Andrew Scull: A hisztéria felkavaró története
Andrew Scull: A hisztéria felkavaró története. Holnap Kiadó, Budapest, 2013. 190 oldal.
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Andrew Scull: A hisztéria felkavaró története. Holnap Kiadó, Budapest, 2013. 190 oldal.
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The opinions of people are expected to forecast their actions, and even major economic institutions rely on this correlation. This research paper examines a case when the opinion of people about their financial situation contradicts their financial-related actions. In 2012 in Hungary the general opinion of people about their financial situation was showing the lowest confidence in the world, with a significant declining trend, reaching an extremely low level. Although the general expectation would be that this pessimism triggers a set-back in consumer spending, figures show that Hungarians were on the other end of the scale regarding their expenditures and were greatly increasing their spending. This raises the question: why do people say they are in such a tough financial situation yet instead of saving they increase their spending? This paper presents a cross-country analysis that reviews the severity of this discrepancy, as well as proves the validity of the question by excluding several alternative explanations, followed by a recommendation and hypotheses for a detailed research to explain the phenomenon.
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The paper examines the motivational drivers behind the participation of Hungarian consumers on a special shopping event, also known as Glamour Days. The study encompasses a variety of related conceptualizations such as hedonic/utilitarian shopping values, self-gifting as well as impulsive buying practices. After the introduction of relevant consumer behavior concepts and theoretical frameworks, the paper presents a qualitative research on adult and adolescent female consumers’ shopping experiences during Glamour Days. By building on phenomenological methodology, this study also portrays the ways this shopping event has changed consumer society within an originally strongly utilitarian attitude driven Hungarian culture. The phenomenological interview results highlight differences within the motivational drivers of pleasure-oriented shopping for the two age groups. For teenagers, the main motivation was related to the utilitarian aspect due to their financial dependence and the special opportunity to stand out of their peer group by joining an event that is exclusively held for adult women. On the other hand, adult women are motivated by combined hedonic and utilitarian values manifested in self-gifting and impulse buying within an effectively planned and managed shopping trip. Based on the results, retail specific strategies are provided along with future research directions.
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In this study I make an effort to prove that market price signals are less subject to individual behavioural distortion than those sharing the idea of prevailing irrational investor behaviour, and that intrinsic value plays a major role in the market price. With stock market bubbles, the balance between market and intrinsic value temporarily splits: during a crisis many stocks become overvalued, their prices being higher than their intrinsic value. Furthermore, among the reasons for market anomalies short-termism can be mentioned which indirectly leads to misjudgement of the underlying risk as investors pay less attention to low probability outcomes.
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The aim of this paper is to describe the consumer behaviour and everyday lifestyle patterns of Hungarian university and college students. The results are gained from an international survey, carried out by the Department of Environmental Economics and Technology at the Corvinus University of Budapest, supported by the Norwegian Financial Mechanism. As background literature, characteristics of the consumer society and the development of sustainable consumption as a concept are interpreted in the paper. The empirical analysis aims to describe the most important clusters of students, based on the factors of their consumer behaviour, environmental activism and pro-environmental everyday habits. Our results identify two extreme clusters which most significantly differ from each other: the environmental activists and the indifferent group. However, a third cluster has the most modest consumer behaviour, namely the group which considers product features, energy consumption and the behaviour of producers. They spend the least on consumer goods. The three other clusters show quite mixed lifestyle patterns.
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The paper examines the importance of personal and social characteristics for the acceptance or nonacceptance of the particular elements of religious consciousness and forms of religious behavior and association.
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In literature relating to the sphere of the sociology of labour the necessity of researching into the impact of environment factors on man’s activity in his work invironment has increasingly been pointed out. This results from our knowledge that people, when at work, cannot forget conditions under which they live, and the problems and obligations they have as they cannot forget circumstances under which they work at they workpost.
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This article is concerned with the place and possibilities of psychology in interdisciplinary reserch of the blood feud in Kosovo. This research has the following aspects: historical, ©tnologicaJ, legal, sociological, psychological and psychiatrical.
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Društvena potreba za prevencijom prestupničkog ponašanja mladih ima dugu istoriju. Ona se javlja takoreći uporedo sa nastankom prestupništva, uporedo sa nastajanjem klasnih razlika. Činjenica je da se preventivna delatnost društva protiv svih oblika prestupničkog ponašanja odvijala u uslovima klasnih društvenih odnosa, i možda zbog toga ne bi trebalo da bude čudno što njeni rezultati do sada nisu bili zadovoljavajući.
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The main aim of this study is to explain the relationship between reward and motivation. From this point of view; the effects of rewards on motivation have been treated within the theoretical framework. The relationship between reward and motivation is one of the most long-term debates in organizational behavior research. The theories about reward and motivation can be placed into two groups. The first group advocates that extrinsic rewards enhance motivation. These theories threat motivation as an effort or performance. Second group suggests that externally controlled rewards can undermine better quality motivation. In other words some forms of rewards might increase the amount of poorer quality of motivation (extrinsic) and decrease the amount of better quality of motivation(intrinsic). According to the self-determination theory the rewards affect extrinsic motivation as externally, introjected, identified and integrated.
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The number of motor vehicles which persistently increases every year arises the impact of congestion issues and the increasing number of traffic accidents. According to the data obtained from the Traffic Police Corps of Malang District Police, Mayjen Sungkono Street which is located in Kedung Kandang, Malang, has a high accident rate since 2008 until 2012. The result of analysis indicates that several behaviors influencing traffic accident rate on Mayjen Sungkono Street include the occupation of perpetrators, in which 87% of them work as private entrepreneurs; the address of the perpetrators, in which 53,07% of them come from Malang Regency; the age of perpetrators, in which 46,296% of them aged between 26 and 45 years old; and the age of pedestrians involved in which 35,484% of them aged less than 17 years old or between 17 and 25 years old. Besides, according to the data, the highest accident rate occurs in 2011 with the total percentage of 38,89%.
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The report presents part of the results of a survey, which is tasked with revealing how people fall into a new and unfamiliar environment, what adaptive techniques they apply and which are the sources of tackling the challenges. It explores the behaviors of employees in more-connected environments than others with national security issues that generate conditions that exceed people's perception of common and standard manifestations. In the study were used known and proven in Psihodiagnostičnata practice methods adapted to Bulgarian conditions. Data processed with SPSS 21. The detailed results and their thorough interpretation are discussed with the factors concerned by the processes in these environments.
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Straipsnyje pateikti skirtingi požifirio taškai i savokas „mandagumas”, „norma” ir „grubumas”. Pabrežiamas itraukimo i sferq pragmatines, NEkooperati- nio komunikacinio elgesio, lyginant su tradiciškai tyrinejamu kooperatiniu elgesiu, analizes aktualumas. Tyrinejimo objektu уга apgalvotas ir motyvuotas grubumas, kaip samoningas individo pasirenkamas elegesio stereotipas.
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Alcoholism, drugs, lack of love, infidelity, poverty, and violence are among the most important reasons for divorce all over the world. Hence, the researchers’ interest in studying these factors, including infidelity. After defining infidelity, presenting the types of infidelity, and trying to explain the increasing rate of infidelities, the article presents the main types of approaches to infidelity (emotionally focussed, integrative, intersystem, structured family) and the main couple therapy models in infidelity healing (couple therapy, behavioural couple therapy, narrative therapy), with emphasis on the two main focuses of couple therapy in infidelity healing – forgiveness and intimacy, as guidelines for therapists.
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Helping behavior can be triggered by complex motivators, a number of them self-related. Investigation of this issue can foster a better understanding of such current social phenomena as volunteerism within the context of intensive migration in Europe. The research presented here focuses on individuals who applied for volunteer positions in the Registration and Reception Centers for Refugees in Bulgaria. Document analysis was conducted concerning 128 applications for participation in an ongoing volunteer project during the period 2013-2016. The explicit motivations of candidates indicate that groups of motives related to self-enhancement are among the key triggers for volunteers. These include a desire to foster social change and the effort to develop a positive self-image, both of which are associated with the role of volunteer.
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Although emotions are frequently treated as highly intimate experiences, much empirical evidence indicates that they primarily play interpersonal functions. Here, we briefly review this evidence and argue that the relationship between emotions and social interactions may be bi-directional (that is, emotions may both influence and be influenced by social factors). The papers included in this special issue illustrate this bidirectionality with examples coming from studies on social judgments, emotional contagion, emotional regulation, empathy, and emotion vocalization. Taken together, these papers show that emotions and interpersonal relationships are inextricably intertwined.
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People often assess other people’s personality traits merely based on their emotional expression or the physical features of their faces. In this paper we review the evidence of biases when formulating judgments of trustworthiness and confidence from two types of facial characteristics. One line of evidence documents the influence of emotional expressions representing an individual’s motivational state and reflecting agents’ intentions. People’s judgment about the trustworthiness or attractiveness of others largely depends on the emotions expressed. The second line of evidence describes how facial appearance (e.g., cues of physical strength or resemblance to one’s own face) affects the inferences of personality traits. The two experiments described in this paper investi-gated the interplay between these two factors (i.e., facial features and emotional expression) and their combined influence on social judgments. We hypothesized and tested how both facial features conveying trustworthiness (vs. dominance) and a smiling (vs. neutral) expression influence judgments of trustworthiness and confidence (Study 1). We also tested the influence of facial resemblance in an interaction with a smiling individual when forming judgments (Study 2). We found that relatively static facial features conveying trust had more impact on judgments of trustworthiness than emotional expressions, yet emotional expressions seem to be more impactful for judgments of dominance. The results of both studies are discussed from a sociocognitive perspective.
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The present study examined the effect of negative emotional stimulus intensity (low versus high) on the choice of emotion regulation (ER) strategy when a person wants to control their emotional expression, and the impact of this choice on how the information accompanying emotional stimuli is remembered. The effects of emotional stimulus intensity on the choice of ER strategy were examined in two studies. In both studies, the participants (unaware of the differences in the intensity of stimuli) were asked to view images inducing negative emotions of high and low intensity and to choose which strategy (cognitive reappraisal or expressive suppression) they would use in order to control their emotional expression. In addition, in Study 2, the authors tested the memory of the verbal content accompanying the emotional stimuli that appeared during the ER period. As expected, the participants chose reappraisal over suppression when confronted with low-intensity stimuli. In contrast, when confronted with high-intensity stimuli, they chose suppression over reappraisal. The results of Study 2 revealed that memory accuracy was higher for those images that the participants chose to use reappraisal rather than suppression.
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Temperamental traits and empathy are both associated with emotional regulation; they thus shape both the quality of an individual’s life and the functioning of his or her social relationships. However, the mediating effects of emotional empathy in the relationship between temperamental characteristics and relationship satisfaction have not been closely analyzed and therefore require further study. This study examined the effects of temperamental arousability – global negative arousability and its components (fear, sadness, discomfort, frustration) – on emotional empathy and, consequently, on relationship satisfaction. One hundred and fifty young adults (104 women, 46 men) aged 20 to 35 participated in the study. The participants had been in romantic relationships for at least six months. The study used a sociodemographic survey and a set of questionnaires which included the Adult Temperament Questionnaire – Short Form, the Empathic Sensitiveness Scale and the RELAT Questionnaire. The results showed that empathic concern fully mediated the relationship between global negative arousability and relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, the effects of fear and sadness on relationship satisfaction were fully mediated by empathic concern and personal distress. Additionally, personal distress fully mediated the relationship between discomfort and relationship satisfaction. Neither empathic concern nor personal distress were mediators in the relationship between frustration and relationship satisfaction. It can therefore be concluded that although partners who exhibit higher global negative arousability report lower relationship satisfaction, they might become more satisfied when being more compassionate and caring towards others.
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In the current study, we tested the utility of a new method developed to study emotional contagion (i.e., the transfer of emotional states between people). Inspired by studies on emotional mimicry – a process that has been postulated as one of the main mechanisms leading to emotional contagion, we created a set of videos showing morphed facial expressions of happiness, sadness, and anger. Following exposure to each video, participants rated their emotions. Our findings demonstrated that the videos evoked congruent emotions in viewers, thereby supporting the notion that dynamic morphed facial expressions may be effective “emotionally contagious” stimuli. Additionally, in line with the previous studies and classic theories of emotional contagion, the displays of anger evoked a complementary reaction of fear.
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