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The term of sustainable development enjoys at global level of the support of international institutions, governments, businesses, and civil society. The nearly universal approval of sustainable development as a guiding principle is, in part, due to its importance. Sustainable development is also a prominent component of the MDGs, which have been widely endorsed by national governments and the world’s foremost development organizations since they were adopted at the Millennium Summit in 2000. Recent, the United Nations adopted a new global development agenda as a follow-up to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The new 17 Sustainable Development Goals integrate the three dimensions of sustainable development, covering areas such as poverty, inequality, food security, health, sustainable consumption and production, growth, employment, infrastructure, sustainable management of natural resources, oceans, climate change, but also gender equality, peaceful and inclusive societies, access to justice and accountable institutions. These Goals describe a global agenda, including some global public goods that cannot be implemented by any country on its own. In 2015, the European Union has decided to focus on "Development". This is the first ever European Year to deal with the European Union's external action and Europe’s role in the world. The purpose of the European Year of Development 2015 is to show the EU's commitment to eradicating poverty and of sustainable development in worldwide. Through this motto "Our world, our future, our dignity", the European Union aims at raising awareness among its citizens and stakeholders and fostering more involvement in development cooperation
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The paper analyses the National Strategy on Social Inclusion and Poverty Reduction (2014-2020) of Romania. The strategy was elaborated by experts from World Bank and its currently the object of public debate and of a Government Decision proposal
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The large numbers of refugees that are currently fleeing from Syria and other war zones don’t have much of a choice. Regardless, if it was a spontaneous decision out of fear for their lives in Syria or if they are on the run for many years already, the culture and language of the country of their destination is unknown to them. On the other hand, the huge amount of refugees is an enormous, not only organizational burden for the Federal Republic of Germany. One of the foremost tasks is to teach the German language to these human beings in order to enable them to express their needs, as requested by the European reference frame for languages, but also to help them to understand their new cultural environment. Using a case study this article examines whether role-plays are suited to support individuals who are often traumatized by war in finding a new identity while learning the new language. Although the role-play used here as an example was created under less severe circumstances, the experiences gained in southern Italy are serving as a basis for discussion using dialectal elements from the native language of the learner and a playful approach to the old and the new society. The scope of this work is limited to examining the role-play with respect to elements of Comedia dell’Arte and to assess its usefulness for language didactics by using Johan Huizinga’s findings on the importance of the play in its culture-creating function. Thomas Mann’s character in the story „Der Bajazzo” with its self-irony and with Pagliaccios typical nimbleness creates the link that makes it easier for individuals from other cultures – in the case of southern Italian protagonists often seemingly illogical and absurd re-actions – to better understand the rather rational German mentality, and at the same time allows them to embrace these foreign elements which can be seen as an important quality.
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This paper analyzes the city of Sarajevo as the focal point of the development of spatial plan¬ning. Thanks to its functions, the city of Sarajevo has, as often stressed, a focal significance in spatial planning. With the development of different branches of production activities, pri¬marily industry and the production of handicrafts, cities organize the production of a variety of goods, not only within their borders but also in the wider surrounding area. A city is a specific form of human population whose size maintains the meaning of its functions in the area. In accordance with the socio-economic and other factors of development, the forms and dynamics of spatial planning of cities are different. In the city of Sarajevo, there are all the basic functions of human life (living in the community, working, supplying oneself, educat¬ing oneself, having leisure activities, and transport and communications) which affects the rapid changes in the appearance, structure and functions of spatial components. Based on the above facts, it can be seen that the area of influence of the city of Sarajevo can be differenti¬ated into zones of varying degrees of socio-economic transformation and zones of functional connections with the city. This question is given a high priority in the world, as evidenced by the large number of scientific papers. In this paper, the attention will be devoted to the development as the focal point of regional planning of Sarajevo and its surroundings. Spatial planning is one of the most important contemporary features of the world. Space manage¬ment makes it an essential element of rational and humane use of space and organization of vital functions, adjusting the planning with technical and technological development as a phenomenon of our times and the necessities of life of the population. Spatial planning is carried out on the basis of spatial and urban planning.This kind of spatial planning is the result of pronounced differences in development and lifestyle between cities and villages, hence there is the intense migration of population from rural areas to the city of Sarajevo. The increase in urban population ranges mostly within the dynamics of growth of the total population. The focus of spatial planning in terms of concen¬tration of population, jobs and housing developments is moved to the edges and the suburban areas of Sarajevo. There also occur changes in the structure of population and degree of urbanization of Sarajevo from year to year. This primarily relates to the separation of urban settlements. It was therefore necessary to allocate these places according to the model which gives a more realistic picture of the number of urban settlements and the share of the urban population.
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Two dozen people feared dead after smuggler boat sinks off Greek coast today.
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The global institutions of power carry out various forms of violence against the poor, the weak and underdeveloped nations and states. Their violence is not fully visible, but is very strong and overtakes the area of economics, politics, diplomacy, culture and identity, as well as all other areas of social life. Ultimately, it leads to erosion of the sovereignty of states and peoples and destroying their economies.
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In a situation of considerable unemployment in Poland, the opportunity to go to work abroad allows the poles to get a better job and improve your financial situation. It can be said that it is better to leave and work than vegetate on the spot, with no prospects for development. Migration allows the poles to raise living standards. You can see it build up homes, refurbished homes, new cars, houses equipment. Thanks to the migration of many families rose from misery and stood on their feet. You can’t demonize this phenomenon, because more often than not accompanied by related departure charge strengthens family ties. Inducing a desire to leave the Polish is primarily a heavy situation on the labour market. Lack of work makes a lot of people decide to search for employment abroad. Most people, especially the young, looking for better living conditions, which, in turn, is inextricably linked with the creation of good jobs, giving the opportunity to live at the appropriate level. In Poland, sadly lacking such employers as high unemployment and a lack of prospects for “pushes” the poles to seek work abroad.
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Within the recent discussion among Croatian political scientists and sociologists about the egalitarian syndrome theory proposed by Josip Županov in the 1970s, two issues arose that are particularly important for economists. First, is the egalitarian syndrome an obstacle to economic development or is it a mere response to given development problems? Second, if the egalitarian syndrome is a set of cultural norms, how strong is their influence on the dynamics and level of economic development? These topics have not been addressed in the recent discussion among sociologists. Introduction of additional variables into the analysis of the link between inequality and social changes shows that particular cultural norms, such as the desire for redistribution, may influence social development, but the direction and strength of this impact are uncertain. Two variables are important in this regard: the pace of cultural changes and the level of their endogeneity or exogeneity in relation to economic development. Županov did not analyse the impact of these variables, but assumed a kind of cultural determinism. This was also the approach taken by contemporary proponents of his theory. Without incorporating the egalitarian syndrome theory into a broader theoretical framework which would define and test the relationship between cultural norms, their changes and economic development, it will not be possible to determine whether the values of egalitarianism as measured by Štulhofer and Burić represent obstacles to social development
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The authors have attempted to identify various values of the lake districts for the development of sport, recreation and sailing tourism. The main objective of this study was to show the diversity of forms and conducting of sailing activity, influenced by social and economic changes occurring in the Dobiegniew lake district. Documents and other materials available in the archives of the communal and administrative institutions as well as sailing organizations active in these regions were analyzed. Chronological statement of facts shows the diversity and popularity of used forms of activities also in a little-known period of German affiliation of the investigated region. Results of this study should be treated as insight necessary to create further development plans of thematic activities on inland waters.
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this paper aims to identify recent labor market changes brought about by modern technology. the analysis, which is based on the theoretical and empirical findings in the economic literature, indicates that a task-content approach to labor demand enables the channels through which modern technology affects both the size and structure of the demand for labor to be more clearly and accurately identified. this especially applies to the displace- ment effect, the productivity effect, and the effect of creating new tasks. attention is drawn to the possibility of modern technology segmenting the labor market. empirical research conducted in numerous countries has not borne out the alarmist predictions about modern technology resulting in high technological unemployment. Changes in the structure of labor demand are evident, although the available data show that CoVid-19, after the initial shock to the labor market, has not brought out any revolutionary changes in the size or structure of the demand for labor.
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The article deals with the issue of self-destructive and suicidal behaviors of adolescents as a response to their existencial problems. Behavior of this type among young people is a big problem for both the people they concern and the people who organize help for tchem. There are many stressors in adolescence. Their source may be rela- tionships with a close person, experience of loss, experi- ence of abuse or humiliation by a caregiver or partner dif- ficulties in school, work, sports or other activities as well as direct or media contacts with people, most often peers, who also display self-destructive behaviors. The study uses the lecture method based on the literature on the subject. The analysis of sources and scientific studies shows that the problem of self-destructive and suicidal behaviours among adolescents increases as a result of unfavourable living conditions and the lack of access to appropriate medical care.
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In June 2020, an earnest debate occurred in Latvian society surrounding controversy around the local ice cream brand called “Blacky” in English. While some pointed out that this was an expression of racism, others defended the right to name things “as they were” and relocated the political context within a nationalist perspective that “lacked” a racial history. This article explores “racial innocence” as a form of racism in Latvia. Racism and racial innocence, universalism, and particularism in interpreting race mobilize different sets of connections, not only revealing diverse understandings of race but also claiming authority and presenting inner logic to assert these positions. Despite the claimed lack of racial encounters and the absence of a history of colonial superiority, Latvians use racism as a part of the nation-building process and as a way of placing the country on the global map. I suggest that racial innocence is the dominant framework of conceiving racism, where the concept of race plays an important part in creating local hierarchies of the Self and Other. In the Latvian context, race is very much about “self” and self-boundedness, which is being challenged in the process of Europeanization and in situations of interpersonal encounters requiring a reconsideration of the ethics of conduct, racial privilege, and the “natural” grounds of Latvian society.
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This article presents the issue of moral upbringing in families based on a mixed Catholic-Lutheran marriage in a synthetic way. In the time of the crisis of upbringing as such, it becomes essential to pay attention to moral upbringing, which is the foundation of all education, and should be passed on by parents, as the first educators. They take actions that, despite a difference in religion, guide children to form a moral conscience, proper interpersonal relations, and educate them about love, that should be based on truth. In mixed denominational families, the transmission of moral upbringing takes place in the spirit of ecumenism, which means that, despite the threats that may arise, the testimony of Christian love and unity speaks out even stronger.
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This paper discusses the feminism of the Barbie movie, which premiered this July, instantly sparking debates about its messages and their meanings. Following a short explanation of some modern forms of third-wave feminism, the focus has been shifted towards the movie itself, its plot, and the reactions it has engendered. On the one hand, this Greta Gerwig movie is lauded as a feminist movie that raises significant questions about the role of women in today’s society, while, on the other, it has been on the receiving end of criticism on account of the superficiality of feminism it advocates and the way it depicts men. The reputation of the doll itself additionally emphasizes the ambivalent status. Barbie is simultaneously an embodiment of women’s freedom to be whoever they want to be but also a means for imposing unrealistic beauty standards. Mixing everything mentioned above has produced a movie that has achieved cult status even before its premiere, generating a record-breaking profit, simultaneously raising questions regarding the definition of feminism and its necessity once again.
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Taking measures regarding the inclusion of students with disabilities should be a concern for all universities. Both nationally and internationally, there are models of best practices that can provide guidance in this regard. Some of these are presented in this article, by way of example, in the hope that they could serve as a starting point and/or inspiration for future initiatives.
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The choice of a specific educational and professional path is a significant decision. In the presented qualitative research, attention was focused on causal attributions and their importance in the process of explaining the decisions made by students of Warsaw general secondary school graduating class. Findings show that: (1) depending on the educational stage, the attribution of choices varies; (2) regarding the earlier educational stage, external attribution is dominant. The knowledge of the specifics of the causal attribution processes in relation to the choice of the educational and occupational path allows of a better understanding and guidance on making these choices.
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The aim of the paper is an overview of urban planning ideas and factors affecting development of towns and cities in the western part of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Greater Poland, part of Pomerania, Kingdom of Poland, Galicia) that had a real impact on the quality of life of city dwellers in the period between the demise of the Polish-Lithuanian state (1795) and the World War One (1914). In the paper I deal mainly with the restructuring of the urban fabric in the towns and cities in question in the first half of the nineteenth century, which had a decisive impact on urban development before 1914. I analyse also the main selected urban planning elements that had the closest ties with the developmental factors: the process of creating tree-lined alleys, roads and boulevards, the creation of railway districts, the impact of the military factors on urban forms and the expansion of urban greenery. It is completed by conclusions, which also discuss the urban planning regulations. Some significant elements are not mentioned: the idea of garden cities or urban land incorporations, which pertained to peripheral areas and started to change the urban landscape often only in the last years of the period. The paper is based on the existing scholarly literature and the previous research of the author, and has a review-oriented and interpretational character. It results in a new attempt at a partial, though stretching beyond the partition borders, synthesis of the urban development in the Central Europe, or – as this region is often called in the Polish literature – the East-Central Europe.
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Changes taking place in society in terms of age structure, needs and housing preferences mean that space requires constant modernization. A large proportion of elderly people in Poland live in housing estates built between 1960 and 1980. The majority of them do not want to leave them due to the location, transport connections, and also because living in a nursing home in Poland is the last resort. It is worth enabling seniors to stay in these places because their good condition requires maintaining independence. The adaptation of housing estates should include spaces that encourage physical activity to improve fitness or take preventive measures. The areas where the largest percentage of elderly people in Lublin live were selected for the study. The aim of the article is to determine the adaptation of housing estate areas to meet the recreational needs of seniors. The development of public spaces and greenery in housing estates, as well as the mo- dernization processes that were carried out to make the areas more attractive to meet recreational needs, are presented. The standard of development of the studied estates is varied, but each of them has a strong advantage of greenery, allowing contact with nature, and places conducive to social contacts, enabling and encouraging activity.
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If we accept that the democratic paradigm involves majority rule being constrained by human rights, including, in particular, the right to privacy, then the continuing encroachments on this paradigm must be seen as a threat to the foundations of democracy. A culture of respect for privacy comes as an indispensable condition for a human being to develop and nurture a personality aware of their individual identity, enabling him or her to assess the performance of public authority in a manner independent of the latter. In everyday practice, as it happens, people find their affairs to be increasingly determined by non-human factors, a result of the expansion of automated services and stock-exchange transactions, the internet of things, etc. The rules laid down by constitutions of democratic states are about the exercise of power by sovereign people, not by sovereign algorithms. Such a sovereignty is grounded in the freedom of choice, which involves dialogue, persuasion, and the deliberative process as a basis for making decisions. Artificial intelligence, in the currently existing forms, is not capable of reasoning based on knowledge and culture, nor can it conduct a dialogue in which it could be persuaded to change its view and thus accept a given arrangement. No instrument has been developed up to this day that would embrace a spiritual culture, which is intrinsic to humans.
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