![В памет на Пламен Събев (1960–2019)](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2019_48196.jpg)
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The article demonstrates differences between the symbolic landscapes of an oral vernacular culture and a literate culture, drawing on examples of perceiving and depicting sacred natural sites in Estonia. Vernacular oral culture and written national culture are considered as subsystems of a wider cultural system, following Yuri Lotman. In the literate Estonian culture from the 19th century onward, references to oak groves dominate as a typical image of ancient Estonian sacred sites. The symbol of the sacred oak grove is literary in origin, deriving from European examples of the Romantic Era. An important source contributing to the spread of the idea of ancient oak groves has been the Estonian national epic Kalevipoeg by Fr. R. Kreutzwald, first published as a full edition in 1862. An analysis of the text of the epic shows that most references to sacred oak groves and oaks in the epic are rhetorical in nature, featuring as poetic devices, figures of speech or abstract symbols signifying the idea of an ancient golden era. Only in two instances can they be considered to refer to concrete landscapes that can be precisely located. In the 20th century, sacred natural sites known to the local vernacular religion are increasingly interpreted in written national history as monuments of pre-Christian times. This is evidence of the hybridisation of certain features of written and oral culture after the national written culture has become established as the dominant subsystem.
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The article explores the mechanisms of memory culture and the commercialization of the socialist heritage from the period of the People’s Republic of Poland (PRL) (from 1945 to 1989) as a tourist destination, societal practice and cultural resource in today’s Warsaw. At the intersection of heritage studies, historical tourism and material culture, the ethnographic analysis focuses on three empirical case studies as examples of the commercial popularization of the history of the PRL. These are the communist heritage tours offered by WPT 1313 and the documentation of the socialist heritage at the Museum of Life in the PRL and the Neon Museum. These commodified products of Warsaw’s tourism and entertainment culture fill a gap in the tourist market, based on the prototypical, nostalgic longing of tourists for a sensual and emotional experience of the “authentic past”. This predominantly participant observation-based ethnographic study on the practices, spaces, images and agents filling this touristic niche, illustrates how they create sensual-emotive, aesthetic and performative fields of reifying, discovering and experiencing the socialist past. Finally, the paper focuses on how these polyvalent mechanisms shape the tourist infrastructure of Warsaw oscillating between critical distancing and entertaining appropriation of the socialist heritage.
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Conference-Report: Нематеријална баштина - нови циљеви, нове перспективе (Lidija Čolević)
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Reinventory works at the Diocesan Museum in Siedlce in 2020, subsidised by the National Centre for Culture as part of the programme ‘Kultura w sieci’ [‘Culture on the Web’], included historic textiles sewn from 15th- through 20th-century fabrics that had been stored in a warehouse for many years. They revealed more than 140 objects (chasubles, capes, mitres, dalmatics, stoles, maniples, palls and burses), only a fraction of which had been catalogued. Other items are of largely unknown provenance, often damaged and having been repaired and re-stitched many times. Only a few of them can be found in the catalogues of art monuments in Poland or on inventory cards in the office of the Provincial Office for Monument Protection. As part of the reinventory work, all the historical paraments gathered in the collection of the Diocesan Museum were carefully documented in terms of content and visual records, and more than 150 of them were added to the online exhibition ‘Splendor Podlasia’ [‘Splendour of Podlasie’] (www.splendorpodlasia.pl) so as to bring this interesting resource to a larger audience. The article also deals with research into the history of the two oldest, late-Gothic fabrics from which the chasubles were sewn and the reuniting of the ceremonial set (sacra paramenta and sacra indumenta) of Bishop Franciszek Kobielski (1679–1755), which had been scattered for many years.
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În a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea şi la începutul secolului al XX-lea cultura gorjeană îşi găsea expresia în activitatea unui grup de intelectuali preocupaţi întru totul de ştiinţă şi învăţământ, iar efectul muncii lor se păstrează până astăzi: Nicu D. Miloşescu, Witold Rola Piekarski, Alexandru Ştefulescu, Iuliu Moisil, Ştefan Bobancu, Aurel Diaconovici.
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During the information day, the results of the work of the IMI-BAS team on the project CLaDA-BG, the Bulgarian National Interdisciplinary Research e-Infrastructure for Resources and Technologies in Favor of the Bulgarian Language and Cultural Heritage, Part of the EU Infrastructures CLARIN and DARIAH, will be presented: the development of the Humanities and Social Sciences Data Storage, Retrieval and Curation Environment (CHCS-DSRCE) and its implementation in the Digital Library "Virtual Encyclopedia of Bulgarian Iconography" and for the needs of the "Ivan Vazov" Regional Library in Plovdiv and “Peyo Yavorov” Regional Library - Burgas.
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The National Museum of Education in Gabrovo has its own specifics in terms of the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage related to the history of Bulgarian education. On the occasion of Prof. Stela Dermendzhieva’s 60th anniversary, the Museum presented a photo-documentary and multimedia exhibition for the first time in the history of modern education. Through this exhibition, it provided an opportunity for citizens, teachers, and especially adolescents to learn, through direct vision, about the rich heritage in the field of geographical practices at St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo, so that the will of Vasil Aprilov could be fulfilled: “We live for our descendants. Let’s get started so they can finish!”
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Friedrich Daniel Wahr (1749−1827) was a pastor of a Baltic German origin, a representative of the Enlightenment movement, who over his lifetime provided a great contribution to the development of Latvian literature and folkloristics. F. D. Wahr had studied at the Frederick’s College and the Albert University (Albertus Universität) in Konigsberg (now Kaliningrad), where he supposedly came in touch with the ideas of Pietism and Enlightenment. Straight after he graduated from the university, he went to Livonia and in an unusually short time was ordained as a pastor for the parishes of Palsmane and Aumeistari, where he worked all his life. Along with the activities of the pastor, F. D. Wahr actively worked as a translator both localising German texts and writing his own texts. The most important work of the pastor is his and Gustav Bergmann’s (1749−1814) book Palcmariešu dziesmu krājums (Song Compilation of Palsmane Inhabitants, 1808) published in Rūjiena, which at that time was the biggest collection of folk songs compiled by one individual (413 folk songs). It was also the first collection that was structured in chapters. The author of this article has examined whether and to what extent F. D. Wahr has ben an innovator or rather a follower taking into account the context of the time period. The author has also questioned to what extent these were occasional activities and to what extent it was goal-orientated work. The author has gathered the data on Palsmane and its surroundings in terms of the social and cultural aspects at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, which so far have not been studied. The author has also listed the literary works of F. D. Wahr providing an insight, as well as brief reflections on the creation of the Song Compilation of Palsmane Inhabitants.
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The turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was an important period not only in the West European countries, but also in the Russian Empire and the Baltic Provinces incorporated therein. This was the time when the old order of the world had changed and many new and previously not experienced opportunities opened up for Latvian society. People’s living conditions improved, they became more educated, self-confident and active. They started doubting the heritage left by the preceding generations and the traditions nurtured for centuries. They were willing to develop a new world, to give up the former structures of state authority, including the church. This article is aimed at analysing the attitude of various Christian confessions represented in Latvia towards the change brought by the modern century; what was considered the most important virtues and vice of the period; whether there were any differences in the opinions of representatives of various confessions and cultural historical regions on these matters and their attitude towards the new. The publication is based on the periodical press publications of various Christian confessions published in Latvian from the late 19th century to World War I. The Ev. Lutheran church is represented by the supplement Baznīcas un skolas ziņas [Church and School News], later Baznīcas ziņas [Church News] of Latviešu Avīzes [Latvian Newspapers] (1857–1900; 1902–1915). The opinion of the Orthodox on the public morality issues was obtained from the publication Rīgas Garīgais Vēstnesis [Riga Ecclesiastical News] (1902–1905), which was later published under the title Pareizticīgo Latviešu Vēstnesis [Orthodox Latvian News] (1906–1917). The Baptists’ views are represented by two publications, the religious newspaper Evangelists (1881–1887), and Jaunais Jeruzalemes kalendārs [The New Calendar of Jerusalem] (1908–1917, 1925–1934). The periodicals of the Roman Catholics are represented by the first two publications in the Latgallian written language: Gaisma [Light] (1905–1906), Sākla (1906), Auseklis (1906–1907). Because of the prohibition of Latin print it was only possible to start publishing them after 1904. During the reviewed time period, the Christian Church in Latvia was still among the most conservative forces of Latvian society. It stood for the maintenance of the current state authority and the traditional Christian values. Its attitude towards all new ideas and political opinions (for example, materialism and socialism) was undoubtedly negative. All the Christian confessions were also strictly disapproving of the participation of Latvians in the events of the revolution of 1905 by stating that the rebellion against one’s own masters (landlords) was an unfair and dishonest act. Particular criticism was directed against violence. According to the viewpoint of the authors of the Christian press publications, faith in God and obedience to the modern and secular authority was the main cornerstone of the public morality. Still, there were certain differences in this understanding among various confessions. If the Ev. Lutheran, Orthodox and Catholic press media were focusing on the obedience to God and the man (a landlord, a priest or one’s employer), the Baptists’ publications only focused on obedience to the Bible. Thus, the Baptists’ press publications emphasised the necessity of faith as opposed to obedience. Baptists (different from other Christian confessions in Latvia) were the only ones preaching the idea of equality in the Christian parish. They emphasised each individual’s responsibility for the salvation of one’s own soul, as opposed to the individual’s responsibility towards society. All the reviewed press publications agreed that drinking was the biggest vice of the Latvians (following straight after the lack of faith). The plague of drinking is a bad habit described in numerous articles of that period. The Latgallian Catholic press publications also condemned obscurantism or the lack of willingness to study as an important opportunity for self-development.
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Review of: Pille Arnek. Eestikeelsed tekstid 16.-19. sajandi Põhja-Eesti hauatähistel. (Tallinna Ülikooli humanitaarteaduste dissertatsioonid 54.) Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikool, 2019. 333 lk
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he article deals with the urbanonymy of the capital town in Herzegovina – Mostar, as one of the most important indicators of national and territorial identity. he accent is on the names of city facilities: restaurants, shops and similar buildings (empronyms),bridges (gephyronyms),street and square names (hodonyms and agronyms), temples, churches, monasteries and convents (ecclesionyms),which constitute the core of the ubranonymic terminology and the linguistic picture of Mostar. he paper analyzes the motivation and functions (identiication, commemorative and connotative functionof urbanonyms). he paper discusses the Mostar urbanonyms that have a speciic formation/structure or inappropriate semantics. he author raise the question of how urbanonyms relect the cultural, ethnic and religious preferences of the society.
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The article is devoted to the results of the research of the fortress Tyagin, built by the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas on the territory of the island Bolshoye Gorodishche in the late 14th to early 15th century. The archaeological materials provided valuable information about the syncretism of the complex of monuments on the island, the typology, layout and size of the fortress. It was one of the earliest stone castle-type fortresses on the northern Black Sea coast, a part of the defensive line of the southern borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The fortress’ defensive system included a synthesis of defensive architectural elements, ranging from timber-engineered structures known from Old Russian times to stone walls and buttresses of a new level of fortification in Europe. The fortress was armed with artillery and edged weapons, the main type being crossbows, which were widespread in Lithuania. The fortress of Tyagin was situated at the crossroads of trade routes between the East and the West, at the crossroads of the custom. The artifacts testify to the presence of Lithuanian cultural objects, Genoese influence, contact with Crimea, and trade and economic relations with Poland. The monument is an integral part of the cultural heritage of Lithuania and Ukraine.
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Since the end of the 20th century, museum institutions have been adopting the logic of communication, promotion, and administration typical of cultural industries, mainly Cinema. In 1994, Andreas Huyssen argued that the museum, as an elitist place of preservation of canon and high culture, gave way to the museum as a mass medium. Cinema became the paradigm of contemporary cultural activities whose new exhibition practices respond to the changing expectations of the public and their constant search for stellar events.This process is evident in the increasing use of banners, marquees, and all manner of resources aimed at promoting the temporary exhibitions gaining their place as the main attractions of art museums. Moreover, with the advent of social media, the phenomenon of cinefication of the museum has accelerated. Exhibitions are now titled, conceived, promoted, and distributed as films, while artists, adorned by the figure of the genius, are presented as parts of the art history star system.In order to highlight this phenomenon, we present an analysis of the programming and promotion of temporary exhibitions at Tate Modern, the paradigm of 21st-century museums. This institution not only titles its exhibitions in a cinematographic manner but also produces trailers and posts them on its website and social media. Our work focuses on one exhibition in particular: Picasso 1932, Love, Fame, Tragedy. To this end we observed both the curatorial discourse and the communication strategies applied by Tate. This paper is part of a research project that includes MoMA, Malba, Centre Pompidou, and Reina Sofia. The study of this phenomenon will provide an overview of the epochal style of modern art museums in the conception and communication of modern and contemporary art exhibitions.
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The work proposes the presentation of the casuistry of some fragments of fresco coming from the chapel of the fortress of Suceava. First mentioned in 1388, during the reign of Peter I Mușat, the fortress suffered numerous restorations, both during the reign of Stephen the Great and of the rulers who followed it. Over time, the fortress undergone numerous damages as a result of sieges and natural disasters. Archaeological excavations have revealed various vestiges, including fragments of the original decoration of the fortress chapel. Currently, the fresco fragments are in the custody of the Zonal Restoration Laboratory within the National Museum of Bucovina, where they benefit from specific conservation processes.
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Troodos is the largest mountain system on the island of Cyprus, located in the western part, with the highest peak Olympia or Olympus (1952 m). Troodos is recognized as an international reserve, and it is very different from other similar mountain ranges in the world. For vulcanologists, Mount Olympus’s top is the storage of knowledge about species and soil formation, 90 million years ago. The mountain itself appears in the prehistoric age, in the collision of the continental plates. Today, Troodos Mountain has become a developed tourist infrastructure with different resorts not only for summer recreation, but also for skiing, as well as for pilgrimage, cognitive and cultural tourism. The economy of the region is mainly based on agriculture (grape growing and wine production) and tourism. The area is famous for its mountain resorts and picturesque mountain villages, revealing traditions and rich historical heritage preserved in the well-preserved Byzantine churches and monasteries, ancient ruins and fortress walls. According to data for 2016, the Cypriot economy has reported record levels of revenue from tourism.
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The purpose of the article. The study of the peculiarities of the representation and existence of bibliographic and biobibliographic data on the background of the information society. The latter corresponds to the specific functioning of the electronic library, the structural part of the information model “Ukrainian Bibliography in Persons”. The research methodology consists in using of comparative and historical-logical methods. This methodological approach allows us to disclose and analyse certain models of information about the anthropological component in the social relations provided by libraries. Scientific novelty of the work consists in the special construction of the information model “UBP”, which emphasises biographical data, consistently associated with other sources of information, in particular with biobibliographic, biographical, and thesaurus as well. Conclusions. The development of the general concept of building an open, integrated electronic bibliographic resource “UBP” provides that it is appropriate to develop on a corporate basis a series of leading libraries that need to ensure a permanent match of software and hardware with modern standards, a unified and simple user interface and remote access support. It also helps develop criteria for the selection of documents, unified description, and the cataloging of electronic documents, correlation of the description with the original; information integrity and guaranties of its permanent and continuous delivery to consumers, constant content analysis of the online reference sources, scientific libraries of Ukraine and the Ukrainian diaspora websites as well, identify and digitise retrospective sources of Ukrainian bibliography.
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The National Church Historical and Archaeological Museum is one of the biggest and oldest museums in Bulgaria and is in possession of a unique fund of movable cultural valuables belonging to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The aim of the present paper is to present the role of the museum in the socio-cultural space accentuating on the different forms of communication within the territory of the museum as well as outside it. The analysis of the museum’s activities shows that the National Church Historical and Archaeological Museum still remains a classical type of museum failing to be in line with the notion of a modern museum institution. In this connection, concrete suggestions are offered with a view to its wider opening to the audience.
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