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Review: Archiwum Ringelbluma: Antologia, ed. by M. Janczewska, J. Leociak, BN I, 334,Ossolineum 2019.
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Ładoń portrays the blind journalist, poet and prose writer Jadwiga Stańczakowa (1919--1996), outlining the state of research on her work and presenting possible readings of her output – with a focus on the role of her mentor Miron Białoszewski, or in terms of literature with disabilities (also from a typhlological perspective). Ładoń explores Stańczakowa’s memoirs Ślepak (Blind, 1982) as the story of a blind witness of the Holocaust.
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From 1798 until now, the society has passed from the term of "stereotype", which at that time called the typographic moulds of lead, to that of "stereotype" in the sense given by Walter Lipmann, that is of the images in our mind, which helps us build an interpretation of the world, necessary to understand it, to adapt and find a place and a role within it. Although stereotypes seem to play a positive role, helping us to think and react more quickly to a new situation, they are a kind of false friends, leading us to a subjective form of normality, and what lies outside this normality it becomes the fuel for stigmatizing those who are not "common". Stereotypes contribute to increasing social distance and push people to act to the detriment of other people, such as ethnic stereotypes, those antipathy based on inflexible generalizations, resulting in the emergence of vulnerable communities in the face of aggressive discourses. The importance of stereotypes as precursors of prejudices and foundations of discrimination is equally great, regardless of whether we talk about the abundance of negative references to Jews in Romanian proverbs and sayings, the negative attributes related to the Roma ethnicity in various Romanian dictionaries, the journalistic discourse related to the "exoticism" of the LGBT community or the unfavourable views of the Hungarian minority by the Romanian majority. Therefore, conceptions such as "eating at the Jew but not sleeping at night alone in his house" or "they will call the gypsies to take you if you are not behaving yourself" are equivalent to ideas about genetic determination or mental disorder that induce homosexuality, as well as eating meat kept under the saddle by the predecessors of the present times Hungarians and all these ideas are efficient fertilizers for conflicts, waiting only for a trigger.
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Review: Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialis-tische Deutschland 1933–1945. Bd. 13: Slowakei, Rumänien und Bulgarien. Hrsg. von Barbara Hutzelmann, Mariana Hausleitner und Souzana Hazan. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. Berlin 2018. 800 S. ISBN 978-3-11-036500-9. (€ 59,95.) (Beáta Márkus)
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This study briefly attempts to uncover the dynamics that had shaped Jewish journalism in Hebrew Language by tracking archives of Historical Jewish Press the catalogues of Israel National Library. The fact that the Jewish life was stuck in Europe and the existence of oppression from the official authorities has been reminded them of the importance of the solidarity networks among the Jews. The priority of solidarity and networking in the collective memory resulted into emergence and distribution of written publications which are driven by the Enlightenment movement in Europe. This development led to the spread of daily news, cultural developments, and global events among the Jews through newspapers, with the contribution of the development of the modern press. Assessing the shift of the hub of Jewish Press from Diaspora to Israel is important in revealing the discourse, strategy, and practical change among the Jews.
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In this research, the work named "White Crucifixion" (1887-1985) by Marc Chagall, who is considered one of the greatest painters of the 20th century as an example of academic examination, was examined. Marc Chagall grew up in the closed atmosphere of a Jewish community in Eastern Europe and has always maintained his traditions. In many of his works, he depicts the persecution of the Jews in the city on the theme of loneliness. With his work titled “White Crucifixion”, he reacted to the pressure of the Jews. While analyzing Chagall's “White Crucifixion” image within the scope of the research, previous uses of the image of “Crucifixion” will be analyzed with the titles “Historical Context” and “Symbols” of the work. Images and veiled expressions will be analyzed in the work where Jesus is crucified.
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This article seeks to interpret the dispute between Christian and Jewish merchants that took place in Breslau (today, Wrocław in Poland) in the first half of the nineteenth century. The dispute arose in the eighteenth century and severely deepened after the reforms designed by Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg were being introduced in Prussia since 1807. Among other aspects, the conflict revolved around the rapid development of the local Jewish religious community and the fast expansion of its steam-gathering economic elite. The development of Silesian trade, with an enormous role of Jews in it, was accompanied by continuous attempts at regaining the Eastern markets, partly lost after Prussia annexed Silesia in 1740 as well as resulting from the decisions of the 1815 Vienna Congress. In order to restore Breslau as an intermediary in trade between the West and the East and make it an important stock-exchange hub, collective action was a must. However, conflicts between merchants of different religions, including keeping the Jewish merchants off the local exchange, obstructed the design. The dispute was partly averted when a Chamber of Commerce was set up in Breslau in 1849. However, only the gradual quitting by the Christian merchants, members of the merchant corporation, of their privileged position in the organisation of local trade gave way to a compromise. The construction in 1864–7 of a common ‘exchange’ can be perceived as epitomising the completion of a centuries-long dispute.
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The position of Polish groups of interwar Vilnius (in the first years of independence) on the issues presented in this article was varied. National Democracy did not regard Belarusians as an independent nation and denied them the right to an independent state. Democrats, on the other hand, were in favor of equal rights for all nations and granted Belarusians the right to their own culture and education. In a similar vein, the Democrats, along with Vilnius conservatives, also expressed their opinions on the Jewish question. Representatives of National Democracy found a lot of space for this issue in their statements. In the context of the dispute about Vilnius, it was emphasized that the Jews would opt for Lithuania and Vilnius’s membership of the Lithuanian state.
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Review of: „Sudovi: komparativna studija“ by Ehlimana Memišević (Centar za napredne studije, 2019). Review by: Sead Bandžović
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Book-Review: Tomasz Żukowski, Wielki Retusz. Jak zapomnieliśmy, że Polacy zabijali Żydów. [Die große Retusche. Wie wir vergaßen, dass die Polen Juden töteten.] Wielka Litera. Warszawa 2018. 430 S., Ill. ISBN 978-83-8032-296-7. (PLN 49,90.) ‒ Marta Ansilewska-Lehnstaedt
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This article explores queer traits in the early poetry of Shmuel Yankev Imber. The paper identifies those spaces, where the sexual identity of the lyrical “I”was fluid and defied the sexual, social and literary norms of the poet’s time. The article emphasizes acts of self-censorship that occurred within Imber’s oeuvre in the short period between 1909 and 1914 when the poet published his second book. The article also discusses the social and literary context in which Imber lived and worked.
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This review article addresses the recent popularity of studies on Jewish conversion. In particular, it examines the volume Bastards and Believers: Jewish Converts and Conversion from the Bible to the Present edited by Theodor Dunkelgrün and PawełMaciejko (Philadelphia, 2020). The author of the article suggests looking at this volume as at a representative example of recent trends, themes, methods, and challenges present in studying Jewish conversion.
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This study aims to provide an insight into the microworld of a group of witnesses to and participants in the Holocaust in Košice, a town ceded from dismembered Czechoslovakia to Hungary in November 1938. We argue that Košice represents a suitable case study for the examination of Aryanization of Jewish property on the municipality and individual levels in the Slovak-Hungarian border region (Southern Slovakia), which is a hitherto understudied field in Holocaust studies. Our analysis is centred around 253 petitions submitted by local residents to obtain rental rights to apartments previously occupied by Jews and supporting documentation preserved in the Košice City Archives. Our primary research question is who these petitioners for Jewish apartments actually were and how and why they became involved in the process. We explore the petitioners’ social stratification, occupational structure, gender, ethnic origin and other social indicators. Furthermore, we present and interpret their arguments, excuses and motivations. This issue also involves the striking question of how much these ordinary men and women understood they benefited from mass murder.
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The article discusses mechanisms of social immunisation in the context of the Polish ‘March 1968’. Whereas immunising strategies are a normal part of sociality, I argue that around 1968 a growing anxiety about the mechanisms of being-in-common led to an autoimmunitarian dissociation of the Polish society, which I conceptualise as an atmosphere of minusivity. Strategies to counter exclusions and discriminations were trapped in this immunitarian paradigm as well. A crisis of communication arose from the dissonance between the reality created by the official language surrounding March 1968, and the reality experienced by many people, as this latter reality was silenced and repressed. Mistrust in language resulted in an immunitarian retreat from affective communication, which was replaced by impersonal communicative scripts. This communicative crisis widely prevented the March experiences from being conveyed in the cultural production of the time; nonetheless, I will try to retrace some of the immunitarian and counter-immunitarian strategies in literature, film, and retrospective accounts.
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The Zionist leadership created a “model” of selective Aliyah from the early 1900s until the 1930s. Priority was given to immigrants wishing and able to integrate in the workers’ sector – those with suitable ideology, pioneering hagshamah (self-fulfillment), and sacrifice. The selective absorption policies were cancelled by the Zionist leadership following the Nazi persecution of the Jews in Europe and the increasing Jewish-Arab struggle in Eretz-Israel. In practice, absorption of the German Ashkenazi immigrants and discrimination against the Thessalonikan Sephardic Jews continued during the 1930s. Prioritisation was based on ideological and political considerations, and the German Jews’ ethnic origin, which was similar to that of the Zionist leadership decision makers, almost all of whom were Ashkenazi. This study seeks to examine the public discourse regarding the attitude of the Zionist leadership to the “Mizrahi” Jewish community of Thessaloniki, compared to that enjoyed by the “Ashkenazi” Jews of Germany and Eastern Europe.
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One of the anti-Semitic measures introduced in Romania in 1941, which affected Jews, was the obligation to perform public work, later called compulsory labor. Following to the order 33 of May 7, 1944, compulsory work was introduced also for Jewish women in Romania. In the city of Bacău, in the summer of 1944, Jewish women were assigned to several institutions, the most important being the Campania Hospital 3, the Campania Hospital 10, the "Red Cross" Hospital, Bacău Prefecture and Bacău Court.
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The article studies the Jewish cemetery which provides a significant amount of historical information about various aspects of the life of the Jewish community which have long been out of focus. The objective of the research lies in proving the relevance of marginal culturally significant objects in the context of postmodern philosophy, as well as explaining and analyzing the compositional ways and peculiarities of plastic images of the facades of the gravestones in Kremenets, one of the Volyn areas of the Jewish culture in the 18th century – the early 19th century. The article focuses on the most common method of studying the monuments of Jewish gravestone epigraphy. The methodology of the research is based on the regionalist approaches to the problem and the application of culturological, retrospective comparative-historical methods and the use of critical analysis. For the first time, the artistic and style peculiarities of the memorial plastic arts of Jewish cemetery in Kremenets are analysed and the historical factors that influenced them are explicated. It was proved that the historical and cultural value of the Jewish necropolis in Kremenets lies in its originality. The cemetery is one of the oldest in Europe and contains unique information on the history, customs and culture of the Jewish people. It can become a promising object of visit for postmodern consumers, interested in unpopular and marginal tourist artefacts.
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The paper collects some Yiddish words which do not lend themselves to easy translation and investigates the way they are rendered into Japanese. This is done with the example of the 1999 Japanese translation of Yitskhok Katsenelson’s Song of the murdered Jewish people. Japanese renderings of selected fifteen lexemes reflecting the culture, religion and everyday life of the Yiddish speakers are gathered, analyzed as for their structure and compared with their German, English, Spanish, French, Polish and Russian counterparts.
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The main purpose of the article is to describe John Zorn’s approach to klezmer music and Jewish music tradition in general. The text was split into shorter paragraphs. The first part of the article is dedicated to providing an overview of the problems concerning the definition of Jewish music. The second part focuses on analysing klezmer motifs in John Zorn’s selected works and Jewish symbols present in the visual layer connected with his works. The last paragraph contains a summary and conclusions.
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