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Manuel Payno was a multifaceted character as the whole of his work. During his life, he worked as a civil servant, military officer, congressman, journalist, diplomat, teacher and writer. His most notable novel is The Bandits from Río Frío. A Naturalistic and Humorous Novel of Customs, Crimes and Horrors, which has been acclaimed by literary critics as the most renowned work of social customs in 19th century Mexican literature. The text portrays the daily life of the different sectors that made up Mexican society in the decades immediately following the country’s independence, when its separation from the Spanish monarchy was sealed. In the time span covered by the work, the insecurity on the roads, banditry, assault, robbery, kidnapping, smuggling, institutional corruption, and the disparity between the opulence of a minority and the misery of the majority emerge as distinctive features of the new country. The numerous calamities that afflicted the newly established nation are depicted throughout the extensive narrative, where blood and its multiple treatment are the primary focus of the present text. The bandits who operated in the area of Río Frío, an obligatory stop on the national road that connected Mexico and Puebla through the stagecoach system, stand out for their infamous bloodshed.
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January 24, 1859 remains a memorable date in the history of the Romanian people, when the two Romanian Principalities, Moldova and Wallachia, opted for the election of a single ruler - Alexandru Ioan Cuza. In Bucharest, Vasile Boerescu played a decisive role in supporting the vote for this ruler. This year marks 140 years since Boerescu’s death, a strong argument to highlight aspects of the political and diplomatic activity of the Man who found the solution for the Union of the Principalities in 1859 and to pay him a short tribute.
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This paper follows up the year 1871; a milestone of hardening anthropology as scientific approach. Tylor has published Primitive Culture; Morgan was signed under the title Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, Miklouho-Maclay landed on New Guinea in the same year. There is no strict connection between these crucial events. From the historical viewpoint is possible to see (1) rising of focus on diachronic perspective to understand society and culture; (2) a studying of kinship as the key how to understand the both – culture and society; (3) a necessity to perform field research in a particular society and culture.
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The study presents an analysis of traditional forms of clothing serving for women’s veiling in Central Asia in the period from the second half of the 19th century to the 20th century, focusing on its occurrence and importance in both everyday and ceremonial practices. The study addresses particular types of veiling, their common features, and differences related to the manner of wearing, as well as the materials and the decorative designs used. An important part of the study is a catalogue representing individual types of clothing from the above determined period from the museum collections of the Russian Museum of Ethnography in St. Petersburg and the National Museum – the Náprstek Museum in Prague.
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An exceptional phenomenon, the Noul - Neamț Monastery, supported and supported by both the Tsarist secular administration and the Holy Synod, right from its establishment in 1864, was one of the main centers for promoting the Romanian tradition. By transferring the name itself, some works and the way of life and traditions of the Neamț Lavra, in fact this place of worship came to maintain the Romanian spiritual element that was in opposition to the traditional Russian one.In this sense, a role of maximum importance was played by Archimandrite Andronic Popovici, a complex and plurivalent person, one of the founders and founders of the Noul-Neamț Monastery. Starting from his origins and his activity as an archimandrite in the New Neamț, even if he was a philosopher and supporter of the Russian autocrats, seen by him as saviors of Orthodoxy, this volens-nolens through his activity contributed essentially to maintaining the Romanian tradition in Bessarabia.We also believe that it is necessary to interpret the connections made during the tsarist period of the Noul Neamț Monastery both with the Neamț lavra and with a series of consecrated personalities of the Romanian spirituality and culture.Also, a series of other elements that were imported by this place of worship from the Romanian space will be investigated.
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In this study, a systematic analysis of the legislation adopted by the Romanian state regarding the status of monasticism is carried out, and the regulations adopted by the Romanian Orthodox Church regarding monasticism are also studied. Legislation and regulations are integrated into a broad historical perspective, which allows an understanding of what was wanted from monasticism, by the church and society, in a certain historical period. The reader has the perspective of the evolution of Romanian Orthodox monasticism and can better understand why, in certain contexts, reform projects were proposed.The study of monasticism in the XIX-XX centuries represents an important component of studying the relationship between religion and modernity in the Romanian space.
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The article presents the results of a historiographical study of the role of the Ukrainian church in the cultural area of the diaspora. The peculiarities of the foundation and functioning of Ukrainian churches of different confessions outside Ukraine, have been analyzed. The conditions of forming church centers of the Ukrainian diaspora and their functions have been considered. The Ukrainian church in the diaspora is seen as one of the ways of existential rootedness of immigrants on a new cultural and historical basis. The significant contribution of Ukrainian priests to the creation of a favorable socio-psychological climate in the Ukrainian diaspora, in particular, and to the cultural development of the countries of residence in general is emphasized. It is argued that the religious faith and the institution of the Ukrainian church are a way to preserve national identity and a means of existential rootedness of Ukrainian immigrants on a new cultural and historical basis.
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The Czartoryski family, originating from the Gediminas family, is mentioned many times in the history of Poland. It has been present in its history since the beginning of the Polish-Lithuanian union. Its importance grew systematically so that in the 18th and 19th century the Czartoryski family became one of the richest and most influential families in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Political connections and friendships gave the opportunity to influence the course of events, while strengthened the position of the family; the growing fortune and income that flowed from it supported these efforts. The characters selected are only examples from among all representatives of the family. They are a testimony that the Czartoryski family has always served, and continues to serve Poland faithfully, both in times of its splendor as well as its decline, supporting with their strength and abilities the efforts for its flourishing and rightful place in Europe.
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The article is based on three English-language press titles published in the early 1830s in GreatBritain by Polish emigrants and British supporters of the Polish case related to the political campof Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski. These are: “The Hull Polish Record,” “The Polish Exile,” and“Polonia or Monthly Reports of Polish Affairs”. The main aim of the article is to recreate the imageof the so-called “Ziemie Zabrane” (The Taken Lands) – i.e. the former Polish provinces incorporateddirectly into the Russian Empire after 1795. These were the lands of today’s Lithuania, part ofLatvia, all of Belarus and the right-bank of Ukraine. The authors of the several articles devoted tothis issue presented – in their writings – the history of these lands from the Middle Ages, their fateduring the partitions until the November Uprising, the course of which in Lithuania and Ukrainewas described in more detail. There were also reports of repressions that fell upon the inhabitantsof these lands after the defeat of the uprising. On the pages of the surveyed press one can also findreports on the state of the economy of these lands, trade and water routes; biographies of famouspeople born in these areas and many descriptions of their tourist and sightseeing values. In each ofthese cases, the authors of the texts tried to emphasize the ties between these lands and their inhabitantswith the rest of the Polish territory and convince the potential readers that they constitute itsintegral part, which should be included in it in the event of the reconstruction of the independentPolish state.
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The article is a contribution to the reflection on the place of the Eastern Borderlands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the political program of Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski and his followers after 1831. This program was expressed and implemented in various ways, and its addressees were both the Poles and the public opinion of Western Europe. Without trying to present the whole issue, three iconographic representations that contained elements of this program were analyzed here. What they had in common was that all of them were to honor the closest British ally of Prince Adam – Lord Dudley Coutts Stuart (1803–1854). In 1846 he received a decorative tapestry from Polish emigrants, in 1847 a golden watch, and after his death a medal made by J.F.A. Bovy was minted in his honor. The heraldic and cartographic motifs adorning theses items indicate that Prince Adam and his associates saw the future of the Eastern Borderlands in connection with the rebirth of Poland. These representations were a persuasive message addressed to Polish and foreign audiences, the purpose of which was to convince them of the importance of this issue in Czartoryski’s plan for the restitution of the Polish state.
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Jerzy K. Czartoryski was the first member of the Czartoryski family to devote himself to Galicia; he became involved in Galician politics and in the problems of this province of the Habsburg Monarchy. He stood out among the other Polish politicians in Galicia with his attitude to the Ruthenians; he stressed the importance of the Ruthenian question in Galicia, and even believed it to be a “matter of life or death” for the Poles living there. Czartoryski was in favour of Polish-Ruthenian co-operation, recognised the Ruthenians’ national identity, which not all Polish politicians regarded as an obvious thing, and declared his willingness to enter into an agreement with them. He also supported efforts to develop the Ruthenian school system and Ruthenian social and cultural institutions. While recognising and supporting Ruthenian postulates on education, he opposed the political postulates formulated by the Ruthenians at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century. His fear of the growing radicalism of the Ruthenian politicians brought him closer to the conservatives, the so-called Podolaks, and later to the National Democrats.
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Ime i lik Stjepana Verkovića i da nisu trajno vezani uz „Vedu Slavena“ – jednu od najpoznatijih svjetskih književnih krivotvorina – bili bi zanimljivi za istraživanje zbog svog avanturističkog životnog puta. S jedne strane „raspopica“ (kako ga naziva Jovan Hadživasiljević), „mešetar“ (Vatroslav Jagić), „odviše plitak i nesposoban“ (Franjo Rački), „pseudopatološki falsifikator“ (Ferdo Šišić), a s druge „čuveni naš starinar“, „spasitelj naših narodnih dragocjenosti“ (Narodne novine) i „siromašak pun dobre volje“ (František Zach), Verković je u određenim trenucima kotirao kao jedno, a u nekim drugim trenucima kao drugo. Sudeći po rukopisima koje je ostavio iza sebe, bio je i skriboman. Njegova pisma i dopisi nerijetko su prelazili i 50 rukom pisanih stranica i sačuvano ih je neizmjerno puno. Izbor tih pisama i dopisa što donosimo u ovoj knjizi samo je mali dio onoga što je nakon brojnih ratova i nedaća prispjelo do naših dana, a za ostatkom Verkovićeve arhive bi se tek trebalo upustiti u potragu po ustanovama u Bugarskoj, Srbiji, Makedoniji, Rusiji, Hrvatskoj te po franjevačkim samostanima Bosne i Hercegovine.
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G. arkeolog Verković javi nam 8 lipnja iz Seresa u Macedoniji, da je našao piesmu, spievanu tračkim piesnikom Orfejom (tako je naime telegrafična žica izkrivila viest g. Verkovića, koji bieše javio, da je našao piesmu o Orfeju), a uredničtvo biogradskoga „Vidov dana“ zamolilo je na temelju toga telegrama bèrzojavno g. Verkovića, da ga potanje obaviesti o srećnoj toj nalazbini. Sada piše „Vidov dan“ u posliednjem broju: „Mislimo, da ćemo prijatnu uslugu učiniti publici, ako u listu svome saobćimo pismo, koje smo dobili od čestitoga našega gosp. Verkovića iz Seresa o onoj novosti pronadjenih piesamah Orfejevih.“
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The present text is a small commentary on a classic case of cultural conflict that occurred in Wallachia in 1835 under the Organic Regulations regime. Starting from the discovery of some unknown documents in the archives of Romanați county, relating to the public proclamation of the non-existence of the plant iarba fiarelor (white swallowwort), which was made use of by treasure hunters at the time, we have tried to establish what was at stake in this conflict. Popular culture suddenly became a threat to the authorities of a modern state that was operating a real process of socio-cultural dressage in that period, a move that inevitably brought it into a precisely datable conflict with those who still remained faithful to a folklore culture. One of those happy cases in which history comes to the aid of ethnology.
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Review of: István Nagy-Luttenberger, A császári-királyi hadsereg magyarországi tábornokai, 1787-1815, Zrínyi Kiadó, Budapesta, 2020
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Frederick William von Herbert, a volunteer in the Ottoman army, published two volumes in which he recalled his participation in the war of 1877-1878. That one about Vidin includes precious testimonies about the situation of the city and of the Ottoman garrison in the first three months of the conflict, and also about the siege laid by the Romanian army in JanuaryFebruary 1878 (the author was not present during the siege). The book about Plevna provides several data from the point of view of the enemy about the actions of the Romanian army at Plevna and Rahova, and about its relations with the Russian army. The author appreciated the bravery of the Romanian soldiers and the fairness of the treatment of the prisoners taken at Plevna (including him), although Romania was from his point of view a vassal state which allowed to Russia to attack the Ottoman Empire. The two volumes are very well informed about the general history of the war and about its consequences for Romania.
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The concern for the army was a constant of the Romanian intellectual elites, who often sounded the alarm about the dire state of the army, but, in the end, it was the economic situation that determined the real force of the military. Under these circumstances, the fulfilling of Romania’s national ideal was possible only with the help of her alliances.
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The command of the 7th Infantry Division was established in the Roman garrison on March 16, 1883, in accordance with the provisions of Law no. 1677 of June 8, 1882 on the organization of army commands and the Law on Military Administration of January 31, 1883. The 7th Infantry Division participated in all the military campaigns carried out by the Romanian army starting with the Second Balkan War (1913), the War for Reunification of Romania (1916-1919) and the Second World War (1941-1945). A large elite unit of the Romanian army, also called the “Iron Division” in the Second World War, the 7th “Roman” Infantry Division was abusively disbanded by the Soviet army on November 30, 1944. Worth noting is the fact that numerous units and officers subordinate to the 7th Infantry Division, thanks to the acts of heroism proven on the battlefield, received the highest military war decoration, the Order of Michael the Brave. In its 140 years of existence, the following officers who worked in the structures of this great unit became Ministers of War: General Alexandru Anghelescu, Brigadier General Gheorghe Manu, Brigadier General Nicolae Dabija, Division General Ion Rășcanu, General of the army corps Nicolae Samsonovici, general of division Traian Moșoiu and general of division Mircescu Ludovic. In the same period of time, the following officers who worked in the structures of this large unit served as the heads of the Grand Headquarters: Major General Constantin Prezan, General Adjutant Ion Istrati, Major General Alexandru Lupescu and General brigade Dumitru Iliescu.
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Review of: Documente privind Istoria Românilor, Colecția Eudoxiu Hurmuzaki, volumul VII, Rapoarte consulare și diplomatice austro-ungare din România 1877-1881 (Berichte österreichish-ungarischer Konsuln und Diplomaten aus Rumänien 1877-1881), Romanian Academy Publishing House, Istros Publishing House, Bucharest-Brăila, 2022, 700 p.
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