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The review of: - Hathapradipika, Przeł., wstęp i oprac. Maria Marcinkowska-Rosół i Sven Sellmer; Poznań: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 2018, 213 s. [zawiera bibliografię, 5 apendyksów, indeks], ISBN 978–83–232–3407–4 [twarda okładka]. - Maria Marcinkowska-Rosół i Sven Sellmer, Studia nad Hathapradipiką Swatmaramy; Poznań: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 2019, 238 s. [zawiera bibliografię, indeks], ISBN 978–83–232–3452–4 [twarda okładka].
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Nicholas Tempelfeld of Brzeg (ca. 1400–1471) was a distinguished Silesian figure among the scholar of the University of Krakow: he was a professor of theology educated there, a dean of the Faculty of Arts, a canonic of St. Florian’s Chapel, a preacher in St. Mary’s Church in Krakow and St. Elisabeth’s Church in Wroclaw, and even a politician, if we may call the author of the treatise against Czech king George of Podiebrad so. His philosophical output remains unknown since he seems to have written a single commentary on Aristotle (Parva naturalia) and is to be discovered on the basis of research into his university sermons. The paper presents the edition (preceded by a substantial introduction) of two redactions — a draft and a proper redaction — of such a sermon: his opening lectures on Summulae logicales by Peter of Spain, composed during his activity at the University of Krakow. The draft consists of seven notabilia only, dealing primarily with some general problems concerning logic. The proper redaction is a deeply elaborated introduction to Peter’s work, that — according to Nicholas — should be entitled: The treatise by Peter of Spain dealing with the argumentation and some other things relating to it, compiling views of the other philosophers, composed because of the love for young students to these students obtain the way of argumentation, as well as the possibility to discern the truth from the false. It contains the recommendation of logic, some general logical problems, like the causes and subject matter of commented text, and the accessus to the first part of the Tractatus. Both versions of the sermon are preserved in Ms. Wroclaw, University Library, cod. I Q 380.
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Nadaleko poznat i iznim no originalan lik europske i svjetske povijesti jest francuska nacionalna junakinja iz XV. stoljeća – Ivana Orléanska. Sama se nazivala Jeanne la Pucelle (Ivana Djevica) i jedino su je pod tim imenom poznavali njezini suvremenici, a u historiografi ji, književnosti i umjetnosti uglavnom se javlja pod imenima: Jeanne d’Arc (Ivana Arška), Ivana Orleanska, Djevica Orleanska, a ponekad i Ivana iz Domrémyja (prema mjestu rođenja). Crk va ju je službeno proglasila svetom, a spomendan joj je 30. svibnja; toga je, naime, dana 1431., na temelju presude inkvizicijskoga suda, devetnaestogodišnja Ivana predana svjetovnoj vlasti i spaljena na lomači. Proglašena je drugom zaštitnicom Francuske. Druga nedjelja mjeseca svibnja posvećena je njezinoj uspomeni i slavi se kao francuski nacionalni praznik.
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The aim of the study. In Ukrainian numismatics the attention was paid to show the finds of Prague grosz in the publications of topographies of single finds and treasures, to study coins with countermarks and counterfeited coins. The cutting of the Prague grosz in Galicia was studied separately. Prague grosz spread almost immediately in Poland and Prussia, through Galicia it reached Podillia, Volhynia and Polissia, through Transcarpathia it reached Hungary and Moldova particularly using river trade routes and focusing on salt mining cities and trade centers. The chronology of the arrival of Czech coins can be conditionally divided into three main periods: initial – before the beginning of the mass arrival of coins (1378–1419); being in circulation mainly coins of Vaclav IV (1378–1419); the final period – getting into treasures together with coins of the 16th–18th centuries. Finds of early Bohemian coins are the rarest. Most of the finds of Prague grosz of Wenceslas II (1300–1305) and John I of Luxembourg (1340–1346) were fixed on the territory of Western Ukraine. The presence of Wenceslas II coins in the later hoards may be caused by those coins that remained in circulation in the middle of the 14th century entering the deposits together with coins of later rulers. During the time of Jan I of Luxemburg, minting of the gold coin – the florin – was resumed in Kutnia Hora. The most numerous Bohemian coins in the European finds are the coins of Charles I (1346–1378) and Wenceslas IV (1378–1419). Mass receipts of Czech coins are observed in the 1380s – at the beginning of In the 1400s, the coins of Wenceslas IV and his predecessors were in circulation for decades until they were almost completely erased, while the issuer itself did not play a role in the coin for the majority of the population – the Prague grosz was perceived as a unit of silver. The Prague grosz of George from Podebrad (1457–1471) practically did not take part in monetary circulation. Coins of Wladyslaw II (1490–1516) were recorded in the Volyn finds as part of treasures with gold ducats. During the reign of Ludovicus I, a new mint was opened in Joachimsthal in 1518, but Prague grosz was minted until 1526. Coins of Ferdinand I (1526–1564) are more typical of later hoards. In most cases, small treasures with Prague grosz were near 100 pieces, which indicates the use of the coin by broad sections of the population in everyday life. An interesting feature of treasures with Prague grosz is determined by the number of coins – the copa – 60 coins, or a half-copa – 30 coins. Treasures with coins of the Golden Horde deserve special attention, which is invested in the study of the eastern way of further promotion of Bohemian coins. The finds with early Lithuanian coins and Kyiv coins of Volodymyr Olherdovich, as well as hryvnia ingots of various types, are particularly interesting, which helps to study more carefully the chronology of the use of hryvnias in circulation. As for the finds of Prague grosz in the Muscovite region, it is most likely that their arrival in the East can be attributed to the third chronological period of the spread of the Prague grosz – together with the later coins of the XVI–XVII centuries, the Prague grosz clearly did not reproduce its own distinct features of circulation in this territory. Fragments of the Prague grosz were often used in monetary circulation to make trade deals more flexible – they end up both as part of treasures and as single finds. Two broken halves of the same coin can often be found in one treasure. The metal composition of the coins corresponds to deposit silver, the main impurity of the precious metal is copper, stable impurities are bismuth and lead. The period of overprinting is from the last decades of the 15th century to the beginning of the 16th century (1370–1510). Coins with countermarks from the German cities of Ulm, Augsburg, Salzburg, and Regensburg, as well as the Czech cities of Prague, Brno, and Iglau, are the most common among those discovered in Ukraine. The reason for the presence of several countermarks on the coins at once may be the desire of German cities to create a currency unions and to approve the Prague grosz at the local level. Traditionally, the process of minting Prague grosz is associated with a loss in the quality of the metal of later issues of Prague grosz, as well as with the beginning of minting coins in Lviv. Trimmed Prague grosz up to a diameter of 20 mm was trimmed more like the silver coins of the Golden Horde in order to bring it closer to the weight standard of Horde coins of Khan Uzbek (1312–1342) or Janibek (1342–1357). In Ukrainian numismatic historiography, there are practically any works on the introduction into scientific circulation of new varieties of the Prague grosz, the study of the varieties of the legend and the image of a lion with crowns. Counterfeiters has produced and tried to put into circulation the coins imitating Prague grosz of the most mass issue – the time of the reign of John I of Luxembourg and Wencesluas IV(III). The Conclusions. Despite the numerous scientific publications and study of the circulation of the Prague grosz in Ukraine, despite the obviousness of many aspects of the role of this coin, there are certain issues that require clarification and more careful attention of researchers in further scientific research on this topic. These are, in particular: research and thorough analysis of treasures of Prague grosz with coins of other issuers and especially hryvnia ingots, identification and introduction into scientific circulation of new undescribed stamp varieties of Prague grosz, based on materials from museum collections; clarifying the role of late Prague grosz and introducing their finds into scientific circulation; the finds of Prague grosz in regions already remote from the main area of distribution deserve special attention.
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Because of the absence of a written sources on the metrology of Galician Rus‘ coins minted in Lviv in the 14th–15th centuries, the only possible method to study its metrology remains the analysis of the weight and fineness of the coins. And as larger coin data base will be available for analysis as more correct the result will be. However, the fact of the origin of the coins included in the analysis is also important. It happened that in our first research we had an access to the coins mainly from museum or private collections (1744 coins were studied at that time). Coins for these collections have been accumulated for years, without being tied to specific treasures. At the same time, even if the coins came from finds, collectors chose for their collections the rarest cancellations or dies in the best condition. Such specimens had, accordingly, more weight. At that time, the author did not manage to explore any treasure. As further studies have shown, the obtained results of the average weight of these coins were overestimated. The silver fineness of the Galician coins did not depend on their condition (worn, trimmed), so we had determined the fineness correctly. Since 2007, information has appeared about new finds of coins - now more than 8,000 of them are known, including those in treasures in their entirety. It became possible to determine the metrology of coins on the basis of treasure material, which, of course, is more logical. But at the same time, it should be borne in mind that even hoard finds will correctly reflect the metrology of coins mostly from the latest, youngest coin in the hoard. Instead, coins of the previous issues could be diluted from the heaviest specimens. Unfortunately, it was not possible to notice the treasures, which would exclusively contain the coins of Casimir III the Great, or those where the youngest coin would be minted by Vladislav of Opole. Let's look at the published hoards, where the coins of Louis the Hungarian are the youngest, and where the weight of all his coins from the find is given. We know 5 such treasures: from Myliatyn, Lviv region (20 coins), village Suprunivtsi, Khmelnytskyi region (94 coins), Smotrych of Khmelnytskyi region (383 coins), Monastyrok of the Vinnytsia region (35 coins) and from Moshuriv, Cherkasy region (47 coins). The calculation of the average arithmetic and average modal weight of silver Galician Rus' groszes of Louis the Hungarian from these treasures is 1.06 g, while the data obtained by the author in a previous study based on museum and private collections was higher at 1.08–1.09 g. The difference was 0.02–0.03 g. As we expected, the real weight of coins from this finds is less than the weight of selected coins from collections. A similar result will be obtained from the study of three treasures, where the youngest are silver Galician grosz of Władysław II Jagiełło: from Yaktoriv, Lviv region (66 coins), Shenderiv of Vinnytsia region (196 coins) and from Monastyrok of the Vinnytsia region (28 coins). The obtained results (0.93–0.94 g) are 0.01–0.03 g lower than those calculated in 2007 (0.94–0.97 g) Summarizing this small experience of treasure analysis, the importance should be noted: - taking into account the full composition of findings; - time frames of specific coin issues; - a continuous process of "catching" heavier copies from circulation.
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Although he was in an almost permanent state of war, Stephen the Great was aware that the survival of the Romanian people in the province of Moldova is linked not only to defending the country's borders and independence, but also to preserving the Orthodox faith, the ancestral law of the specific rite and culture formed within the framework of this Church, which in time proved to be, in its turn, the mother of the Romanian nation, as the national poet Mihai Eminescu said. Historians believe that there is a double political purpose of the cultural achievements of Moldova obtained during the reign of Stephen the Great. On the one hand, as an expression of the voivode's faith, the church's architectural creations aimed to symbolize divine protection over his person and country. On the other hand, his cultural acts aimed at affirming a tradition, by linking his deeds to those of his predecessors and passing them on to his successors. Then came the first translation of the entire Bible into Romanian, the Bucharest Bible of 1688, also known as the Serban Cantacuzino Bible. It is a culmination and reference point and a synthesis of the language spoken in all Romanian provinces. We are in front of a full synthesis in the proper sense of the term, because we have, here, Moldovan and Transylvanian variants, whose final form was established in Bucharest by speakers of the language with particularities from Wallachia.
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John of Hunyadi is known in historiography as one of the late Middle Ages' outstanding personalities in the mid-15th century's struggle against Ottoman expansion in the Balkans. However, numismatic studies argue that its economic and monetary policies are much less known. Through this study, the comprehensive analysis of an unpublished batch of coins consisting of 27 denars and obols from the Regency period (1446-1452) allow us to underline some innovative hypotheses related to the silver coinage of John of Hunyadi as governor. Hunyadi's counts of the Transylvanian Monetary and Mining Chamber, Christophorus and Antonius, have succeeded in implementing Transylvanian mints, a controlling silver coinage system, based on the obverse legend versions as well as the mint marks. A brief classification of these associations is made in our study, specific to certain mints and mint masters, related to the chronology of the issues and the version of the legend. Two of these legend versions: “IOɧAȠI◦DЄ◦ɧV◦GVBЄRȠAT” (in relation with the mint from Brașov) and “TЄMPORЄ ◦ GVBЄRȠATORI” (in relation with the mint from Baia Mare) are novel and were identified based on the genuine coins, part of the unpublished coin lot. Both have an essential significance in the study of the monetary history of Transylvania and Wallachia. While the first one represents the numismatic evidence of the first attempt to unify the two monetary markets, the second one proved the Baia Mare mint’s continuous activity in 1451-1452. Moreover, the legend “TЄMPORЄ –IOɧAȠIS” is for the first time associated exclusively and entirely to the Transylvanian monetary chamber coinage from 1446. Among the coins consisting of the lot, two unique lion denars were identified, whose mint marks were unknown previously. Both come from the Sibiu mint, dated 1447-1451, based on crowned lion iconography. At one of them, instead of the mark reserved for the monetary master, there is also the initial of the city, but seen in inverted image ( - ). This graphic representation indicated a collective mark belongs to the Saxon patricians, members of the city council at that time. For the second one, the Hermannstadt initial is sided by the famously crossed seal of Christophorus: „ - ”. This discovery confirms that in the period 1447-1451, the Florentine was directly involved, simultaneously, in the activity of mints throughout Transsylvania. His cross mark was also used in Sibiu ( - ), as well as in Brasov ( - ) and Baia Mare ( - ).
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The medieval Franciscan monasteries of Bratislava (Slovakia) and Sopron (Hungary) are important representants of the Gothic architecture of the former Hungarian Kingdom. An extensive research executed between 2013 and 2017 has proven that the construction of their towers was closely related to the workshop of the Stephanskirche, Vienna; and that they are important milestones in the evolution of the Gothic spires, with significantly earlier construction date as it is widely accepted in the literature. This article is based on the corresponding parts of the author’s PhD thesis defended in 2017.
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The reconstruction of St Maurice in Olomouc was one of the most important building projects in late medieval Moravia. Research assumes that the work began in 1415 and continued, with several interruptions, into the late 15th century. This paper wants to critically examine the dating of the choir as eastern part of the parish church parish church between 1453 and 1483/1492. It approaches the building enterprise with a detailed analysis of the stylistic, typological and archaeological findings and highlights the dynamics behind the outlined designs. Especially the ambitious and, for this region, unusual designs share far-reaching artistic connections with important centers such as Wrocław, Brno and Vienna. Therefore, this paper proposes that the project`s exceptional value is imbedded in Central Europe’s architectural history.
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Review of: MARTIN NODL, MICHAELA ANTONÍN MALANÍKOVÁ, BEATA MOŽEJKO (edd.) – Středověké město: politické proměny a sociální inovace, Praha 2019, Filosofia (Colloquia mediævalia Pragensia 20), 240 s., ISBN 978-80-7007-598-2.
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Review of: Enes Dedić, Bosansko kraljevstvo i Srpska despotovina (1402-1459). Sarajevo: Univerzitet u Sarajevu - Institut za historiju, Historijske monografije, 2021, 482 str.
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Spytek from Melsztyn was the only son of the Kraków voivode who died tragically at Worskla. Both he and his relatives probably hoped that he would play a significant role in the ruling elite of the time. After the death of Władysław Jagiełło, in the course of the discussion at the congress in Opatów in 1434, which can probably be treated as a congress of the gents of Lesser Poland – in analogy to the congress of gents of Greater Poland, which Oleśnicki summoned to Poznań – Spytek grew up to be the leader of oppositionists, the leader of “proclaimers of news”. He also played such a role at the elections and coronation congress in Kraków in the last decade of July 1434. Next to him, other leaders, mainly unnamed “proclaimers”, were in the lead. Spytek from Melsztyn and his supporters, however, did not manage to attract larger groups to their side. On the other hand, the Bishop of Oleśnica and Queen Sophia managed to lead to the election and coronation of Władysław III after long debates. They both realized that due to Jagiellon’s young age, the decisions would be made anyway by the royal council, and more precisely by a group of magnates residing in Kraków – in this arrangement, the Bishop of Oleśnica, due to his permanent residence in the capital, probably hoped to achieve the position of the leader. Therefore, it is possible that precisely in order to calm the voices of opposition raised, among others, by Spytek, it was decided to appoint puppet supervisors, tutors, an institution so far unknown in Polish law. Spytek did not receive any office then, so his efforts were a complete failure. In the light of the events of 1434 discussed above, it can be concluded, that the assessment of his character cannot be unequivocal. He was certainly a legalist, but too strict, blindly demanding to follow the established rules, refusing to modify them in accordance with the plans of most decision-makers of the political scene at the time. However, presenting him as a “proclaimer of news”, or even more so as a troublemaker of public order, does not seem fully adequate to the events of those days. Demanding literal respect for the established law and presenting his demands sometimes quite firmly, he was simply unable to adjust to the decisions made by the majority of the council gents.
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The article addresses anew the problem of the Teutonic Order’s significance in the Union of Horodło based on the latest research and presents various crisis aspects of the Teutonic Order and its state in Prussia after 1410, with particular emphasis of the policy of incorporation in 1411–1413. The study justifies the thesis that despite the signatories’ declarations, Poland and Lithuania were not threatened by the Order, but they in fact had aggressive plans against it. Lithuania’s incorporation to Poland made sense in terms of consolidation and its anti-Teutonic stylistics reflected the attitudes expressed at the meeting in Horodło.
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The article extends a contemporary discussion about the Epitaph of Jan of Jeřeň and argues that these two male saints who are traditionally referred to as Bartholomew and Thomas do not have to be the only interpretation here. Simultaneously, it shows us the basic need to deal with the concrete objects displayed. These can essentially influence the narrative potential of the artwork. This study points out the desirable multidisciplinary approach that is being demonstrated here by an example of a type of an object (falchion) in relation to a medieval art of Central Europe.
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Funeral ceremonies of the Hungarian nobility in the late medieval Kingdom of Hungary are the central focus of this study. Due to the relative lack of reports preserved from the Hungarian environment, the current paper is centred on three specific noble funerals that took place in late medieval Hungary. The funeral ceremonies of John Pongrác of Dengeleg, Ulrich of Cilli and Hedwig of Cieszyn were duly reported by contemporary authors and therefore comprise the knowledge base for this text. The aim of this study is to investigate the course of funeral ceremonies, the symbolic level of mourning towards the nobility and observe any common and varying elements. The current paper also discusses the purpose of several customary features of the burials (processions, clothes, colours etc.), as well as how they were prepared and organised. Moreover, the idea of what a proper nobleman’s funeral should look like according to contemporaries as well as the intentions of the scribes as to how to inform about the death or burial of the members of Hungarian nobility are also presented.
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The article presents the results of research on miniatures of manuscripts and engravings of printed books of the 13th—16th centuries — important pictorial sources on material culture, including costume and household items related to the life of a child, as well as their games, toys and dolls. The medieval miniatures have been massively studied by students of historic costumes, seldom toys, while this article addresses the miniatures and engravings as the most important pictorial source on the Middle Ages and early Modern times. References are provided to specific images from books and their digitized copies and some replicas.The identified sources show that the book illustration of the studied period is able to provide what is necessary for understanding how medieval children grew up and developed, how they were dressed, slept, what and how they played. Gospel stories about Jesus Christ’s infancy were most important in this matter. Among the secular subjects, quite informative are illustrations with the births of princely children and the lives of historical figures, known and anonymous characters of miniatures and engravings.
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The authors examine a stray find of two Early Rus’ miniature copper alloy icons of the middle — second half of the 13th century found in a broad historical and cultural context in Eastern Poland. One of them is the central wing of a triptych with the image of the Mother of God Hodegetria and a Medusa Gorgon composition on the back. The other icon, also depicting the Hodegetria and the Child with an unfolded scroll, is extremely unique. This iconographic type is characteristic of Southern Italy. The icon itself can copy an unpreserved large-sized icon from Kyiv. The icons were hidden in an uninhabited space in forest no later than in the 14th century. This corresponds to the archaic rituals of concealing unused sacred objects due to their worn and torn state or changes in the cultural situation. The article provides an overview of sacred objects found in Central-Eastern Europe in a similar context — in forest or on trees. Water was another element intended to conceal sacred objects. The authors substantiate the hypothesis that the lead pilgrimage badges found in Western Europe in rivers or in a wet context were also deposited there in accordance with the archaic rituals of “floating on water” due to religious changes at the turn of the 15th—16th centuries. The concealment of icons in the forest was associated with the entry of the Rus’-Polish borderlands into the Kingdom of Poland and subsequent transformations of the local Orthodox culture.
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The study discusses the cognitive benefits of a discourse-oriented reading of old texts whose confessional polemic discourse of the Reformation period becomes meaningful again. The object of research are the communicative aspects of language and the various dimensions of socio-cultural life. The aim of the analysis is not so much discussing the characteristics of the code, but the description of its users, seen as subjects of discourse, and of the relations among them, of their knowledge system, ways of thinking about the world, basic concepts, ideas and values (or rather their profiles) contained in discourse, the communication strategies used, as well as the cultural and social conditions and institutional framework in which the discourse takes place. While on the one hand, from the research perspective, all these parameters make up the characteristics of discourse, on the other, the category of discourse allows for a consistent inclusion of such diverse properties in its description.
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Review of: Cătălina Bălinișteanu-Furdu, Old and Middle English Literature. The Literature of the Renaissance, Bacău, Editura Alma Mater, 2021, 212 pages.
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