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Texts are the most reliable bases for investigating language contacts. The field of research for philology is the analysis and semantic processing of texts. The present study deals with the effects of Hungarian terminology on Croatian judiciary terminology in the 15th century based on the original Latin book of law and its contemporary Hungarian and Croatian translations. The corpus in this research contains words borrowed from Hungarian as well as calques and semantic loans created on the basis of Hungarian patterns. In addition, the study analyzes various attitudes behind certain phrases.
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Industry played an important role in the economy of Egypt during the Mamluk period. There were many kinds of industries which operated at the time, such as textiles, sugar, paper, glasswork and metalwork. Nevertheless, the period under discussion witnessed the changes in industries some of which were in a situation of malaise and were less busy. One of the important factors that has been identified as affecting industry during the time was the lack of technological innovation. This led to competition from Europe where technological innovation in many industrial sectors had been in progress from the end of 14th century.
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The author describes a collection of medieval coins found at the Dniester Riverside near Tarasova village (Resina, Moldova). Using medieval written records and maps and the folk toponyms, the author suggests that this settlement can be identified with the medieval town (market town) of Ustia.
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The paper introduces scattered materials found at Tarasova village (Resina, Moldova). The collection includes items made of base metals as well as of iron (mainly items of armament and household utensils). The items can be divided into several chronological groups. The earliest are items of late 9th-11th cc. finding direct analogies on sites of Echimauti-Alcedar type in the territory between the Prut and the Dniester Rivers, as well as among the antiquities of South-Eastern, Central and Eastern Europe. Rather more representative is the collection of items dated by 15th-17th cc., the time when an important trade and industrial settlement of Moldavia is thought to have existed here along with its necropolis. A certain chronological gap between the latter and the former group is filled by a number of crosses-enculpions of the Old Russian type, which are dated within 13th-15th cc.
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The most sorrowful experience for a community or political formation is their exile from their own land. Being forced to leave one’s homeland where one has existed for years after all kinds of political and religious experiences is certainly a psychological trauma for those states or individuals who are exposed to such a situation. Especially the heavy depression suffered by exiled societies have often led them to assimilation in time, and normalised their estrangement from both their identity and their land. This situation, which can be described as psychological warfare, often leads to elimination of establishments and persons which could pose a threat, and destructive effects are felt for centuries. In this context, the exile story of Marashis that reigned in Mazandaran is a heavy blow inflicted on Shia. Marashis, who had formed a political identity based on Shiite ideology, were continuously criticised for their beliefs, and trivialised. The current article addresses their sorrowful exile.
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Na temelju dostupne građe nastoji se sagledati veze konvertita s kršćanskim dijelom obitelji te kako su prijelazi na islam utjecali na živote konvertita i njihovih kršćanskih rođaka. Prihvaćanje druge vjere nije značilo i odbacivanje starih navika i kršćanske tradicije. Bez obzira na promjenu vjerozakona i novih religijskih uzusa koje su morali slijediti, bilo je onih koji su i dalje nastavljali živjeti po kršćanskim običajima. Tome su, velikim dijelom, pridonijele veze konvertita s njihovom kršćanskom obitelji. Razlika u imenu i vjeri nije prekidala obiteljske veze čak ni onda kada su obitelji bile razdvojene.
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It is only fourteenth- and fifteenth-century sources that help build an image of the functioning of the rabbinate in Jewish religious communities of medieval Poland. Latin Christian sources dating to the period mention individuals described as doctor scholae, senior scholae, or episcopus Iudaeorum (standing for the rabbi or the major senior). However, mentions referring to such persons usually only deal with their lending activities. Still, we can learn more about the rabbis active in Poznań in the middle of the fifteenth century thanks to the correspondence (responsa) of Israel Isserlein, Israel Bruna, and Moses Minz, all of whom were scholars active in the Empire.
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The Russian idea as a topic falls in the domain of the history of philosophy. The author has presented a specter of opinions regarding this question, from the time the term was initially used to this day. The idea revolves around the concept of the Russian people’s uniqueness and it’s characteristic course in the creation of its own civilization, different from that of West Europe. The question was initially introduced by a dispute between Slavophiles and the so-called »westerners« in the last century regarding the need for Russia to follow the Western model in its development or to find its own way based on its specific national identity. This dispute has been revived in the intellectual circles of modern Russia, arousing the attention of the public and giving rise to new viewpoints regarding the whole problem. According to N. Berdyayev, the Russian idea is in the contemplation of brotherhood among men and peoples. The essential elements of the Russian idea are to be found in the Orthodox religion, characteristic parliamentarism and spiritual communitarism. V. Solovyov held the view that »a nation’s idea is not what the nation thinks of itself in time but what God thinks of it in eternity«. Critics of the Russian idea, such as A. Yanov, declared it to be a defense of slavery, despotism and imperial expansion. It is indeed a comprehensive ethic and ideological system of thought, of political, moral and spiritual principles and a call for the rebirth of the great values of Russian parliamentarism, humanism and personal spiritual purification.
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The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne 58 (2010), issue 2. The idea of the justice of the authority in the general meaning remains a central topic in Polish political theory. This has resulted in the frequent tackling of this problem, but it has not been reflected in the complexity of the theory. It is even difficult to talk about a theory in the case of the considerations analyzed. They were mostly very superficial mentions of the monarch’s justice, permeated with old-Polish legalism, a legalism reduced to the rule: the king is obliged to observe legal norms and to give priority to the good of those ruled over his own interests. This model determined the deliberations about justice. Most theoreticians could not see the possibility of strengthening the king’s influence on dispensing justice in the country, although there were exceptions to this view and not only among monarchists. Owing to this model in Polish political thought, after the fall of the First Republic of Poland it was easier to accept the idea of justice dispensed by broad bodies representing the community. The model was not even overturned by the instrumental transfer of the idea of natural justice to Poland. It was also not overturned by the doubts expressed by Wybicki about the possibilities of linking justice to the subjects’ happiness and political freedom.
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The everyday culture and the items of military equipment of the retinue (druzhina) should be separated from the other two types of everyday culture of the social elite. On the other hand, not all items of military life are associated only with the military elite, which the Russian druzhina belonged to. The article deals with four categories of artifacts: spurs, “status” plaques of military belts or horse harness, sharp-pointed weapons with a ring, children’s military toys. Vshchizh, which the article is devoted to, is a kind of “preservative” of the ancient Russian culture including the culture of druzhina, because of its destruction in 1238, as well as its location on the border of Chernihiv-Seversk and Smolensk lands, or Southern and Northern Russia in general, which affected its cross-cultural and military links.
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The archaeological site of Enisala Fortress is located at about 2 km west from Enisala village, on a limestone hill, which dominates the contact area of the lakes Razim and Babadag. Systematic and preventive archaeological researches provide an image of the 14th-15th century dwellings in the North Dobrudja. The archaeological excavations at the Enisala-Parcare point took place in 2014 and were investigated two areas, in which were identified 13 household pits. The 13 household pits are bell-shaped; inside them were found a diverse material: ceramic fragments, animal bones, fish bones, fish scales, red deer antler, iron arrowheads, sewing needle, knife blade, iron sleeve, iron horseshoe. In the lower part of the mentioned complexes were discovered a small number of ceramic fragments, to which is added the faunal material. The collected faunal remains come from fish, birds and mammals, and the last group is predominant. There were identified bone and dental remains coming from six species of domestic mammals (Bos taurus, Ovis aries, Capra hircus, Sus domesticus, Equus caballus and Canis familiaris) and six species of wild mammals (Cervus elaphus, Sus scrofa, Bos primigenius, Lepus europaeus, Capreolus capreolus, Canis lupus).
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This research focuses on those Gradec citizens who were elected to administrative functions since these were held by the richest and most distinguished citizens. They constituted the political elite of the city as there was only a thin line between the economic, social and political elites in Gradec. This paper deals with many aspects and elements that played a role in the formation of the urban elite, elements such as family ties, wealth, moral values, piety, education and membership of the nobility.
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The Ignominious Slavs, an Imaginary Founder, the Benedictines and a Wild Boar. A Foundation Tradition of the Cistercian Monastery at Pforta to the End of the Fifteenth Century.
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Paweł Rogowski had undertaken a difficult and important task to comprehensively analyse the question of the use of oath in the medieval Polish laws. He discusses the forms and functions of the old oath against its historical and cultural background. His approach, however, is not free of errors and oversimplifications. This review article presents some polemic remarks upon the functioning of the oath in the old Polish laws.
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Purpose of the article: In the surroundings of the Kyiv voivodes and governors, one of the most influential officials of the city and surrounding administrative territories, in the 15th–18th centuries formed a special cultural environment, where music was also given a certain place. The main purpose of our study is to characterize the musical life of these environments in the language of historical documents. In addition, to determine the functions and composition of musical chapels, musical repertoire, instruments, identify musicians, and so on. The methodology of the research is to apply predominantly general-historical methods: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological and historical-systemic. Scientific novelty: The musical life of Kyiv voivodes and governors has never been the subject of a special study. The collected materials, first presented in such configuration, deepen and specify the knowledge about the secular musical culture of Kyiv in the 15th–18th centuries. Conclusions: The musical culture of Kyiv of the 15th–18th centuries has not yet been sufficiently well studied, but almost completely forgotten knowledge and ideas about secular Ukrainian music of this time are gradually resurfacing. In addition, our research partially eliminates the artificial problem of Ukrainian historical musicology – the ways of reception of professional European musical culture in Ukraine, because, as can be seen from the collected documents, musical chapels existed in Kyiv during all this period, and judging by musical instruments and repertoire, they embodied the Western European musical theory and practice. The musical chapels of the voivodes differed little from those that existed in other areas of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the service of voivodes and governors there were both local and foreign singers and instrumentalists, which contributed to the spread of foreign musical achievements in the city. Subsequently, the presented direction of the study can become a model for the analysis of musical chapels in other Ukrainian historical areas.
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The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople was a critical event in the history of the Balkans, that left its profound imprint on the notions of Bulgarians of their past and of their self-image. Behind the seemingly unambiguous evaluation of this event – a defeat of Christendom that has to do with the fall of the Bulgarian Kingdom – an observer could trace one more complicated, ambivalent picture. The paper marks some of its premises:A) The city was unsuccessfully attacked by Bulgarians several times in the past and they still think themselves through the prism of these wars. B) Byzantines (Greeks) and Ottomans (Turks) are the traditional enemies in the Bulgarian national mythology. Their conflict and their interrelations as a whole generate different reactions, multiple plots.C) In the nineteenth century when the foundations of Bulgarian nationalism were set up, Constantinople (Istanbul) was probably the city with the largest Bulgarian population and the stage for many of the important events in the Bulgarian society.This paper offers а brief review of the main types of Bulgarian texts from the 19th and early 20th centuries dealing with the fall of Constantinople, comparing them with some Byzantine sources, with some Greek and other interpretations of this event and focuses on one not so popular dramatic work, written in verses by Svetoslav Milarov in the early 1870s. Here the ambivalent attitude of a part of Bulgarian society to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople was more visible.
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A successful campaign led by the Grand Vizier Gedik Ahmed Pasha to the Crimea in 1475 brought new territories to the Ottoman Empire — the Southern Taurica and the eastern edge of the Kerch Peninsula, which previously belonged to the Genoese and the local principality of Theodoro. This event, as well as new political and economic realities, had a significant impact on the material culture of the local population. Substantial changes also occurred in the ceramic assemblage. According to the written sources of the first half of the 16th century, pottery manufacturing in Taurica, particularly in the Ottoman province Kefe (former Genoese Caffa), also persisted. However, archaeological data tell about disappearance of glazed pottery, inherent for the previous epoch. In the Ottoman period, the new forms and decorations of vessels, more common for the central regions of the Porte, prevailed among ceramic utensils used by the local inhabitants. At the same time, import from other lands of the Empire became a significant part of the Crimean ceramic assemblage too, especially in the early years of the Ottoman rule. Among them, there are ordinary courseware and glazed tableware, which came in significant amounts. For the first time, changes in ceramic assemblages, which occurred after the catastrophe of 1475, are analyzed on the basis of the materials from well-dated archaeological contexts of the end of the 15th — beginning of the 17th centuries, from various archaeological sites of the Crimea.
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The article discusses the main points of the historical topography of the town of Balaklava, located on the Crimean Peninsula coast, which was part of the Ottoman Empire between 1475 and 1774. The author offers a graphic reconstruction of the general plan of Balaklava for the last quarter of the 18th century, the final stage in the life of this Turkish town. All basic elements of the historical topography of the late medieval town were recreated. The quarterly development plan and street network were reconstructed. The Ottoman city consisted of three fundamental parts: a fortresses with military and residential buildings, the town territory outside the fortifications and the unfortified suburbs. Localized were four city mosques, three Greek churches, one Armenian temple, a bathhouse, five fountains supplying the town’s population with water, one hotel — caravanserai, a market square with shops and coffee houses, shopping arcades, the main cemeteries of the town, a tile factory and vineyards in the northern suburbs. At the final stage of the Ottoman rule on the Crimean Peninsula, the total urban area of Balaklava was 10.2 hectares, including the ruins of the fortress of 3.3 hectares, the main territory of the town with an area of 5.8 hectares and the northern suburbs occupying 1.1 hectares.
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