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The song-text collections have great significance in consequence of their tasks in Turkish Music. The music performers have received support from song-text collections in remembering the modes, rhythms, the composers and especially the lyrics consisting short or long poems related to the each of the songs which they intend to keep in their minds. Today, those collections demonstrate the researchers employing modes, composers, forms and rhythms the musical works recorded in their contents and the transformation which Turkish Music has experienced throughout centuries. In this study, a song-text collection of the 16th century recorded in the Bodleian Library of Oxford University with the number of 127 and 128 was analyzed. The finding which obtain from song-text collection which analyzed with systematic musicology and historical methodology is expected to contribute importantly.
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While examining the Europe Painting Art, the works at the quality of archive that will be able to source to the custom history for centuries are uncounted. In these works, when we observe the instantaneous that they will shed light to after years about the lives of people, we also get a lot of data related to their clothing styles. The details that we can examine in these paintings which include many issues such as the life of Palace surrounding, ceremonies, the daily life of public are the images belonging to the customs interacting with the architecture of the period. In this examination starting with XV. Century Renaissance paintings, by giving place to the painters in custom sources and painted by the important painters of the period; we will observe the changes of custom history till the end of XVI. Century. We will witness reflection of dressing style arising in the upper class of the society together with life of palace environment to working people and also that it will be an expressing tool of the people for themselves in time. The aim of this research is to explore the use of historical costumes together with the clothing styles of the related era; which is often ignored in the literature. The data collected for this research are prepared with the intend to create a source for costume design students being in the first place and for all fine arts students and research.
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“Hanging Carcass” or “Slayed Ox” is a symbolic image which appears especially in Northern European Painting. In an iconographic examination of the image, many of whose examples appear in Old Testament and Hebrew Myths, it is understood that its roots date back to earlier times. In Christian Art the same theme continues and this animal sacrifice image transforms to visual symbol of Jesus Christ, who sacrificed himself as an atonement for the sins of mankind. Since shape of the execution of Jesus Christ is Crucifiction, it’s been observed that, in time, a symbolic visual identity has developed between Cross and Hanging Carcass of Slayed Ox. While hanging carcass was just a component of visual composition in the examples of Christian religious paintings until 16th century, the image has become the essential theme of some paintings since the 17th century. This paper examines various visual expressions of this symbolic religious image in art throughout history.
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In the sixteenth century of Istanbul, the Khalwati convents could be classified into three groups considering how they satisfy the need for food; the convents with its own kitchen, the convents that supply the food from the imaret of the complex, the convents about which we have no information where to meet the need for food. The convents were serving meals to the the convent staff, the household of the sheikh, the staff of other units in the complex -if the convent was constructed in a complex, the poor, the guests that spent the night in the convents and the guests on blessed days and nignts. Owing to serving food to a large segment of society, the convents got in touch with many people. Although the fund for feeding people, the staff who prepares food and kitchen utensils etc. were registered in detail in vakf documents, it is possible to find limited information about architectural details of the convent kitchens. Convent kitchens could have been in modest dimensions as well as large scale structures operating like imaret. When the kitchens are examined from a spatial point of view, it is seen that the convent kitchen was placed near the units of the "selamlık" unit. In the vakf documents also, feeding units such as "taamhane", "kilar", "fırın" are mentioned. These structures were mostly located near the convent kitchen.
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Mehmed Pasha, who is a member of a Turkish family from Karagumruk and who is known for his nickname of the Ox, started to move upwards in state ranks rapidly after receiving a good education by attending Enderun-u Humayun in 1583, was appointed to be the Governor of Egypt during the first years of the reign of Ahmed I after serving in various state ranks until the era of Mehmed III (1595-1603). Despite having a successful administration here, Mehmed Pasha was made the Admiral in Chief with the rank of second vizier; and despite restoring order in Beirut, he fell from the grace by losing seven ships to the Spanish navy in the same year. However, with the death of Nasuh Pasha and having this in an era already known as the kaht-ı rical, Mehmed Pasha was appointed to the Iranian expedition to end the hostile attitude of Shah Abbas against the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed Pasha, who marches forward by restoring the order in the countryside during the Caucasian Expedition that started with the marching from Istanbul to Uskudar on 22 May 1615, will reach to Erzurum through Konya-Aleppo approximately one year later; and then will advance upon Shah Abbas after taking necessary precautions. In the meanwhile, the Ottoman ambassador, who was not allowed to return for more than ten years, reverted to Istanbul despite the accompany of the representative of the Shah Abbas.
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On October 25, 1495, Manuel I the Lucky enters the throne of Portugal. This king, continuing the policy of his predecessor, John II, intensively financed commercial sea fishing expeditions. They contributed to the extraordinary enrichment and expansion of the empire, which undoubtedly became the power of the then world. Along with this began a new era in the history of Portugal, which affected almost all aspects of the state, including late Gothic architecture, which was decorated with peculiar ornaments inspired by marine fauna and flora and sailing elements. Dnia 25 października 1495 r. na tron portugalski wstąpił Manuel I Szczęśliwy. Król ten, kontynuując politykę swojego poprzednika, Jana II, intensywnie finansował wyprawy morskie o charakterze handlowym. Przyczyniły się one do niezwykłego wzbogacenia i rozbudowy imperium, które niewątpliwie stało się potęgą ówczesnego świata. Rozpoczęła się wówczas nowa epoka w dziejach Portugalii, która wpłynęła na niemal wszystkie aspekty państwa, włączając w to późnogotycką architekturę, która zdobiona była osobliwymi ornamentami inspirowanymi morską fauną i florą oraz elementami żeglarskimi.
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The author focuses on the colonization of North America by the English in the years 1585–1620. The adopted time censures refer respectively to the date of the first colony on Roanoke and shore Mayflower ship, as a turning point in the history of English colonization of the New World. The content of the article is an analysis of English-language sources regarding settlement issues in the present-day United States regarding the aforementioned colonies on Roanoke Island along with accidents that happened to its inhabitants and the beginnings of the city of Jamestown. In addition to the main thread, the author also touches upon the forgotten history of the inhabitants of the sixteenth-century Commonwealth who took part in the colonization trials of the English. Autor koncentruje się na kwestii kolonizacji Ameryki Północnej przez Anglików w latach 1585–1620. Przyjęte cezury czasowe odnoszą się odpowiednio do daty założenia pierwszej kolonii na Roanoke oraz dobicia do brzegu statku Mayflower jako punktu zwrotnego w historii angielskiej kolonizacji Nowego Świata. Treść artykułu stanowi analiza anglojęzycznych źródeł na temat osadnictwa na terenach dzisiejszych Stanów Zjednoczonych dotycząca wspomnianej kolonii na wyspie Roanoke wraz z wypadkami, które stały się udziałem jej mieszkańców oraz początków miasta Jamestown. Oprócz głównego wątku autor porusza również zapomnianą historię mieszkańców szesnastowiecznej Rzeczypospolitej, którzy brali udział w kolonizatorskich próbach Anglików.
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The poetic work named Enìsü'l-GuzzÀt had been written by Hussein Futuh who is one of the sixteenth century poets. The book is about Suleiman the Magnificent’s Hungarian expedition in 1526. In our study, first introduction of the work is done, and then information is given about how many copies it occurred, where it is and its content. Then, the different aspects of the work on the language features of this period were stated, as it is subject of this study. In the development process of Turkish, sixteenth century is the period when Old Anatolian Turkish ended and Ottoman Turkish period started. Although Enìsü'lGuzzÀt, which is subject of our study, written in sixteenth century it cannot be said that the work have the properties of this century. In general it has the language features of fifteenth century but in some cases such as usage of some suffixes it has sixteenth century features so this work is acknowledged as a transitional period work. The aim of this study is to find which language features of Enìsü'l-GuzzÀt carry the features of fifteenth century and which carry the features of sixteenth century. Aspects of the work parallel to and incompatible with the period features will be discussed. Language features of this work written in sixteenth century will provide a useful material for the scientists working in the field of Turkey Turkish grammar. The work has a different vocabulary because of being a work about history. Revealing this vocabulary will provide material for the scientists working on Turkish language and it will contribute historical dictionary of Turkish and also it will be a source for researchers who will study on Ottoman history.
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Usûlî is one of the best known ottoman poets in sixteenth century. As each ottoman poet Usûlî’nin has its own unique language. Usûlî expressed his feelings, dreams, ideas efficiently by kneading his language with the elements of harmony. In this study, Usûlî's four eulogiums, collected poems that contains one hundred and forty seven odes, and other verse forms are based on. Usûlî’s own language formation tried to put forward by examining the effects of the elements of harmony in collected poems. Meters, the repetitions, pun, derived from, conjunction, sound repetitions, parelelizm, harmony, rhyme are the elements which provide rhythm of ottoman poetry. Ottoman poets often use these harmony elements to demonstrate their skills in poetry. This study gives general information about, Usûlî's unique known work, his collected poems. In this study the kinds of literature features used in the work stated like (terci-i bend, muhammes, müseddes, murabbâ tahmîs, and musammatlar) and meter, the repetitions, pun, derived from, conjunction, sound repetitions, parelelizm, harmony, rhyme are investigated. This study is noteworthy because it puts forward how Usûlî's language harmony formed and it shows how to handle the elements of harmony in collected poems.
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The article is devoted to Bernhard Prittwitz (about 1500-1561), the headman of the city of Bar and one of the organizers of the defense of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the Tatar invasions. Prittwitz was the founder of the Cossacks at their early stage, and his “Memorandum” and the letters are important sources on the subject. Activities of Bernhard Prittwitz are considered in the context of the general historical processes that took place in the 16th century on the steppe frontier of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia and other Eastern European countries.
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The first printed books in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – The Small Travel Book in 1522 and Catechism in 1547 – paved their way to the Ruthenian and Lithuanian reader though acrostics. The books of uniform format and similar purposes originated one after another in the same historical cultural domain; however, the acrostics by Francisk Skorina and Martynas Mažvydas have not until now been the object of a thorough comparative study. The article attempts to fill this gap. The Ruthenian acrostics of the period 1519–1522 from which M. Mažvydas could have potentially drawn his inspiration are first discussed. With reference to analogy, the characteristics of acrostics are analysed; the source of M. Mažvydas’ pieces of writing is discussed.
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The first main objective of this paper is to bring to our attention some aspects related to the organisation of the crusade from 1514. The classic and consacrated Romanian historiography tends to pay more attention to the analysis of the event only after its seditious metamorphosis. For a more profound understanding of the problem we believe that its nature must be known, which in conjunction with the context, the cultural and the canonical aspects, can provide explanations about its evolution and its outcome. Therefore, the key role was played by the Archbishop Strigoniensis, Bakócz Tamás, who was legatus latere of Pope Leo X. He was entrusted with the proclamation of the crusade, but a fundamental role was also played by the auxiliary elements such as different bishops and the observant branch of the Franciscan order. The problem has such dimensions that it would be impossible to enlighten the whole unclear situations related to the event from 1514 through one single study, but the paper’s objective is to draw the main lines of the proclamation and dissemination of the Crusade with a more detailed approach upon Transylvania.
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The paper consists of two parts. The first presents a detailed description of eight maps and the views of cities included in The Atlas of the Principality of Polotsk by Polish cartographer Stanisław Pachołowiecki. They were printed in Rome in the printing house of Giovanni Battista Cavalieri in 1580. The author describes the whole cycle including both states of the plan of the Siege of Polotsk in 1579 and lists all copies known today. The second part discusses the art featured in these maps, particularly the map of the Principality of Polotsk.
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This paper contains a transcription (modernized according to the norms set out by Academia Latinitati Fovendae) and a Polish translation of titles, inscriptions and Latin explanations, from eight cartographic relics that constitute The Atlas of the Principality of Polotsk, of Stanisław Pachołowiecki (1580).
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The paper analyses a cartographic work of Stanisław Pachołowiecki printed in Rome in 1580 entitled Descriptio Ducatus Polocensis. The author focuses on the origins of the manuscript version of the map and its usefulness in military operations. The analysis indicates that the map was created on the basis of previously gathered cartographic draft s, itineraries, and knowledge possessed by the commanders active on the territory of the Principality of Polotsk. Stanisław Pachołowiecki developed the map as early as in the 1st half of 1579 and it became the basis for strategic and operational activities undertaken during the military council in Svir. The map of the Principality of Polotsk depicts changes that may be described as the “early-modern cartographic turn”. In the second half of the 16th century, Polish and Lithuanian commanders began to plan and prepare military operations using a map. Thus the management of space on a strategic level commenced, which affected the development of operational planning.
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The aim of this paper is to make an experimental application of textual criticism (the stemma method or Lachmann’s method) in the analyses of early-modern maps. It is supposed to verify whether, and to what extent, the means developed by philologists to establish how texts were transmitted in medieval codices, can be applied to study the transmission of geographic knowledge on early-modern maps. The author postulates that well-tried procedures should be used in studies of textual parts of old maps. They allow the formulation of filiation hypotheses. These procedures consist of collating extant texts and detecting mistakes that indicate, connect or divide individual branches of tradition. The subject analysed is the toponymy appearing on the map Decriptio Ducatus Polocensis (The Description of the Principality of Polotsk) by Stanisław Pachołowiecki, engraved in Rome by Giovanni Battista Cavalieri in 1580 and on maps stemming from the same archetype. The author compiles a complete index of toponyms and hydronyms in transliteration and transcription, identifies them and provides the names in Belarussian, Russian and Polish.
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The paper presents opinions coming from the 16th and 17th centuries pertaining to lay patrons and seniors of the Polish Reformed Church. Dedications attached to confessional publications emphasised the significant role of, among others, Krzysztof Dorohostajski, the Radziwiłł family of Biržai, the Gorajski family, the Leszczyński family as protectors of their co-religionists, book sponsors, founders of Protestant churches, and patrons of institutionalized education. The loss of patrons was considered God’s punishment. Documents reporting synodal meetings provided specificactions that should be undertaken by lay senior members of a community. A Protestant assembly in Kėdainiai in 1630 presented the criteria of the selection of lay seniors and their scope of duties, which included: supervising the behaviours of their co-religionists, admonishing misbehaving gentlemen and ministers, regular participation in assemblies, etc. Documents from provincial synods of Unitas Lithuaniae featured both praises of its patrons’ activities, particularly of Krzysztof Radziwiłł, and critique of financial support they offered to Protestant churches and ministers.
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As per the 16th and 17th centuries, operational activities should be understood as military activities conducted by independent groups (usually regiments). They may also be termed the art of manoeuvre. One may place them between strategic decisions and specific tactic actions related to fighting a battle or conducting a siege. The first mid-16th-century theoreticians to have observed the importance of this art were Albrecht Hohenzollern and Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski. Some 16th-cenutry authors (e.g. Jan Tarnowski, Albrecht Hohenzollern, Marcin Bielski) concordantly postulated the introduction of a preceding manoeuvre action that would last one day. This assumption survived until the early 18th century.
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In this paper, the author analyses cartographic activities that directly affected the course of an armed confl ict. Classic instances of such activities include the production of documents for the purposes of a siege or the preparation of an army for a battle, as well as plans of setting a military camp or the upbuilding of defence fortifications in a city or a fortress. The author analyses them in the chronological order, beginning with the earliest mentions concerning the use of maps in tactic actions until 1576. Th e fi rst theoretician to have connected cartographic activity with military tactics was Szymon Marycjusz of Pilzno. He presented his theses in a work entitled De scholis seu academiis libri duo printed in 1551. The evidence collected indicates that in the first half of the 16th century people did not know how to use cartography for tactical military purposes. Military large scale cartography had different methodological rudiments than medium scale or small scale maps. The fundamental methodological assumption in the creation of plans consisted in leaving the pictorial manner (of landscape topographic accounts) for the sake of making a circuit around the area drawn.
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