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Denotation of the Polish word kryminalistyka (German: der Kriminalistik) now is different than in last years of 19th century, when Hans Gross published his Handbuch fur Untersuchungsrichter als System der Kriminalistik. An English word “criminalistics” it is not simply translation of German der Kriminalistik (Polish kryminalistyka). “Criminalistics” that means the sum of the “forensic sciences”. For Hans Gross der Kriminalistik included methodics of the work of the examining magistrate, practical criminology, and competence for cooperation with experts in forensic sciences. Forensic sciences was out of the der Kriminalistik in Gross meaning. So, from practical point of view, der Kriminalistik it is “criminal investigation”. In Poland and in other countries of the East Europe der Kriminalistik it is a separate science. It include “criminal investigation” as well as forensic sciences. In school of laws, in East Europe there are departments or institutes of der Kriminalistik. Is the Kriminalistik really a separate science? What is the subject of the science? Or, maybe it is a complex of separate sciences with the different subjects, different methods but with the same goal? A complex of sciences as for example “social sciences” or “natural sciences”? Who is specialist in “criminalistics” (der Kriminalistik)? Is it possible to be specialist in kryminalistyka and not to be a specialist in one of the forensic sciences? According to the author, in educational level, kryminalistyka it is introduction to forensic sciences. In the scientifical level it is the complex of separate forensic sciences.
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The article presents the view that the journalists do not receive the right to look for evidence and information about the sources of evidence, unknown to law enforcement agencies for which it can be a significant help. This may be also the kind of realization of civil and professional obligation. It can’t be also denied guaranteed in the Constitution a freedom of speech and artistic expression. On the other hand the behavior of journalists must be in accordance with the law. The prosecution of offenders and the collection and preservation of evidence is not in fact in the competence of journalists. However, artist should not claim the absolute right to violate the rights of third parties. It was noted that the artistic or journalistic provocation may be under certain conditions circumstances exempting unlawful offense. Because of the absence of the positive rule in Polish law which would clearly indicate, at least the limits of legality of these actions, it was found that the consideration of excluding criminal responsibility for acts done under provocation, it seems most appropriate to adopt a vis maior. However the proportion of goods should always be balanced on the basis of the described premises. The legislature should consider the introduction of relevant legal regulations especially in view of the use of modern technology by agents provocateurs.
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The article presents the notion of evidence generalisations, their typology, methodological characteristics, and types of applications in non-monotonic reasoning, and threats that generalisations pose for the correctness of the actual conclusions. This part makes use of the already classical concepts of David Schum and William Twining. Moreover, the article makes an attempt at defining the role of generalisation in the latest model approaches to investigations, where their role intertwines with forensic analysis, especially with the construction of hypotheses and scenarios of the course of criminal events, and argumentation used in such cognitive procedures.
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The paper presents what the author believes to be the most important information concerning suicides in the Polish Tatra Mountains from 2000 to 2010. It presents the most frequent manners of committing suicide and suicide locations in the mountains. Moreover, the author decided to test whether gender, age, and social and atmospheric factors (especially of the halny [local foehn-type wind], blowing as a rule in spring and autumn in the Podhale region and the unfavourable biometeorogical situation accompanying it) could influence the victims’ attempts at selfdestruction
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The article compares the traditional concepts, dominant until recently and explaining the essence of polygraph examination and its effectiveness with a relatively new approach based on more solid scientific foundations. The so-called “differential salience” concept of test stimuli is based on the assumption that the subject may find a given stimulus more significant than others for a variety of reasons: for example, because he or she considers it threatening, shocking or simply familiar. The above is conditioned by a number of psychological processes related not only to emotions but also to the processes involved in focusing, memory, and behavioural conditioning. Thus, the idea is not only to detect the physiological fear of being revealed (emotional traces) or to seek traces of memory. Nor is there a simple standard of deception (lie). The current state of research in psychophysiology of the human makes it possible to explain what the phenomenon of efficiency of polygraph testing results from.
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A bill of the 23rd March 2006, worked out in the Department of Justice, intends an introduction of the crime of hooliganism character to the penal code. What is it “crime of hooliganism character”? What circumstances show that it was committed a crime of hooliganism character? It should be emphasized that an institution of the act of hooliganism character isn’t new in the Polish research of the penal law. It was known to the Polish code of 1969 and currently can be found in the misdemeanor (administrative offence, delinquency) law. Since the beginning of being she gave rise to a great deal of discussion and was criticized. The revised bill includes a definition of this institution. But an analysis of the judicature and researches of the literature show, how ambiguous phenomenon is the hooliganism and how unclear are the elements of the definition of the institution of the crime of hooliganism character, which is written down in this bill. So it should be considered, if a proposed amendment to the penal code is legitimate (well-founded). It should be also considered, if an amendment to the Polish penal law is necessary. A justification of the bill raises in this scope a lot of doubts and doesn’t persuade of the rightness of the proposed amendments in the penal law.
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In this article the author gives recommendations for running polygraph examinations of Islamic faith representatives during the Muslim fasting period of Ramadan based on his own practical experience and interactions with Muslim psychologists, and also analyzes examples of incorrect formulations of relevant questions on the subject of Islamic terrorism / extremism in the course of screening examinations.
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