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The Internet is a public, global, decentralized system for data transfer and can be used as a cognitive, information and communication tool. Internet must be the subject of study because it is changing and because it is increasingly evident in various areas of society. Learning more about how the Internet works and how can be used will allow better understanding of the future development of the Internet, which will probably happen. Internet brings to researchers in the social sciences, two new things: the first relates to the inclusion of the Internet in the research process and the second, more important, to change the subject of research due to the widespread use of the Internet and other information technologies. Knowledge of Internet and technology opportunities that it provides is prerequisite for the design about role of Internet activity in the overall activities of individuals and organizations. Internet activities can be: substitute, supplement and complement to existing activities. Since most individuals and organizations engaged in multiple activities, this means that it is necessary for each of them separately to decide on how to use it. The main characteristic of the information society is that people are mostly dealing with the information using new information technologies. Mass use of computers and the Internet has led to important consequences for all human activities. In large organizations, employees are increasingly divided between those who make decisions based on information processing, and those who work under the direction. Most of today’s participants in business and educational activities during their formal education is very little taught about the Internet or have studied only the technical aspects. Each Internet user must independently decide how to use it and must understand the opportunities and threats arising from the mass use of new information technologies.
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Information and communication technology is causing substancial social changes. One of them is evaporation of professions centered on collecting, saving and disseminating information. These activities are faster and more reliable by the use of IC technology networked into Web 2.0 making men power obsolete. Since the most practiced communication on the internet is conversation, which Castells (2014) calls mass self-communication, the profession of journalism is threaten too. Hand in hand with the media, journalists were privileged to collect, gate keep and publish information of public interest in XX century. Using the digital gadgets citizens of today can, by their own choice, discover, share and publish information which in many cases was neglected by professional journalists. In the same way citizens are able to criticize, supplement and deconstruct information produced by the media and their staff. Therefore, a myth of internet as a technology of freedom of communication rose. At the same time, grows a worry that citizens participating into amateur journalism will make journalism profession disappear. Citizen’s activism in public communication is well established fact. Theory was able to map those practices as: 1) public journalism; 2) participative journalism; 3) interactive journalism and 4) blogosphere. Taken together, these activities are put under the common denominator – „citizen journalism“. Therefore it is important to analyze its advantages and disadvantages in order to give a true prognosis about the future of professional journalism. Because of social changes in information society the general trust in media and journalists decreases all around the world. People have realized that professional journalists are under the pressure of various power centers and believe that only citizen journalists are able to publish information independently. They are free to communicate news and comments regardless if power centers agree or not. Therefore, blogs, forums and discussions on social networks replace mass media use on the mass scale. However, there is far less attentions paid to the risks of citizen journalism visible till now as well. Those are: anonymity of senders, direction to the private interests, plagiarism, deleting and changing of the posts published before, absence of the accountability for the public word, ignoring of ethic and hidden financing. In the long term these bad facets of citizen journalism could bring about the loss of its credibility too. Paradoxically, as more and more citizens will be realizing these shortcomings, mainly by personal experience, they could make a rational choice. They could turn back to the professional journalists and their institutions. If so happens, the profession of journalism will survive
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This article represents a religious approach for the improvement of communication in a new century (and a millennium) when ‘communicating’ is a deep relational and social necessity. Communication is a natural human act—ontologically necessary and practically fundamental—which represents not just the reaction to the immediate necessity, but, a phenomenon meant to impart something of its ontology. The novelty of the ethical aspect—which the Church wishes to engage—is that it regards holistic integration of communication as a sacred act, which affects deeply social communion and cohesion. The paper also engages the challenge of going deeply into some basic ethical principles in order to create an integrative vision of communication as a relational, social and sacred act.
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eIDAS is a set of standards for electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the EU internal market, providing a common basis for secure electronic interaction between citizens, companies and cross-border public authorities.Promoting knowledge of trust services, increasing their utilization and building online trust are key factors for economic and social development, streamlining online and private sector services, and diversifying economic transactions across the Single Digital Market.
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Today, our society can be described in a multitude manners and ways, using a mixture of chosen words that can have sometimes a powerful impact over the audience. In our case, we would like to describe our society through the words: complex, interconnected and unaware. It seems that because of the high consumption of the means of mass communication, all of the fields of activity of the society are affected, including areas such as security. In this article we will try to describe and to demonstrate that the media culture, which is expanding rapidly, can and will continuously affect and lead to the transformation of the (security) environment.
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Locality has in its nature something irresistible, that plays on a string of emotions. We can see it every day in, for example, the adoration of local products, local dishes, local craftsmanship, or local media. Moreover, emotions associated with locality attract attention though they might be strong and negative at the same time. In my opinion, however, the former neglect of the topic of local media among academics does not mean that local is not sexy (cf. Nielsen, 2016). It rather means that researchers are less willing to deal with complicated layers of emotions (cf. Kotišová, 2017) than with more graspable facts. One can see it, often anecdotally, at media conferences where researchers admit that they do research on local media in localities where they come from. They go on the thin ice of researching emotions (maybe also their own) while at the same time knowing the locality with important contacts therein, so they still somewhat remain on the safe side of pragmatism. If it was agreed that there was something important behind the local in general and local media in particular, the problems stimulated by the strength of emotionality behind locality can emerge illustrating the vagueness of local media discourse. Underscoring the problem directly, Kitch (2008) points to how journalism scholars have been unwilling to research emotions which are often deemed “soft” and subjective.
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Local journalism plays an important role not just in everyday life, but also in framing the past, present and future of local societies. The aim here is to explore how local media – in this case newspapers – use notions of history, traditions and identity to construct meaning, to gain attention, and thus to increase audience engagement. This chapter captures the dynamics of a somewhat special case in local media, a small but affluent autonomous region of Finland, namely the Åland Islands with 6,500 islands and less than 30,000 inhabitants. Despite the limited size of the community, people can choose from a complete offering of local media: two newspapers, a public service broadcast corporation, a commercial radio station and several magazines. This is a Swedish-speaking part of a country where the majority speaks Finnish.
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Stepping man in old age does not mean stability and development, but it gives the potential to understand the meaning of his own life, poses in front of the unit next sentence, the goals that must be achieved. It also connects to a number of constraints and difficulties among other things, with a feeling of loneliness and isolation, which are particularly felt by the elderly. Therefore, the process of proper social communication is an important issue in dealing with the elderly. Proper communication can prevent feelings of humiliation, isolation, and degradation. The article is an attempt to approximate the issues of aging and its worthy experience in terms of proper interpersonal communication. Will be presented causes of difficulties in commu¬nicating with older people, the consequences of inadequate communication and ways to build a proper dialogue. The analysis will be based on theoretical knowledge and information gained through non-participating observation.
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The aim of the article is a multifaceted analysis whose foundation consists in the firstspeech of the President of Poland, Andrzej Duda, delivered at the Jasna Góra monastery. Thus,in her analysis, the author refers to other processes which can be observed in the contemporaryMediaPolis, i.e. the public space which combines politics and entertainment by creating a newpolitical identity. It is in that space that a new, personal type of a politician has emerged –MediaEgo. For that reason, in the course of content analysis, the author intends to shed light onthe changes in the paradigm of image creation in the contemporary political discourse. The newpersonal type of a politician which functions in the space of MediaPolis – MediaEgo – utilizesparticular tools, both rhetorical and communicational, in order to permanently influence theelectorate.In this context, the author differentiates the topoi which constitute the public image ofPresident Andrzej Duda. These include: the topos of faith and religious community; the toposof historical community; the topos of the countryside, patriotism and love for one’s motherland;the topos of a people’s hero (an ordinary person) and the topos of the European Union.Their analysis has allowed the author to showcase a multifaceted strategy of the President’simage creation and present a preliminary study of a new model for analysis of contemporarydiscursive processes.The aim of the article is a multifaceted analysis whose foundation consists in the first speech of the President of Poland, Andrzej Duda, delivered at the Jasna Góra monastery. Thus, in her analysis, the author refers to other processes which can be observed in the contemporary MediaPolis, i.e. the public space which combines politics and entertainment by creating a new political identity. It is in that space that a new, personal type of a politician has emerged – MediaEgo. For that reason, in the course of content analysis, the author intends to shed light on the changes in the paradigm of image creation in the contemporary political discourse. The new personal type of a politician which functions in the space of MediaPolis – MediaEgo – utilizes particular tools, both rhetorical and communicational, in order to permanently influence the electorate.In this context, the author differentiates the topoi which constitute the public image of President Andrzej Duda. These include: the topos of faith and religious community; the topos of historical community; the topos of the countryside, patriotism and love for one’s motherland; the topos of a people’s hero (an ordinary person) and the topos of the European Union. Their analysis has allowed the author to showcase a multifaceted strategy of the President’s image creation and present a preliminary study of a new model for analysis of contemporary discursive processes.
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The dimensions that communication styles involve on professional activity urge us to new scientific challenges. The main purpose of this check is to explore the correlation between of the communication style practiced in the professional activity and the level of work satisfaction to the lawyers. The interest for the job satisfaction is motivated by the fact that a part of our life is dedicated to professional activity. Moreover, numerous studies have demonstrated a direct link between underperformance and job dissatisfaction. Thus, if there are positive correlations between the level of job satisfaction and the style of communication practiced, then the style of communication could be investigated as a psychological relevant criterion to the personal and professional development of the lawyers.
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In the age of technology, communication seems to be much easier for public institutions. Citizens' access to the necessary information is much easier, by accessing official websites or by e-mail.The pandemic has limited people's access to interaction with public institutions, which has increased the need to use online digital tools. Thus, the process of digitalization and the process of modernization of the public administration were hastened. This has led to the emergence of new types of social behaviours that have had negative effects on the use of digital tools by public entities.Until now, several approaches to public administration ethics have existed, and they have mostly centered on the civil servant's behaviour in his interaction with citizens and his respect for the workplace. As the online environment has become a necessity for public services in the digital age, ethics in the public system meets new challenges.Today, there is a need for a modernized digital system for civil servants to use. It should facilitate applicants' access to information and protect the confidentiality of certain information in an ethical and professional manner for all parties involved, in order to reduce misinformation.Misinformation in a pandemic can have serious consequences: it can lead to ignoring official health advice and risky behaviour, or it can have a negative impact on our democratic institutions and societies, as well as on the economic and financial situation. Therefore, there is a need for new protection measures, that can protect people, not only for medical safety in a public institution, but for ethic means in the online environment.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the difference in communication style in men and women. The experimental group consists of 60 respondents (30 men and 30 women), aged between 20 and 30 years. The questionnaire on “Communication Style Analysis” contains 60 items with True / False dichotomous answers. The dependent variable of the study is the communication style and the independent variable is gender. The aim of the research is to determine the causal relationship between gender and communication style.
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In education, schools, homes, families, institutions throughout the country and the world, the individual must be neat, punctual, orderly, hardworking, and disciplined. In my work, I analyze the impact of clutter during creation. Throughout history, we have been convinced that chance often defines the entire future of humanity, and great discoveries have not always been associated with the amount of work and dedication invested. Children are prone to clutter, waste, and unrestrained play. Rules do not burden children, and their world is open to all. Children do not know what is possible and what is not and do not understand our stereotypes and regulations. Without rules and laws, society cannot function, but progress and progress into the future always take place when someone deviates from the pattern. All institutions strive for obedience and typification of ways of thinking, which often suffocates the inventive mind. A man who is not trapped by stereotypes finds inspiration and freedom of mind and creation in disorder. In a mess, anything is possible, as in the imagination. Before any discovery in any area of creativity, a “eureka” and a “click” must occur. Materializations thrive after idea and vision. The way to reach these solutions is often inexplicable and unexpected. It requires courage and departure from the rules and boundaries of time and society. People who run the world have the burden of fighting stereotypes. They are often unsupported, misunderstood, ridiculed, and marginalized. Their genius, their freedom is revealed either after death or by a combination of circumstances.
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The Internet philosophy we envision is not merely an abstract characterization of the Internet as a self-contained entity since the Internet exists and exists as a component of a complex world populated by natural, social, and cultural entities, and this context is also a crucial part of its philosophical description. The “embeddedness” of the Internet in the world makes it easier to understand the consequences of its use. Since the nature of the Internet is not “naturally given” but has been and is being shaped by conscious choices, in pursuit of specific social and cultural aspirations, intentions, interests, and values, consideration of the social and cultural factors that determine the nature of the Internet and are involved inshaping it clearly helps to identify the social and cultural effects of Internet use. In this way, it seems useful to include some social and cultural context in the analysis of the nature of the Internet. In examining the likely social and cultural consequences of Internet use,it is worth drawing on two “cultural-historical” analogies, the “reformation of knowledge”, and the “formation of gratitude”. By drawing on them in our understanding of the impact of Internet use on the human world, we can conclude that it is possible and worthwhile to focus our research on the emergence and the process of the emergence of gratitude and its emerging characteristics. The world of the Internet user is fundamentally changing: the former world, built up from the natural and social spheres of existence in a familiar way, is being supplemented by a third human sphere of existence, which is built on top of the previous ones and is inextricably intertwined with them.
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Dialogue, as opposed to monologue, is a way of speaking that takes place between several speakers. The role of the passive and active speaker in it is, of course, eternally changeable. Only the origin, course and goal of dialogizing depend on several factors. Among others, these are the mental, intellectual and social situation of the speaker. The interaction of these factors determines the special status of the individual in communication. A relationship of two or more interactions determines the relationships between two or more partners. These trains are dialogical in nature and are linguistically constituted in dialogue.
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The aim of the book is to acquaint the communication and public relation students with the logic of scientific cognition, the steps of the research process and the key research methods of communication studies. In the volume, the students may read about qualitative and quantitative methods of the social sciences and about text analysis techniques of the humanities. In conclusion, we present the main rules regarding the elaboration of a scientific publication and about the giving of a scientific presentation. The first chapter presents the forms of cognition, the peculiarities of scientific cognition, emphasizing the differences between scientific and commonplace cognition. The second chapter presents the preparation phase of the research, the difficulties of formulating the research problem and the steps of the completion of the research plan. The third chapter deals with the question of sampling. The fourth chapter discusses the research ethic and the most common moral convictions guiding scientific research. The fifth chapter is about the importance of the bibliographic review in the research process. From the sixth to the tenth chapters, we present the main data collecting methods like direct observation, the interview, the focus group, the questionnaire survey and content analysis. The eleventh chapter gives some statistical procedures of the quantitative data analysis. In the twelfth and the thirteenth chapters, we present the textual analysis opportunities of the moving pictures, like narrative and genre analysis. The fourteenth chapter presents the basic principles of the completion of a research report and of a scientific publication. The fifteenth chapter shows the rules of giving a successful scientific oral presentation. Every chapter has a similar structure. Following each chapter, the reader receives review questions, which help him to check his acquired knowledge. The review questions continue with exercises, which help the students to apply the gained knowledge. The chapters end with annotated bibliography where we indicate additional useful sources to facilitate further enrichment of knowledge. The review questions and exercises require individual solutions and help the students in their home preparation. At the end of the volume, we compiled a dictionary of the terms used in three languages (Hungarian–Romanian–English), in order to assist students in getting acquainted with the methodological terminology in these languages.
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This paper examines feelings of people deceived by partner in instant messenger (IM) communication and possible ability of high-Machs to deceive better than low-Machs. 28 respondents participated in two IM conversations with group of other 28 people, whose machiavellianism was assessed. In the second conversation they were lied by partner, who received instruction to lie. Respondents felt conversation with lying partner as less pleasant than normal instant messenger conversation. Deceiving partner was perceived as less agreeable and more neurotic on Big Five scales than the non-lying partner. Participants higher in machiavellianism were perceived as less trustful by their communication partners in normal IM conversation. High-Machs were not found to be better liars than low-Machs.
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Interfaith communication can be defined as the interactions between religious or political actors belonging to different traditions who communicate with interlocutors on a particular issue, recognizing the importance of the religious dimension in their interactions. Such communication can alter the opinions of the “other” and allow mutual understanding and respect to develop between parties (Laustsen & Waever, 2000). Parties to these sensitive interactions usually find that their decisions depend on the interlocutor’s past, the expectations of the interlocutor’s future behavior, and trust levels. In this article, we investigate the role of uncertainty about others’ sincerity and trustworthiness in interfaith communication, especially in times of political conflict. We draw attention to the tensions between representing a community and reaching out to “the other side.” We offer a game-theoretical model of asymmetric information where players are unequal in terms of the information they have vis-à-vis each other’s preferences over the possible outcomes of their interaction.
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