We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Download

Григорий Цамблак и первое упоминание о Хаджибее

Author(s): Oleg M. Lugovyi / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The exchange of embassies before the election of Grigorij Tsanblak as Kievan Metropolitan caused the meeting of Władysław II Jagiełło and Byzantine embassy in Sniatyn in May 1415. This meeting recorded by Jan Długosz is marked by the mentioning of wheat delivery from the “royal port of Kaczubyeow”. Sniatyn negotiations are not connected with the “nuncios from Constantinople” visit to Krakow in September the same year. This nuncios must have been Theodor Chrysoberges departing to the church council in Konstanz with the proposition of union between Western and Eastern churches in the name of king Władysław. In early 1418 the same proposal was brought to Kostanz by Grigorij Tsamblak in the name of Władysław II, Vitautas, emperor Manuel II and the patriarch of Constantinople altogether.

More...

Download

Дж. Каталано из Солдайи первой четверти XV века: эпиграфический экзерсис

Author(s): Alexander G. Emanov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article studies a Genoese inscription from Soldaia, written in Latin and dated by 1423. In 19th—20th centuries, different scientists, like G. Oderico, P. Keppen, V. Yurgevich, C. Desimoni, E. Skrzinskaya and others have proposed different readings of the inscription. However, an important semantic part of the inscription remained unexplained. One of the factors which made it difficult to decode the inscription was its hardly accessible location.The use of digital photography permitted the author to obtain a qualitative image and to entirely reconstruct the inscription. Basing on its content, the author assumes that G. Catalano, mentioned in the inscription, was not the Genoa’s consul in Soldaia, as thought earlier, but a catholic bishop of the town, who initiated construction of the cathedral. Below the inscription, there are two coats of arms belonging to the Genovese families who provided financial support to the construction. One of these coats of arms was identified as representing the Goano family.

More...

Download

Усадьбы золотоордынского Болгара к юго-западу от Соборной мечети

Author(s): Denis Yu. Badeev,Renat R. Valiev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

A study of aboveground and dugout structures in the excavations territory (100-160 meters to the south-west of the Cathedral Mosque) enabled an attempt to single out urban homestead plots dating to the first half of the 14th century. A complex study of a large area (1912 sq. м), distinction of additional construction horizons within the clearly dated stratigraphic scale of the Bolgar hillfort, identification of the main street, as well as the location of certain dugout structures (cellars) and the study of their content made it possible to produce a spatial organization picture of Bolgar homesteads in the area and to determine the dimensions and space of at least one homestead plot.

More...

Download

Cтратификация игроков политической сцены Дешт-и Кипчака в начале XV века: случай приезда сыновей Тохтамыша в «земли Руси»

Author(s): Bulat Raimovich Rakhimzyanov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This abstract analyses mutual political status of the Golden Horde and Muscovite Grand Principality in the beginning of the fifteenth century. The main goal of abstract is to delineate the real role of Muscovite principality in political history of Central Eurasia in the beginning of the fifteenth century. The author examines the arrival of Tokhtamysh khan’s sons, namely Jelal ad-Din and Kerim-Berdi, to Muscovite principality. Among states that were members of the Golden Horde polity we find so called “Russian ulus” — an alliance of principalities of Northeast Russia, which were conquered by Batu khan. The Moscow Grand Principality became the strongest one among other Russian principalities. It took the leading position in contacts with Tatars. Nevertheless, how influential was the Moscow Grand Principality among other actors in political life of the Desht-i-Qipchaq in the beginning of the fifteenth century? The author concludes that the influence of Moscow was minimal and only began to be seen.

More...

Download

Адыгская керамика золотоордынского времени в фондах Государственного музея Востока

Author(s): Ludmila M. Noskova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses a small collection of 14th—15th-century ceramics from the excavations by the Caucasian archaeological expedition of the State Museum of Oriental Art in Adygeya and the Eastern Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is discussed. Most of the pottery comes from the Shendjiy kurgan cemetery (Adygea) and late medieval burial ground in the village of Kabardinka (near Gelendzhik). Several of the vessels were found on the banks of the Krasnodar Reservoir, where the late medieval funerary sites are situated. The material is divided into two groups: those from the left bank of the Kuban River and from the Black Sea region. The vessels are represented in different forms of jugs and mugs predominantly. All the vessels are made of red clay, which is typical for the Adygeyan ceramics of the Golden Horde period, and are produced on slow rotation potter’s wheel. Most of the jars of the second group have a side drain — a rim in the shape of oenochoe (“towards yourself”), which is a typical feature of the vessels from the Black Sea region. These forms of vessels disappear in the left-bank Kuban region. At the same time, the jugs with tubular drain appear in the ceramic complexes as metal jugs imitations. In general, the ceramic forms represented in the collections of the Museum of the Oriental Art complement the main types of kitchenware, common in the North-Western Caucasus in the 14th—15th centuries.

More...

Download

«Новые» объекты на топографической карте генуэзской крепости Чембало XIV—XV вв. (по материалам раскопок 1999—2013 гг.)

Author(s): Serhiy V. Dyachkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The 1999—2013 excavations allowed revealing the functional purpose of the well-known fortifications of Cembalo and marking a few new objects on the map.The church in the territory of the Consular Castle used to serve as a burial-vault of its inhabitants. Tower No. 8 protected the entrance to the territory of the castle. On a special ground next to Tower No. 8, there was a big missile machine of Trebuchet type designed to fight enemy ships. Tower No. 6 was located in the port area of the town. A huge cistern for keeping more than 550 cub. m of water was placed on the lower tier of the tower. The upper tier was used as a battle ground for mounting missile machines.In the 14th century, Tower No. 5 was part of the town fortification system. In the 15th century, Tower No. 5 was equipped with a cistern, and a weapon and armor depot was also placed there.

More...

4.50 €

Юродство как феномен средневекового города: юродство в свете исихазма

Author(s): Stanislav Oplatek / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Stanislav Oplatek’s contribution covers the phenomenon of yurodstvo and its relationship to the ascetic practice of hesychasm. There are proofs of the Rus people’s familiarity with hesychasm starting from the 14th century, under Metropolitan Theognostus. One of the important common traits among the yurods (“fools for Christ”) and among hesychasts in Rus are their mutual connections with the monastic environment (to name one example: the link between Kirill of White Lake and Sergius of Radonezh, i.e. a link between student and spiritual teacher). Besides these facts, one can also see evidence of knowledge of hesychastic practices in the hagiographies of holy yurods, which frequently describe physical and mental states corresponding to the states achieved through hesychastic practice (feeling heat, seeing lights, spiritual bliss tied to resignation from the world, and tears), as well as the so-called “Jesus Prayer.”

More...

4.50 €

Znaczenie kultu św. Piotra Apostoła w myśli misyjnej i działalności Brunona z Kwerfurtu

Author(s): Maksymilian Sas / Language(s): French,Polish,German,Italian Publication Year: 0

An anniversary publication for the renowned medieval historian Professor Roman Michałowski. The articles collected in the volume address the widely understood issues of medieval political and religious culture as well as the history of the Church in that period. Their authors, experts on the Middle Ages, come from Poland and from abroad and are not only historians but also archaeologists.

More...

Download

Earrings Decorated with Hemstitched Spherical Pendants Found on the Territory of Romania, Moldavia and the Serbian Banat

Author(s): Silviu Oţa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the structure of the earrings with hemstitched spherical pendants, decorated in the granulation and filigree technique, found on the territory of Romania, Moldavia and the Serbian Banat. In total, finds from 11 locations were analyzed (Cetăţeni-Poiana Târgului, Ilidia-Obliţa, Reşiţa-Ogăşele — necropolises; Buruieneşti, Şuşiţa, Braşov, Cotul Morii-Popricani, Olteni, Schinetea, Dubovac, Şaptebani, Cotnari — hoards). This decoration pattern is found on the circular link earrings, but also on the question mark shaped earrings (Ilidia-Obliţa, Braşov, Dubovac, Schinetea). Their chronology is mainly determined by the hoard coins. The items were also analyzed in terms of structure and decoration. From a chronological point of view, they were spread from the thirteenth century to the early sixteenth century. Their occurrence is typical for the communities south and east of the Carpathians, but also in the Banat or southern Transylvania, exactly in the same places where the Byzantine items or the items of Balkan tradition were in fashion during the previous centuries.

More...

Download

БРАНИСЛАВ ЂУРЂЕВ И “ДЕСПОТОВ КАНУН”

Author(s): Ema Miljković / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Diese Arbeit ist der Deutung der Bestimmung des Begriffs “DespotenKanon”, der in der Wallachen-Vorschrift für den Smederevo-Sandschak aus dem Jahr 1516 vorkommt, und der eine große historiographische Polemik zwischen B. Đurđev und D. Bojanić ausgelöst hat. Durch die detaillierte Analyse verfügbarer Quellen osmanischer Herkunft, konnte der Autor dieses Aufsatzes den Standptunkt vertreten, dass sich der Terminus “Деспотов канун” wirklich auf ein älteres Gesetz und rechtliche Bräuche aus der Periode des unabhängigen serbischen Staates bezieht, so dass die Einstellung, das Gesetz für die Semederov-Wallachen aus 1476/77 sei die direkte Übersetzung eines Rechtsaktes jeglicher Grundlage entbehrt. Ebenso sollte auch die Richtigkeit seiner Thesen im Zusammenhang mit direkten oder automatischen Übernahmen des Wallachen-Status aus dem serbischen Despotenstaat erwähnt werden; er bestritt nämlich die Behauptung, dass die Organisationsformen der Branicevo- und SmederevoWallachen in der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts ein gänzlich aus dem Staat des Despoten Stefan Lazarevic geerbtes Modell sei, sondern er sah richtig die innere Dynamik dieser gesellschaftlichen Gruppe, die in das osmanische Herrschaftssystem auf eine Art und Weise eingegeliedert war, die man als am adäquatesten empfand. Es ist nicht strittig, dass die serbische mittelalterliche Gesetzgebung einen starken Einfluss auf einzelne, die Wallachen betreffenden Bestimmungen der osmanischen Kanons hatte, aber ebenso sollte man nicht den besonderen Charakter und die Originalität der osmanischen Staatsverwaltung außer Acht lassen, welche sich auch hierin widerspiegelt.

More...

Download

Kachlové série

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English,Czech Publication Year: 0

Analyses were conducted with five groups of stove tiles connected by various attributes, which are known from many locations in the Czech lands of the second half of the 15th century, from the neighbouring Austria or Poland, as well as from the nearby Hungary.

More...

Download

Provinilý lev

Author(s): Zofia Jagosz-Zarzycka,Martin Hložek,Irena Loskotová / Language(s): English,Czech Publication Year: 0

The graphic design of the relief springs from an older tradition of Gothic ornaments in the form of a rosette, which is enclosed by a bordure from raguly sticks entwined with a leaved twig (Fig. 1). This motif is mainly known from the production of the royal workshop in Buda in the 2nd half of the 15th century (e. g. Holl 1971, 179, 199). Later conception replaced the raguly bordure on the sides and in the upper part by a meander (zigzag), which is interrupted by heads (putti?) in the upper corners and by small rosettes in the lower corners. Above the bottom edge of the relief, there is an inscription “scham dich” (shame on you) in Gothic minuscule, rhythmised by another rosettes. The inscription is undoubtedly related to the central figure of a hunched lion surrounded by a vegetal pattern from leaves and brier flowers that are separated from the meander by a right-angled rope (Fig. 2).

More...

Download

Kachlové série – závěr

Author(s): Markéta Tymonová,Martin Hložek,Irena Loskotová / Language(s): English,Czech Publication Year: 0

Ceramic finds were analysed depending on the availability of individual methods and possibility of destructive sampling. Analyses were made with selected representatives of stove tile series and groups, which are frequently found on various sites in our territory during the 15th century and whose occurrence is not limited only to the Czech lands. Series are characterised as assemblages of finds with clearly definable common features, i.e. collections of thematically related stove tile motifs set into a unified architectonic frame (Adoration of the Magi, tournament) and stove tiles, whose belonging to one and the same type of heating device is determined by a characteristic application of elements of Gothic architecture in connection with heraldic and artistic components of their decoration (knight’s stove). Group encompasses stove tiles with hunting and courtly motifs with similar visual design, which is supplemented by a secondary connecting element in the form of a vegetal ornament. However, this ornament does not represent an integral part of relief decoration and its form and application are variable. A separate group is represented by a motif, which is found on various sites in the same relief design and proportions (guilty lion), but the find contexts do not indicate its possible connection to other reliefs in the body of a stove.

More...

Download

Drobná keramická plastika

Author(s): Markéta Tymonová,Martin Hložek,Zdenka Mechurová / Language(s): English,Czech Publication Year: 0

Small ceramic sculptures were made in pottery workshops and people used them in everyday life for various secular as well as religious purposes. They were widespread throughout Central Europe and their origin was localised to the pottery-making centres in Rhineland, Bavaria, Saxony or Lusatia. Ceramic products from these centres were then imitated in the neighbouring countries (Hoffmann 1996, 158–160). We often find them in towns around the main square and in the area of former markets, because in the Middle Ages they became a popular market article and were brought as devotional souvenirs from pilgrimage sites.

More...

Download

Aquamanile a konvice se zoomorfními výlevkami

Author(s): Martin Hložek,Lenka Sedláčková / Language(s): English,Czech Publication Year: 0

Due to their exceptionality and different production technology, aquamaniles and ewers with zoomorphic spouts were mostly classified as imported goods. The increasing number of finds, not only from Brno, and the use of natural scientific analyses enabled to specify the place of their origin.

More...

Download

Závěr

Author(s): Markéta Tymonová,Martin Hložek,Irena Loskotová / Language(s): English,Czech Publication Year: 0

The problem of distribution of ceramic artefacts with a higher proportion of decorative component was treated with the help of standard procedures of typological, stylistic and relief analyses, using natural scientific and documentation methods which have yielded new knowledge of production and distribution of high and late medieval stove tile goods and building and decorative ceramics. The research was focused on objects made from fired clay with the aim to determine the geographic origin of raw material used for their production. The crafts that worked with this raw material shared the same sources in the place of their activity, but the production procedures used with morphologically variable ceramic wares were different, which was reflected in a specific processing of the “clays” used.

More...

Download

Триумфът на кръста над полумесеца, или Краят на арабското господство на Иберийския полуостров

Author(s): Ivona Karashtranova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The end of the Arab reign over the Iberian Peninsula also marks the end of one of the most colourful and beneficial periods during the Middle Ages, not only in Spain, but in the whole European continent. The powerful civilization center Al-Andalus, which was established by the Arabs, after a nearly eight-century long struggle finally kneels down before the Christian crown. The year is 1492, the place – Granada, the last Islamic fortress on the peninsula. The Christians, led by the Catholic Kings – a symbol of the unified royal power, managed to retrieve the lands that were enslaved by the Arab caliphate. What were the reasons and prerequisites for the successful Arab invasion and how did the Christians emerge triumphant are some of the questions that this article aims to answer.The end of the Arab reign over the Iberian Peninsula also marks the end of one of the most colourful and beneficial periods during the Middle Ages, not only in Spain, but in the whole European continent. The powerful civilization center Al-Andalus, which was established by the Arabs, after a nearly eight-century long struggle finally kneels down before the Christian crown. The year is 1492, the place – Granada, the last Islamic fortress on the peninsula. The Christians, led by the Catholic Kings – a symbol of the unified royal power, managed to retrieve the lands that were enslaved by the Arab caliphate. What were the reasons and prerequisites for the successful Arab invasion and how did the Christians emerge triumphant are some of the questions that this article aims to answer.

More...

4.50 €

Początki inhumacji w państwie pierwszych Piastów w świetle wyników badań radiowęglowych

Author(s): Dariusz Błaszczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author discusses the results of determining the age of the bones of skeletons buried with the use of the radiocarbon method chamber graves from the area of ​​the early Piast state. The test samples were taken directly from the skeletons and in most cases issued using the AMS method. Radiocarbon dating showed that most of the tested burials came from the second half of 10th century and the reign of Mieszko I. So these people lived and worked during his rule, too they died and were buried during his reign. Two of the examined graves can be related to the beginning of the 11th century, that is, until the reign of Bolesław the Brave. The obtained results of 14C dating indicate that the beginnings are associated with Christianity inhumation in Poland can be associated with the second half of the 19th century. 10th century, with the reign of Mieszko I. At that time, the first one was founded skeletal cemeteries, which in many cases were used continuously until the end of the 12th or the beginning of the 13th century.

More...

4.50 €

Czy najstarsze cmentarze szkieletowe w państwie pierwszych Piastów można datować na wiek X?

Author(s): Przemyslaw Urbanczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Until recently, the intuitive conviction prevailed that a departure from the centuries-old eschatological tradition, which required cremation of the corpse, took place shortly after the baptism of Mieszko I in 966. In this way, archaeologically confirmed the belief of medieval chroniclers that the conversion of the ruler resulted in the rapid Christianization of his subjects. Meanwhile from the time of his reign (before 963–992) there are no (except for Poznań) reliable evidence of a change in the funeral rite. The current dating of the oldest skeletal burials allows this change to be placed only in the last decade of the 10th century, that is already in the times of Bolesław the Brave. This means that our first historical ruler was not archaeologically visible successes in enforcing the Christian way of burying the dead.

More...

4.50 €

Datowanie początków cmentarzy wczesnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich w świetle danych numizmatycznych

Author(s): Stanisław Suchodolski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Coins are the best dater of any artifact discovered in archaeological contexts. The time of circulation must be added to the date of creation of the coins. Coin dating is also more precise than that using 14C radioactive carbon analysis. The earliest, but only sporadic, coins appear in graves at Silesia (Germany). They are more common in cemeteries in Wielkopolska (Dziekanowice, Sowinki), Kujawy (Bodzia) and Gdańsk Pomerania (Kałdus, Warm). The beginnings of depositing these coins in graves can be assessed for a period not earlier than the last quarter of the 10th century, and more certainly for the years 990–1000. This corresponds to the beginning of Bolesław's reign Brave (992–1025), i.e. a quarter of a century after the adoption of Christianity. Has this rite existed in Poland before, finally the reign of Mieszko I cannot be ruled out. For now, however, there are no numismatic arguments for this. We also don't know whether there were earlier skeletal graves, which, however, did not contain coins.

More...