öS 212.80/DM 28.- F. Golczewski/W. Reschka: Gegenwartsgesellschaften. Polen. B.G. Teubner, Studienskripten, Stuttgart 1982, 386 Seiten Walter Feichtner/Bernhard Seyr: Sowjetunion. Band 1: Geschichte, Geographie und Wirtschaft. C.H.Beck, München 1981, 208 Seiten, öS 150.50/ DM 19.80 Walter Feichtner/Bernhard Seyr: Sowjetunion. Band 2: Staat, Gesellschaft und Kultur. C.H.Beck, München 1982, 192 Seiten, öS 167.20/DM 22.-
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The multifaceted nature of political participation has led to various ways of measuring it. This, in turn, has led to conflicting outcomes (even when applied to the same problem) in the research field. What are the contemporary challenges of measuring political participation? The main objective of this paper is to identify current challenges of measuring political participation that are common in the existing literature and empirical findings. This review paper examines different methods of measuring both online and offline political participation and shows current problems that are crucial to deal with methodological challenges in the emerging era of Web 3.0. Drawing from a careful analysis of 86 published (2012–2019) empirical research on new media and political participation, the present study finds that self-reported measures, different question-wordings, misuse of Likert scales and time frames, and the lack of clear concept of political participation are current problems of measuring political participation. In so doing, it contributes to research on political participation (1) attempting to gather various measurements and their common problems as well as (2) urging the importance of these challenges.
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Dieser Sammelband widmet sich den tschechoslowakisch-österreichischen Beziehungen im 20. Jahrhundert. Formal ist es – zumindest zwischen Ende 1918 und der Auflösung der CSFR mit 1. Jänner 1993 – diese Beziehungen als solche zwischen zwei wesentlichen Polen, zwischen Wien und Prag zu schreiben. Wie der Titel dieses Beitrages bereits andeutet wäre das aber wesentlich zu kurz gegriffen. Die Beziehungen zwischen Österreich und der Slowakei im 20. Jahrhundert sind nicht nur jene zu einem Teil der Tschechoslowakei der manchmal mehr, manch-mal weniger politische Eigenständigkeit genoss. Diese Beziehungen haben ihre eigene Qualität und Geschichte und diese Spezifika erklären sich aus verschiedenen Quellen: Dazu gehört die unterschiedliche Geschichte des westlichen Landesteils vor 1918 ebenso wie die sich auch daraus ergebenden unterschiedlichen Konflikt- und Berührungspunkte während des ganzen 20. Jahrhunderts. Diese Unterschiede sind während des Bestandes der tschechoslowakischen Republik nie ganz verschwunden, auch wenn sie über die Jahrzehnte höchst unterschiedliche Wirkmächtigkeit erreichten. Die Tschechoslowakei ist einer jener Fälle, in denen ältere historische Zusammenhänge von den Zeitgenossen bereits als überwunden und für das weitere politische Schicksal als irrelevant empfunden wurden. Die Geschichte hat das Gegenteil bewiesen.
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The moment of February 24, 2022, was the one that closed even the last gate of dialogue between Russia and NATO. Although major security organizations had made huge efforts to prevent these actions of Russia, the state did not heed, continuing with its ambitious plans. After the end of the Cold War, the relations between Russia and NATO seemed to be stabilizing, and there was even collaboration in some areas. Even so, there was always a trace of mistrust, each side fearing the other's intentions. Russia, on the one hand, sees NATO as a threat to its own security as a result of the bloc's expansion, and NATO considers the Russian state the main danger to its member states, given the conflict Russia has triggered and is carrying on, despite all the naysayers and the accusations against it.
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Review of: Wohnout, Helmut – Guiotto, Maddalena (ed.): Italien und Österreich im Mitteleuropa der Zwischenkriegszeit. Italia e Austria nella Mitteleuropa tra le due guerre mondiali, Böhlau Verlag. Wien – Köln – Weimar 2018, (Schriftenreihe des Österreichischen Historischen Instituts in Rom, Band 2), 517 s.
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Nowadays, warfare is characterized by a huge intensity of fight, large investment in military technology that led to new ways of combat and increased its visibility. While the changing strategic, social and cultural features of this environment have forced governments and armies to add new fight strategies including public diplomacy, the public diplomacy itself transformed. Therefore, this article reviews current research in this field and presents a theoretical approach of the actual war. In this regard, the topic discussed is the battle between the Ukrainian and Russian military for image and legitimacy in the international public opinion. In the information age in which we live, the activities and capabilities of public diplomacy can have a significant impact on how people, organizations, and governments perceive this war. The purpose of the article is to examine the management of public diplomacy in the case of both actors involved in this war.
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The historical context is not the only one to consider when assessing maritime security today, but it is a context that offers an ability to assess long-term significance. This context can be approached in a number of ways, not least the rise and fall of maritime empires and its analytical value when considering China and America.
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Agriculture is a vital activity that plays a key role in the food security of the population, has an impact on regional and local ecosystems and is a tool for the economic development of every country. Accession to the European Union had a serious impact on the agricultural performance of the accessing countries, and had an effect on the fluctuation of agricultural employees. The proportion of the population living in rural areas is also declining in Romania, Hungary and the European Union, as the primary source of subsistence in rural areas is agriculture, which is a less attractive alternative to the more competitive sectors provided by urban areas. As a result of the above mentioned processes, the structure of agricultural workforce is constantly changing and deteriorating, and for the young generation, agriculture and rural life are not a viable alternative for the future. An aging tendency can be observed for the agricultural workforce. The aim of the presented study is to examine and present the situation of the agricultural workforce in Romania and Hungary, the transformation of its structure in recent years, especially in the years following the EU accession, and to draw some important conclusions, which include the most important past trends and also provide future perspectives and suggestions in relation to the topic under study.
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The review article aims to know the reality of the rural sector of one of the essential productive territories of Ecuador. Manabi province is in the center of the country's coastal area on the most relevant part of the South American continent over the Pacific Ocean. It is in a strategic position for trade and agro productive activities. The document will analyze the three dimensions (social, ecological, and economic) in which the rural development of the territories is focused and compare the region described with the Hungarian rural economy. Additionally, it will identify some similarities and differences in the rural sector, particularly the strong relationship between the agricultural activities and the situation of the farmers in this context. This case study serves as an instrument of analysis of a settlement within which rural development works at a general level. Also, it will contemplate a series of statistical information that evidence the territorial reality of the regions that can determine future sustainable rural development strategies.
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Gun violence has been a prevalent phenomenon in the United States for decades. The article investigates the extent to which the reality in the Midwestern states reflects empirical assumptions regarding the impact of gun laws on firearm mortality rates. It proceeds according to a coherent framework constructed from synthesized scholarly findings. Based on the conducted comparative analysis of five Midwestern states, selected according to the Most Similar Systems Design (MSSD) approach, the findings indicate that while firearm suicides operated as predicted, firearm homicides failed the empirical assumptions as the state with the most robust gun laws fell remarkably behind others. The article concludes that implementing alternative measures addressing the availability of guns and development programs in disadvantaged communities, alongside traditional gun laws, may help decrease firearm homicides in American states.
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Every historical epoch provides valuable insights into how we might utilize the Danube River as a means of connecting and integrating different parts of Europe. By examining the historical evolution of the Danube, from a socio-political perspective, this article looks at the ways the river may be used for projecting power in the riparian countries that the Danube traverses. Investigating the way regional powers have used the Danube during World War I, World War II and the Cold War allows us to consider a strategy for developing the river into a defense and economic platform that ensures stability for the region. The conclusions focus on the opportunities set forth by the contemporary war in Ukraine for growing the Danube’s political power and drawing a strategy that contributes to European stability.
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During the last financial crises, foreign direct investment have shown an important financial resilience comparatively to other category of capital flows, in particular, foreign portfolio flows. For this reason the object of this study is to verify if foreign direct investment favours financial stability in the Mediterranean countries which know not only a great political and geography diversity, but also a different financial development of their financial systems. Evaluated by crisis indicators extracted from the economic literature, financial instability in the Mediterranean countries was clear from the existence of exchange market pressure and of the vulnerability of their banking systems. Moreover, the conduct of a descriptive analysis of the relation between foreign direct investment in its different dimensions (stability versus volatility, the degree of substitution to indebtedness) and the crisis index reveals that financial stability is largely favoured by an important stability of foreign direct investment and by its important replacement effect. This result is greatly confirmed by econometric analysis thinks to the estimation of a pooled panel data on a sample of Mediterranean countries in the period (1990-2006).
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This paper offers an overview of the cooperation between the European Union and Russia in the energy sector. The European Union has been dependent on the imports of gas from Russia and has been looking to find alternative resources being conscious that a conflict with Russia would lead to disastrous effects if the country would stop supplying gas to Europe. The article also offers a point of view for the major pipeline projects that involve Russia and the EU and that would influence their cooperation such as South Stream, Nabucco and Trans-Adriatic.
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This paper reviews the measures adopted by central banks from the most important economies during the crisis and assess their effectiveness. It is important for policy makers to identify which measures were effective in limiting the financial system distress in order to adopt the appropiate measure during future crisis. In case of US, TARP was the most important program for banking system and it was effective in reducing banks’ contribution to systemic risk and banks’ default probabilities. But TARP also conducted to a reduction in loans growth and create incentives for higher risk-taking behavior. The unconventional monetary policies adopted by ECB during the period 2008- 2016 reduced the impact of the crisis on the European economy and achieved their objectives: to support banks’ funding and to increase lending to real economy (LTROs), to calm tensions from bond markets (CBPP, SMP, OMT), to support economic activity and to stabilize inflation rate (SMP, OMT, LTROs, APP).
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Explaining the achievements on the ground during war times, in the full-scale, high-intensity and long-term war of aggression launched by Russia in Ukraine has led us to studying the conundrum formed by resilience, societal security and the intangibles of war. The layered resilience that NATO has embraced as concept is not enough. The difference between success and failure in the Russian war and did it – the of aggression in Ukraine has come from the intangibles of the war, difficult to put under nominal indicators, but more suitable to be evaluated under qualitative criteria. That has made the difference between the effectiveness of both parties in war, together with Ukraine’s societal resilience that includes both the basic indicators of societal security and an important part of the intangibles of war. We are very much aware, at the same time, that numbers do matter, and that weapons, manpower and will to fight have no alternative to grant support for any long- term war.
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Economic resilience, considered in this paper as the ability to withstand and recover from economic shocks and disruptions, has become a linchpin of ensuring national security and stability. As demonstrated by conflicts such as the one in Ukraine, where economic sanctions were deployed to diminish an adversary’s capacity to sustain its war efforts, it has become evident that military power alone is insufficient in today’s complex security landscape. A comprehensive approach to defence must incorporate economic considerations, as the economic well-being of a nation is intrinsically linked to its overall security. The main research objectives of this paper are to investigate the concept of economic resilience, from the perspective of the concept of comprehensive defence and the ways it is interconnected with other resilience domains, through the development of an economic resilience index outlining the relative economic resilience of the 29 European countries that are NATO members and to propose a methodology for identifying the main factors that influence the economic resilience from a comprehensive defence point of view.
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Has the time of “European deconstruction” and disappearance of the European Union come? After six decades of European construction and seven successive enlargements, the consultative referendum of 23 June 2016 concerning the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union sees a breaking point. How does this event fit into the profound forces already at work in favour of the relative disappearance of the European Union, the effects of which could still be considerably accentuated by a “Brexit” that has already become effective?
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