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Zakarpatskí židia v migračných procesoch medzi Československom a Sovietskym zväzom v rokoch 1945 – 1948

Author(s): Pavlo Chudiš / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2016

The fate of the Transcarpathian Jews in the migration processes between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union in 1945 – 1948 years had been investigated by the author. In particular the article considers information about the Jews who survived in the Holocaust and decided to take part in the optation process, their forced repatriation from Czechoslovakia to the USSR, as well as illegally crossing the Czechoslovak-Soviet border. Additionally, this article focuses on the fate of the Transcarpathian Jews who found them-selves after the Second World War in Europe and America, and wanted by the option process to get the Czechoslovak citizenship.

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„Hier eröffnete sich vor unseren Augen ein neues, schillerndes, von uns noch nirgendwo gesehenes Bild…“. Die gedankliche Neuvermessung des Zarenreiches im Eisenbahnzeitalter

Author(s): Frithjof Benjamin Schenk / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2014

The paper deals with discourses of mental mapping in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. The focus is on reports of Russian railway passengers who wrote down their impressions of the travelled territory in corresponding texts. The case study is based on travelogues documenting train journeys through the western provinces of the Empire. The article scrutinizes the wide spread assumption that the construction and use of railroads in the 19th century contributed significantly to the integration of nation-states and empires in the sense of their “territorialisation” (Charles Maier). Using the example of the Russian Empire, it argues that the construction and use of the new means of transportation had both integrative and disintegrative effects in terms of the representation of the imperial space on the mental maps of Russian travellers. The spatial experience of an integrated transportation system evoked notions of Russia as a large, indivisible whole. At the same time the railroad created completely new opportunities to personally experience the cultural frontiers within the multi-ethnic Empire. This promoted not only the pride felt in the size of the Russia but also fears about the “Other” in one’s own country. In the western regions of the Russian Empire these experiences were made above all in encounters with the Jewish population in the Pale of Settlement.

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Im Schatten des polnischen Staates: Pogrome 1918-1920 und 1945/46 - Auslöser, Bezugspunkte, Verlauf

Author(s): Eva Reder / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2011

This paper investigates pogroms in Poland, comparing the periods 1918-20 and 1945/46. Although representing different phases in Polish history, both periods show similarities and continuities (and also differences) in terms of both structural setting and pogrom violence. Both phases witnessed an exceptionally large number of pogroms, and in both cases profound socio-political ruptures and paradigm shifts took place, whereby the need to create enemies and personalize evil was tremendous. Pogrom triggers correlated with rumours of supposed Jewish aggression, be it murdering children for religious purposes, shooting at Polish soldiers or siding with Poland’s enemies. As such, these triggers reflect deeply upon the representation of the Jewish victims, but even more so upon the perpetrators and, indeed, Polish society itself, since the perpetrators were often perceived as executioners of public opinion or as defenders of the national interest. In order to understand pogrom triggers, it is helpful to take a close look at the course of events. The events the pogromists refer to are crucial for exculpating the pogrom afterwards, due to the fact that pogroms entail a high degree of public violence. In both reference periods, pogrom violence closely referred to the establishment of Polish statehood, even though this happened under divergent circumstances. An examination of the perpetrators’ discourses during and after the pogrom allows us to identify their symbolic reference points, which express both rumours and stereotypes about the Jewish victim-group, and which also show how the pogromists defined their relations towards state authorities. Indeed, the pogromists’ links with establishing statehood are decisive, as pogrom violence was justified as an action for or against the state leadership and state representatives, with policemen and soldiers being the most common grouping among the perpetrators. The pogroms are reconstructed by means of eyewitness accounts, military records and court files. The relevant sources are located at the Jewish Historical Institute, in the Central State Military Archives, and in the Archive of New Files in Warsaw. Further relevant holdings are to be found in the Central Historical State Archives of the City of Lviv.

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Minderheitenpolitik in der Zweiten Polnischen Republik 1918-1939

Author(s): Stephan Stach / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2010

Die Minderheitenpolitik der Zweiten Polnischen Republik ist ein Themenfeld, das seit den 1960er Jahren intensiv erforscht wird. Insbesondere einige frühe, stark von verschiedenen nationalen Narrativen geprägte Studien haben erhebliche Kontroversen hervorgerufen, da sie die Benachteiligung und Unterdrückung der jeweils eigenen Gruppe durch den polnischen Staat in den Vordergrund rückten.

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„... die Litauer haben den Polen sehr viel Schlechtes gebracht". Ethnisch-national geprägte Ordnungskonstruktionen in Vilnius während des Zweiten Weltkriegs

Author(s): Christiane Topp / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2007

This article is aimed at pointing out the significance of World War II for social relations within the ethnically heterogeneous city of Vilnius. It is mainly focused on the Polish and the Lithuanian population. Motivated by the conflict between Poland and Lithuania about the Status of the city and the region, these two groups were strongly opposed since the mass influx of Lithuanians into the city, which had previously been inhabited primarily by Poles and Jews, in 1939. After the brief Soviet and the following three-year German occupation in 1944, we can see changes in the mutual perception of the Polish and the Lithuanian population. The reasons for this can be found in the specific, regional System of German government: It made use of the interethnic divisions that had already existed before the war and increased them, forcing violence and demanding mass murder, especially against the Jewish population. Due to a lack of personnel the commissioners of the German occupational institutions, in line with their racist ideology, recruited a large number of Lithuanian support staff. These partly used their position within the regime to achieve their own objectives. This becomes especially obvious in the context of interethnic struggles: Regularly, members of non-Lithuanian ethnic groups, especially Poles, were attacked. In doing so, the Lithuanian support personnel did not at all act according to Instructions. In some cases, they even openly confronted the German authorities, whose interest was to keep the population living outside the Jewish ghettos calm. In cases of Lithuanian assaults, Poles and others sometimes asked Germans for help. But the occupying forces never managed to put an end to these arbitrary acts on the Lithuanian side. Owing to their position at the intersection between occupants and the occupied, their presence in the city and their authority, the Lithuanian support personnel often seem to have been perceived by members of other ethnic groups as "the" Lithuanian as such. The changed view of "Lithuanians", particularly among the Polish population, which becomes apparent in the sources after 1944, gives proof of this. Though it is not possible to make any quantifying Statements, we can see that the condescendence towards "Lithuanians", as often found before 1939, gave way to fear. Now, they were considered serious enemies.

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Yahudi Ulus Devlet Yasası ve İsrail’de Elitlerin Dönüşümü

Author(s): Gökhan Çinkara / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

In this paper I will discuss that The Basic Law: Israel as the Nation State of the Jewish People which is enacted in 2018; is taken a form around that is seen at elite and institutional level of historical institutional transformations in Israel. Legal arrangements are main builder of state and society relation sets around the world. Political elites as the decision makers of political process in Israel whose preferences and orientations stand out as the main factor in determining the content of legislative activities. Ashkenazi middle class intellectuals, political activists and professional politicians who the founding political elites in Israel came to fore as the main agents in the founding process of Israel. Demographic change, diversification of geopolitical preferences, differentiation of the components of the economic structure affected on social dynamics and transformed the composition of the elites. It is observed that the preferences of the decision making actors who have shifted from the Ashkenazi elites to Mizrahi elites that have started to be effective in Israel. Ideological differences, intergenerational challenges and personal conflicts between political professionals of Ashkenazi elites that have accelerated the rise of the Mizrahi elites in Israel.

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Besprechungen und Anzeigen

Author(s): Klaus-Peter Friedrich,Ralph Wrobel,Joachim Tauber,Vera Henkelmann,Eduard Mühle,Kolja Lichy,Olgierd Kiec,Beate Störtkuhl,Svjatoslav Pacholkiv,Justyna Turkowska,Dušan Kováč,Burkhard Wöller,Sabine Grabowski,Agnes Laba,Hans-Jürgen Bömelburg,Stefan Rohdewald,Katharina Wessely,Stephan Lehnstaedt,Jan Claas Behrends,Stephanie Zloch,Hanna Kozińska-Witt,Andrea Löw,Andrew Demshuk,Elke Mehnert,Gregor Feindt,Heidrun Hamersky,Winfried Irgang,Anja Golebiowski,Meelis Maripuu,Stephan Stach,Jan Lipinsky,Claudia Kraft / Language(s): English,German Issue: 2/2012

For a detailed list of reviewed books please view the Table of Content-file above.

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Besprechungen und Anzeigen

Author(s): Patryk Wasiak,Andrejs Plakans,Martin Sprungala,Detlef Haberland,Lars Jockheck,Kristian Mennen,Börries Kuzmany,Jana Kosová / Language(s): English,German Issue: 4/2011

For a detailed list of reviewed books please view the Table of Content-file above.

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Besprechungen und Anzeigen

Author(s): Karen Lambrecht,Martin Aust,Robert J. W. Evans,Reinhard Ibler,Joachim Tauber,Hans-Erich Volkmann,Eduard Mühle,Jochen Böhler,Maren Röger,Jan Foitzik,Heidi Hein-Kircher,Stefan Hartmann,Katarzyna Stokłosa,Edmund Kizik,Olaf Mertelsmann,Stephan Kessler,Liivi Aarma,Jürgen Beyer,Jörg Hackmann,Jan Harasimowicz,Winfried Irgang,Ingo Eser,Bernard Wiaderny,Hanna Kozińska-Witt,Christhardt Henschel,Lars Jockheck,Frank Golczewski,Andreas R. Hofmann,Markus Roth,Joachim Bahlcke,Tobias Weger,Stephanie Zloch,Manfred Alexander,Dušan Kováč,Christoph Mick,Bernd Bonwetsch,Klaus-Peter Friedrich,Agnes Laba,Markus Krzoska,Uwe Müller / Language(s): English,German Issue: 2/2010

For a detailed list of reviewed books please view the Table of Content-file above.

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„Świętość jest straszna”. Poszukiwanie transcendencji w Mieście Heroda Marii Kuncewiczowej

Author(s): Barbara Szymczak-Maciejczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2019

The article written by Barbara Szymczak-Maciejczyk delivers an analysis of Maria Kuncewicz’s book The City of Herod: Palestinian Notes. The Polish writer describes her trip, and pilgrimage at the same time, to the Holy Land where she was invited by the PEN Club in 1936. The text addresses several issues. There is a fascination with traveling to a foreign country with a different culture, which Kuncewicz writes down as colorful and interesting; there is also a need to experience transcendence, referring to the writer’s religiousness and the desire of her ancestors to visit the Holy Land. The author of the article examines the sacrum of Jerusalem and surrounding places related to the Biblical events and the need to meet God. There is also the question of how the penetration of three cultures affects Kuncewicz’s experience of transcendence.

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ŻYDOWSCY SĄSIEDZI. O WIĘZIACH SPOŁECZNYCH W PAMIĘCI MIESZKAŃCÓW POŁUDNIOWEJ POLSKI

Author(s): Jacek Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

The memory of Polish and Jewish relationships is one of the most intriguing issues within sociology and social anthropology. The present study focuses on neighbour relationships and collective memory. By exploring memories of witnesses of the events predating World War II, this paper demonstrates that the cohabitation of Poles and Jews did not generate community-building ties. Due to the extensive cultural alienation of Jews, the spatial proximity was not sufficient for close relationships to flourish. Rather, these groups predominantly showed limited community bonds, marked by a tolerance for otherness that did not translate into solidary actions. Poles remember that Jews were somewhere close but their otherness prevented them from having more intimate, constructive neighbour relationships. Based on witnesses’ memories, the paper demonstrates that the memory of relationships between individuals is more positive than the memory of relationships between the two communities. Built upon stereotypes, the latter reinforced the negative image of Jews as a community despite positive experiences with individual Jews who were close neighbours.

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LOKALNE INTERPRETACJE PIELGRZYMEK CHASYDZKICH DO POLSKI I NA UKRAINĘ (LELÓW, LEŻAJSK, HUMAŃ)

Author(s): Magdalena Zatorska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Hasidic pilgrimages from Israel, the United States, and other countries of the world to the graves of tzaddikim in Poland and Ukraine have been growing since the 1980s and 1990s. The rapid development of pilgrimages after the fall of the former Eastern bloc not only changed the landscape of the researched areas, but also influenced memory and identity as well as the economic and political strategies of their inhabitants. In the article, based on ethnographic fieldwork in Lelov and Lizhensk in Poland, and in Uman, in Ukraine, I describe three initiatives, which have resulted from the boost in the pilgrimages, and which shape various local reactions. These are: the festival “Ciulim-Cholent Day” in Lelov; the activity of a local blogger from Lizhensk, who popularises the knowledge on Hasidism and Jewish pre-war inhabitants of the town; and protests against Hasidim organised by the Council of Civic Organizations in Uman. Two interpretations of the pilgrims’ “rights” to the visited sites emerge from the analysed material. One of them is organised around the concept of “return”, which embodies the myth of the shtetl. According to this perspective Hasidic pilgrims are seen as Jews visiting the graves of their ancestors and restoring the world which was destroyed with the Holocaust. The second perspective is based on the idea of foreign “invasion”, which calls for local resistance.

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Articles 55a and 55b of the IPN Act and the Dialogue about the Holocaust in Poland

Author(s): Katarzyna Liszka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

Relations between the Holocaust, memory, and law are constantly reconceptualized. In the second decade of the 21st century there is no clear consensus on the way the Holocaust, memory, and law are or should be interconnected, especially in Central and Eastern Europe. A striking example of the new dynamics of those tensions is an amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance, which in January 2018 inserted Articles 55a and 55b. The paper states that these controversial provisions (later withdrawn) should be understood as specific memory laws in response to the transnational memory of the Holocaust and the non-consensual dialogue on the Jedwabne pogrom in Polish society. The paper shows the law as a result of a certain dialogue, a voice in the dialogue, and an attempt to limit this dialogue – as well as the effects of such limitation. The paper adopts Leszek Koczanowicz’s conception of dialogue, Natan Sznaider’s description of the transnational Holocaust memory, as well as the idea of the future-oriented ethics of never again, and Eviatar Zerubavel’s concept of a conspiracy of silence in order to frame the context and meaning of the emergence, short life, disappearance, and traces of the law. Although these articles “refract” criminalization of the Holocaust and genocide negationism, understood in the context of Polish historical politics, they are themselves close to a specific form of denial, i.e. denial of the Jedwabne massacre. A recollection of the Polish memory law casts a shadow on the future, as a threat exists that the law might appear again.

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The Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights: Their Political, Geographic, and Security Value, and Cruciality to Israeli Security

Author(s): Aaron T. Walter / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2019

The Sinai Peninsula remains a vital security, strategic, and political focus of Israel. In addition to the Palestinian population residing there is Hamas, an Iran-backed militant group that actively commits acts of terror. Since 1979 and the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt, peace returned to the peninsula after decades of conflict between the two nations over this territory; and since 2015, Israel has conducted air strikes in conjunction with Egypt against elements of the Islamic State in the Sinai. The Golan Heights remains of contemporary relevance for Israeli security, strategy, and politics. Seized by Israel from Syria in the closing stages of the 1967 Six-Day War, the territory is an important buffer zone against the terrorist group Hezbollah. Additionally, its relevance is daily displayed in the direction and consequences of the ongoing Syrian civil war, and recognition of the Golan Heights as under Israeli sovereignty by the Trump Administration in March 2019. The following paper is a case study of these two geographic areas and how both hold political, security and geographic value for Israel, offering justification for Israeli strategic and security actions within each.

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Michał Borwicz in Kraków from 1911–1939. Introduction to the Issue

Author(s): Stefan Gąsiorowski / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2019

This article discusses the early life of Maksymilian Boruchowicz (1911–1987), a Jewish writer, publicist, and literary critic known in interwar Kraków, who changed his name to Michał Borwicz after WWII. Biographical information on his life before the outbreak of the war focuses mainly on his studies of Polish language and literature at the Jagiellonian University, where he was actively involved in student literary and cultural circles, as well as political journalism. During his studies and immediately thereafter, Borwicz published prolifically in various magazines and literary journals, and before the war published the novel Miłość i rasa (Love and Race), which was received positively by literary critics.

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The Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the USSR in the Documents of the British Foreign Office (1952–1958)

Author(s): Artur Patek / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2019

The Jewish Autonomous Oblast known as Birobijan in the USSR attracted the interest of the British diplomacy. This is reflected in the correspondence between British missions in the USSR and Israel and the Foreign Office. This analysis covers five documents from 1952–1958 kept in the National Archives in London. The documents pertain to two matters: (1) a discussion about the current status of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast (whether rumours of its disappearance were true) and (2) reflections on the actual character of the oblast (to what extent it was Jewish and autonomous). The significance of these documents can be analysed on several levels – from the viewpoint of Birobijan’s history, the nature of British-Soviet relations, and the operating methods of diplomatic services. Reading the documents leads to several questions: why was Great Britain interested in the oblast? How was it perceived in the West? How did the Foreign Office obtain information about it?

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Ailleurs plutôt que nulle part. L’image de la pologne et des polonais goyim dans les textes d’immigrés juifs d’origine polonaise et de leurs descendants en belgique francophone

Author(s): Przemysław Szczur / Language(s): French Issue: 17/2019

This paper analyses the image of Poland and gentile Poles in the texts of Jewish immigrants and their descendants in French-speaking Belgium. The centre of interest are its literary forms, as well as its historical roots. If the geographical and cultural Polish space appears alternatively as locus amoenus and locus horribilis, the inhabitants of the country are quite clearly represented as populus horribilis. Their antisemitism appears as one of their main features, although sometimes it is problematized. Jewish immigrants and their descendants distance themselves from Poland and gentile Poles. They mainly create a negative image, very different from the traditional image of Poland and Poles in Belgian literature.

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Nusekh Poyln and the ‘New Jewish Man’. The Image of the Jewish Communist in Yiddish Literature of Post-War Poland

Author(s): Magdalena Ruta / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2018

After World War II, the Communist regime took over power directly after the liberation of Poland in 1945. Jewish survivors, having stayed in the country for a certain period of time, tried to revive their multilingual cultural life. Literary works of writers in that community are a fascinating testimony of their struggles: how to be loyal to the Socialist state (condition sine qua non to take part in the official cultural life) on the one hand, and on the other how to express their feelings, thoughts and convictions which they could not and did not want to ignore. Their struggles can be observed on the sample of the three most important motifs of postwar Polish-Yiddish literature: the Holocaust, Communism itself, and Polish-Jewish relations. The article discusses selected literary works of the most prominent Polish-Yiddish writers, whose main character or lyric subject is the ‘new Jewish man’ shaped according to the Communist principles. The author attempts to answer the question of what the most important features of a personality formed by Communist doctrine are, and also to learn about the circumstances of the communist world in which that literary hero lives. Close reading of the programmatic literary pieces of some Communist writers also enables observing whether and how Polish Jewish Communists managed to find a compromise between the mutually exclusive Communist internationalism and their attachment to Yiddish-language culture, and how they reacted when information of Stalinist crimes came to light and their party comrades turned the blade of antisemitism against them. The ambitious project to build a new model of secular progressive Yiddish culture (the so-called ‘nusekh Poyln’), failed to bring the expected results. In spite of concerted attempts to meet the unrealistic demands of Socialist Realism, it soon transpired that Polish-Yiddish literature under Communism was unable to deal with the lack of space afforded by Communist ideology for mourning its murdered nation or with the spasms of unease that were the reaction to the periodic antisemitism in the non-Jewish environment.

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Peter Trawny, Heidegger i mit spisku żydowskiego (Heidegger und der Mythos der jüdischen Weltverschwörung)

Author(s): Paweł Jasnowski / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2018

Review of: Peter Trawny, Heidegger i mit spisku żydowskiego (Heidegger und der Mythos der jüdischen Weltverschwörung), trans. W. Warkocki, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warsaw 2017, pp. 254; ISBN 978-83-01-19259-4. Review by: Paweł Jasnowski

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Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov, Mówić we własnym imieniu. Prasa jidyszowa a tworzenie żydowskiej tożsamości narodowej (do 1918 roku)

Author(s): Adam Kopciowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2019

Review of: Adam Kopciowski - Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov, Mówić we własnym imieniu. Prasa jidyszowa a tworzenie żydowskiej tożsamości narodowej (do 1918 roku), Instytut Historii PAN, wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa 2016, ss. 353.

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