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This article is a general introduction on liturgical books funded by primate Jan Łaski ca. 1520 for the church in Łask. An exact number of the books is unknown, presumably there were nine of them. Seven books have been preserved until nowadays: two volumes of the Gradual, two volumes of the Antiphonary, two Psalters and one Cantatorium. Actually, the Graduals and one of the Psalters remain in the State Archive in Łódź, both volumes of the Antiphonary in the Church Archive in Łask, the second Psalter in the Museum of Musical Instruments in Poznań, and cantatorium in the Library of the St. Mary’s Church in Kalisz. It can be stated with certainty that one volume of the Antiphonary is missing (originally there were three of them). There was likely one more book in the foundation – the author presumes that this was a missal.
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The article brings an analysis of the practice of ordination by the Bishop of the Diocese of Kujawy, Jan Karnkowski in the spring of 1533. The list of dozens of priests ordained by the hierarch has been entered into the bishop Korytkowski's book, which is kept in the archive of the Diocese in Włocławek. In this list we find acolytes, subdeacons, deacons and priests of the Diocese of Włocławek, as well as a large group of seminarians ordained by Bishop Karnkowski who came to Włocławek from other dioceses, primarily from the Diocese of Płock, to be ordained. The analysis of content of the source is accompanied by its edition based on the manuscript of the bishop's acts.
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The God with whom Saint Teresa experiments, lives and communicates in her writings is the Trinitarian God, who is present in her life and acts in her from the beginning to the fullness of plenitude. This indicates that the Saint lived a special relation with each one of the Persons of the Holy Trinity, and with the Holy Trinity as a complete unit. The study highlights the life of the Saint from a theological- biographical, her doxological existence, and the ordinary experience of feeling herself to be inhabited by the Trinity. Special emphasis is put on the reality of this Trinitarian inhabitation in the ordinary life of the believer, as the testimony of Saint Teresa illuminates it.
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The Jagiellonian family became a potential ruling dynasty in Europe for the beginning of the 16th century. Casimir IV has a great role to reach this position. Besides important political arrangements, and relevant provisions he also had paid attention to the education of the new generation of Jagiellons. His sons (Vladislaus, Casimir, John Albert, Alexander, Sigismund, Frederick) had a proper education as we can see it in the mirror of contemporary sources. Albeit the fact, that narrative sources contain information about the upbringing of the princes, there are other type of written sources which refer to the literacy and the erudition not only the sons but also the grandchildren of Casimir and Elisabeth. There is a unique work connected to the of the lately mentioned Elisabeth (of Austria), the mother of the prominent Jagiellonians, whose rule and political actions determined the history of Central Europe -- directly -- for decades and -- indirectly -- for centuries. The title of this treatise is 'De institutione regii pueri'. Regarding to this source and also to the court accounts of the Jagiellons, one can see the complexity of royal education. In this medieval/early modern period it has a special aspect concerning not only the transfer of "classical" knowledge, but also a proper way of life and a Christian moral which worthy enough to follow. There are numerous, barely analysed circumstantial evidences which refer to the character and the knowledge of people from the investigated target group. The habits and behaviour of the Jagiellonian brothers come into prominence in their accounts. The informative sentences shed light on the effect of their physical, mental and intellectual education as well. By the examination of them, we can see the general and also the unique elements of these personalities.
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Tercan located in Upper Euphrates Part of Eastern Anatolia Region, fell under the rule of Ottoman Empire in the period of Selim I. Tercan which is one of the townships amenable to paşa sanjak of Erzurum Province (Beylerbeylik) was divided into two boroughs as Tercan-ı Ulya and Tercan-ı Süfla after 1535. Population of Tercan township increased after being involved in rule of Ottoman, but this situation was reversed since late XVI. Century. Avârız registers of 1642 revealed the decrease in the population of the township. In the study, administrative structure and population of the township was examined according to cadastral record books of 1591-92 and avârız registers of 1642. Detailed information about pass and communication villages in the township was also given.
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The work of Constantine Porphyrogenitus De administrando imperio (DAI) was first edited by Johannes Meursius in 1611.1 The title of the work cannot be considered quite appropriate, since it is not authorial, but given to it by its first editor, who based himself on its introduction.2 It is interesting that the learned humanists of the sixteenth century did not know this work, although two copies of DAI had been made between 1509 and 1529. The only exceptions in this respect were some Ragusan authors, who will be considered in the following discussion. But before we enter into an analysis of the use of the material from DAI by the Ragusan authors, we should say something about the fate of the known manuscripts of this work, for tracing their trajectories might give us some idea of how these writers came to the information contained in it.
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The realities of today has increased interest in the history of the formation of the state territory and borders. The article touches upon the problems of correlation of voluntariness and violence in the process of formation of the States of Eastern Europe. One such important stages of this process is the struggle between the Great principalities of Moscow and the Lithuanian at the end of the XV – beginning of XVI century the ancient Russian land.In the scientific literature highlighted some aspects of the problem, there are a number of works on relatives and related topics.The purpose of the article is to highlight the battle r. Vedrosh and set its consequences.Base of the research was the complex of archival and published documentary materials. Also used the results of studies of domestic and foreign scientists on questions of Russian-Lithuanian relations.At the mid-80-ies of the XV century, in fact, was completed the unification of Russian lands under the rule of the Grand Duke of Moscow. The agenda turned out tasks decisive struggle for the accession to the Moscow Kingdom ancient lands, captured during the fourteenth and the beginning of the XV century the Great Lithuanian Principality. From the second half of the 80-ies begins a long military and diplomatic struggle for the old heritage between Russia and Lithuania.At the end of the 90-ies of the XV century, the relations between Russia and Lithuania again worsened. During the winter 1499 essentially meant a transition to an open confrontation between Ivan III and Alexander І.Act of S. Belsky became the impetus for the movement for accession to the Russian state Chernihiv-Sivers'kyi princes. The diplomatic struggle and military training ended.Sources on different illuminate as a motive for action princes, and the reasons for the next Russian-Lithuanian war. The Russian Chronicles, to present the official version of the events, and the Polish-Lithuanian report preliminary agreement between Moscow and the princes-traitors.In the context of the research have the big interest directly to the military events. Therefore, the article details the battle between Moscow and the Lithuanian army r. Vedrosh, the main event of 1500, the attempt to clarify the location, r. Vedrosh, plans and actions of opponents in battle.The proposed explanation of the course of battle r. Vedrosh is largely hypothetical. This assumption gives the possibility to reconcile the contradictions of different sources.The number of military forces of both sides is uncertain. As evidenced by the Lithuanian Chronicles, Moscow troops consisted of 40 thousand cavalry, not counting 35 thousand. On other data, the enemythe infantry, and Lithuanian forces were approximately equal. In the structure of the Lithuanian army sources confirm the presence of field artillery.The main reason for the victory of the Moscow army had the advantage of strategic and tactical management. An important role was also played by the creation of the reserve regiment and timely its concentration on the direction of the main blow. Moscow shelves on the battlefield well maneuvered and interacted, which provided a fully embodiment of idea of command. On r. Vedrosh in 1500, the outcome of the battle decided to blow ambush regiment. In the course of the battle initiative maneuver held firmly in his hands, Moscow magistrates, and the attack regiment ambush was prepared planned actions of the troops. At a high level was a tactical leadership of Prince D. Shenia, who ably led troops and, using different tactics, surrounded the troops of the enemy. Exemplary maneuvering indicated high discipline and Moscow's troops art of magistrates. In Dorogobuj forests, on the banks of the r. Vedrosh and r. Trosna faced the main forces of the two armies, with each side fought tens of thousands of people. And it was here the first time in the history of the struggle with the Great Lithuanian Principality his troops suffered complete defeat.Defeat on r. Vedrosh has failed to Grand Duchy of Lithuania resist own forces of the Moscow aggression. Mos-cow state has managed in a short time capture the enormous territory of ancient Russian and Ukrainian lands belonging Vilno. The success of Moscow in the military 1500, was due not only to military victories, but also the position of princes. Transition to the side of Ivan III S. Starodubsky and V. Shemiachich gave the opportunity to the Moscow state without a struggle to seize territory Chernihiv-Sivers'kyi lands.Despite factor conquest, the Moscow authorities didn't was the occupier for the local population, deliberately avoided the ruin of the annexed territories and protected them, in particular, from the Great Horde of the Tatars.
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Ottoman documents that were to be sent to rulers or officials of other states often were accompanied by translations made by the Ottoman dragomans at the Porte. Some others were translated at the addressee’s court by interpreters engaged there. There also are some examples of translations of European documents into Ottoman Turkish. The authorship of many translations thus being known, individual habits and abilities can be associated to specific dragomans, whose names and biographies, education and careers have been established long ago. On the basis of several published pairs of originals and translations, the focus of the present article lies on the way the dragomans tackled the texts, the level of their fluency, the accuracy of their translations, and political implications of deliberate and/or accidental misinterpretations.
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The article offers a publication and interpretation of a fragment from the Report of 1870 by the Russian Adjutant General C.N. Possuet. The name of Constantine Nikolaevich Possuet finds a remarkable place in the history of the Russian seafaring. Born in 1819, he pursued the “naval career”. His books on artillery arming of the fleet enjoyed popularity. In 1859—1865 Possuet was Adjutant General of the Great Knyaz Alexei Alexandrovich. He later was appointed minister of communications to do much good for development of the Russian transportation. In 1870 heading a small squadron Possuet navigated from Petersburg to Arkhangelsk by rivers and lakes and returned having doubled the Scandinavian peninsula, the fact that he reflected in his Report (see Annex). A part of the Report is dedicated to his sailing with a squadron of ships to the Novaya Zemlya and along the Murmansk coast. This part of the record is particularly interesting for a history of sea fishery in the Russian North, and therefore it is published and interpreted by the authors of this article.
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The historical work of Miklós Oláh, the Hungarian humanist, was first published in Latin in Basel in 1568. In 1574 it was already translated into Polish by Cyprian Bazylik and published in Cracow. The only existing copy of this edition is a defective one with 4 pages missing at the beginning and 4 at the end of the book. Fortunately, in 1580 an Old-Belorussian manuscript translation was made which closely follows the Polish text. In our study we reconstruct the missing parts of Cyprian Bazylik’s Polish translation by using the original Latin and Old-Belorussian texts. The importance of this reconstruction for the reception of the work in Poland is that Cyprian Bazylik translated the ethnonym Hunni (Huns), used in the Latin original, with the Polish word Węgrowie (Hungarians) and in this way in the Polish text “Attila the King of the Huns” is transferred to “the King of the Hungarians”.
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Umowa między władzami Wielunia a arcybiskupem gnieźnieńskim zachowa¬ła się do naszych czasów w postaci oryginalnego dokumentu przechowywanego w Archiwum Archidiecezjalnym w Gnieźnie. Ponadto jego kopia znajduje się też w formie wpisu do księgi wieluńskiej radzieckiej przechowywanej w AGAD w Warszawie. Do tego właśnie zapisu dotarł Karol Wójcikiewicz, który w okre¬sie międzywojennym zbierał materiały archiwalne dotyczące historii Wielunia. Sporządzony przez niego własnoręczny odpis jest obecnie w zasobach Archi¬wum Państwowego w Poznaniu. Poznańska kopia znana była R. Rosinowi, któ¬ry wykorzystał zawarte tam informacje o cechach rzemieślniczych funkcjonują¬cych w XVI w. w Wieluniu.
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The tile stove, as a monument of interior architecture, has both a heating and a decorative purpose. Its volume can be inspired by military defensive architecture, by the architecture of ecclesiastic monuments or by secular architecture. The stove’s decorative aspect is represented by the design of the tiles (shape, iconographical repertoire, the enamel chromatics). Among the medieval tiles discovered on the Wallachian territory, the ones selected for this study are those that have an ornamentation that is representative of the architecture of the era: towers, citadel defensive walls, with merlons and battlements, church silhouettes topped by crosses, domes, arcades, stone walls with windows and recesses. The above mentioned decorative elements are found in disc tiles, convex tiles, fretted tiles, and panel tiles, pieces designed for the crown of the stove or the volumetric register corresponding to the heating chamber.
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Handwritten manuscripts of immortal works of the 16th century Turkish Divan poet Muhammad Fuzuli, who gave works on the Azerbaijani Turkic, were preserved in the archive memories of neighboring Georgia as well as in the collections of many writings of the world. In this respect, the funds of the Georgian National Center of Manuscripts, located in the capital Tbilisi, cannot attract attention. In this archive institution, around 30 manuscripts of Fuzuli's works have been identified. The aim of this article is to use the catalog screening process, Turkey scientists, Ottoman Divan literature experts, Fuzuli investigator of attention is simply to focus on these issues here, starting in this article Fuzuli Court: ibid in the archive, Divan (Collected Poems), Bengü Bade (Hashish and Wine), Hadikatü's Süeda (Garden of Pleasures), Haft Jam (Seven Goblets), Leili ve Mejnun (Layla and Majnun) describes the content and physical characteristics of the file units in which the individual poems are located.
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This article analyzes the image of Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) and Muscovites in the chronicles written by Livonian Germans during the Livonian War: Johannes Renner’s Livonian History, Balthasar Russow’s Chronicle, and Salomon Henning’s Chronicle of Courland and Livonia. Although these authors came from different backgrounds, supported different policies, and disagreed with each other in many ways, they all presented Ivan IV and Muscovites in extremely negative terms, focusing on the atrocities committed by the despot and tyrant Ivan IV and the barbaric Muscovites, consistent with the sixteenth-century Muscovite Discourse of German pamphlets identified by Cornelia Soldat, a stereotype copied directly from the fifteenth-century discourse about the Ottoman Turks. However, in addition each chronicler presents fewer and less graphic incidents in which Livonians committed atrocities and equally rare instances in which Ivan IV and Muscovites acted virtuously or honorably. Such positive portrayals of Ivan and Muscovites, were inconsistent with that Muscovite Discourse. This constitutes the first level of the Livonian chroniclers’ double standard in describing Ivan IV and Muscovites. The second level of the double standard of the chronicles consists in not letting episodes of “good” behavior by Ivan or Muscovites influence their identity as barbarians, and not letting episodes of “bad” behavior by Livonians or other peoples influence their identity as civilized. Warfare between Livonians and Muscovites was a contest between civilization and barbarism, between good and evil. Evidence of Livonian vice or Muscovite virtue by definition could not overturn the essentialist stereotypes, propagated without qualification in the anti-Muscovite pamphlets, underneath the chroniclers’ perception of Ivan and the Russians. This essentialist argument finessed behavioral ambiguities and permitted the chroniclers to present in their narratives examples of virtuous behavior by Ivan and the Muscovites without sacrificing their prejudices. The bias of the Livonian chroniclers was more complicated than has been appreciated, but its two levels permitted the chroniclers to include in their narratives a modest number of episodes which show Ivan and the Russians in a favorable light. Just as these episodes do not make the numerous atrocity stories from the chronicles deriving from the same anti-Muscovite discourse that informed the pamphlets any more credible, they do not transform the chroniclers from biased partisans into unbiased objective observers.
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In the XVIth Centuries, Alaiye called a district was the combination of townships Oba-bazarı, Alara, Çöngüre, Kise, Dim Deresi, Nağlu and Mahmudlar. This region which has been used a settlement region and called Korakesion since prehistoric periots, was called Kalonoros during the Byzantine Empire. In the end, named Alaiye following conquest of Alaiddin Keykubat the king of Selçuklu. There were three tahrir registers dated 1501, 1530 and 1555 consisting of Alaiye which is the discrict center of Ottomant Empire. With this study, the structure of population and settlement of the subject district analyzed. It has been tried to explain especially effect of population increase on the settlement throughout the century.
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Kinrande is the name given to the porcelain products that have been produced since the 16th century, first in China and later in Japan, which emerged as the result of emulation to gold brocade fabrics. These porcelains with golden decorations are located within the rich ceramic culture of the Far East geography. The most common feature of the 16th century Chinese production kinrand is the leafy decorations made of gold leaf plates (foil) on a ground of iron red color. Besides iron red, white, yellow, green or cobalt blue background colors can be seen in the samples. After the Chinese production kinrandes attracted great interest in Japan, the porcelain production in this style also started in these lands. There are some workshops in Japan that are still in production of kinrande products. With its distinctive color and decor features, kinrande porcelain products have not only stayed in the culture of Far East Ceramics, but they also have extended to Europe and Middle East through trade routes and became cultural heritage. In this study, it is aimed to increase the awareness of these porcelain products, which are produced in China and Japan and also has examples found in the world and in our country, by today’s researchers and artists by finding sources from the Far East culture. Kinrande, which has became as a traditional production technique of Japan after its arise in China, is today continuing its presence only in Japan. It has been observed that these products that have became a part of our cultural heritage and also take place in our museums are not evaluated as cultural data in artistic works. This study, based on this observation, aims to contribute to the field of art.
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This article addresses the examination of a sixteenth-century collection of manuscript and printed texts by the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, which is known by the name of its location: Rar. 51. The works in the collection deal with the combination method of Raymond Lull and present several crucial aspects of Bruno’s philosophy. Through an analysis of the textual and material characteristics of Rar. 51, such as the watermarks and the handwriting, it is possible to surmise that the philosopher was preparing a sort of manual for use in his teaching in Germany. The collection was probably compiled when Bruno was teaching at the University of Wittenberg, designed as an introduction to his philosophy for his students.
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Aim: The presented volume constitutes the monumentum of King Sigismund II August, hitherto unknown to the literature on the subject. It was discovered during works carried out under the grant project: “Inventory of the library of the cathedral library in Gniezno”. Research method: A formal analysis of the volume supplemented by a review of the literature of the subject matter. Conclusions: The book contains the work Germaniae exegeseos written by Franciszek Irenicus, which appeared in 1518 in Hagenau in the publishing house of Thomas Anshel, being issued by Johann Koberger. The book binding, bearing the monarch’s bookmarks, was created in 1560 in the second bookbindery in Vilnius. The volume is deprived of old signatures, notes and property marks that could indicate how it had become part of the collection of the Archdiocesan Archives in Gniezno.
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This paper seeks to point out the characteristics of the witch hysteria and the view of witches in the Basque Country, which played an essential role in the cessation of witch-hunts and of burnings at the stake in Spain in 1614. It analyses the contrast between the characteristics of the Basque witch-hunts and those in Transylvania. The paper compares the typical view of witches in Transylvania, especially Cluj-Napoca, from the point of view of the people’s beliefs and of the elite’s demonology, by highlighting the characteristics of the view of witches in the area, the main types of accusations, the motives of the reports and the procedures against witches. By pointing out these characteristics, we can see how the demonistic and vampiristic notion of the view of witches in the Basque Country contributed to the cessation of the witch-hunts, and the circumstances in which witch-hunts intensified in Transylvania at about the same time.
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