We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The article was devoted to the system of supporting families of soldiers fighting on the front, which was set up in Szczecin – the main city of the Prussian Province of Pomerania. The system was based on the legislation introduced in the Reich at the end of the 19th century. The research aim is to look for the specific nature of the actions undertaken by the authorities of the city as against other cities which also launched such similarities. The first part of the article is devoted to the principles according to which the system of supporting families of soldiers was founded with particular emphasis on its significance for inhabitants of German towns. The second part of the article deals with the practical side of the system, in particular with the forms and organization of the assistance offered by the authorities of Szczecin. According to the regulations included in the legislation, the state guaranteed allowances to the wife, children and other family members maintained by a conscripted soldier, but certain conditions had to be fulfilled. Allowances were financed by the budgets of the communes and counties with a reservation that the sums assigned for this purpose would be returned to them from the central budget. In the first days of August the authorities of Szczecin started to pay out the allowances guaranteed by the regulation. They also decided to pay to families of soldiers optional city allowances, which, despite the fact of being provided for in the regulation, were not reimbursed by the state. Those allowances were complemented with additional forms of assistance financed by the special civil budget and the city military social care established at the end of August 1914. In terms of organization, the association referred to as the National Service of Women, set up in Szczecin upon the Berlin pattern in the first days of the war, played a major role. In practice, the legislators’ intention to introduce allowances financed by the state was not carried out. The financial aid was financed mainly from the communes’ budgets and they would not have supported soldiers’ families properly without the allowances financed by the city. Additionally, new regulations enforced from the beginning of 1916 converted the allowances into a form of social aid for families of soldiers from the lowest social strata.
More...
The article concerns Wojciech Kętrzyński (1838–1918), the long-term director of the Ossoliński National Institute in Lviv. He was above all an outstanding historian, a passionate researcher with great methodological background. For the contemporaries, he was undoubtedly a scientific authority, an expert in the Polish Middle Ages, Prussian lands, genealogy and diplomacy, and a publisher of historical sources. Less known are his other merits in the field of research, such as interest in the history of law. There is no doubt that they remained beyond his main scientific interests; nevertheless one may say that Kętrzyński was also a researcher in the history of law. It should also be noted that he received a good education in this respect during his studies in Königsberg, especially in the field of Roman law and German law. Mostly, his research concerned the history of law in the Prussian lands and the original socio-legal system of Polish lands. It should be emphasized, however, that in these disciplines Kętrzyński usually limited himself to searching for sources of law and the system, their analysis and explanation. He rarely made detailed analytical or wider synthetic conclusions. He kept up to date with the historical and legal literature; he also maintained intense contacts with the entourage of Polish and foreign (German-speaking) scholars dealing with the history of law. Kętrzyński’s findings were scarcely maintained, but they undoubtedly constituted a step forward in the development of historical and legal sciences. The source publications and possibly their translations remain valid, as do numerous extracts from archival sources, which are nowadays partly missing.
More...
Military operations during the First World War resulted in material damage to Evangelical parish buildings in East Prussia. 26 temples and 26 rectories were destroyed, along with numerous residential, school and farm buildings. During the war, they were being rebuilt. This process was preceded by preparations that were to serve the introduction of legal and organizational solutions related primarily to the adaptation of temporary places of liturgical celebrations, the collection of the capital necessary to carry out the construction or the development of architectural designs. The state treasury, the local Church and believers not only from East Prussia, but also from the whole country, contributed to the financing of this reconstruction. The Church associations and organizations, in particular the Gustav Adolf Union, also contributed to this venture.
More...
The article discusses the participation of the United States and personally President Th.W. Wilson in the shaping of the new order in Europe after World War I. By analyzing the source material and referring to the literature of the subject the author attempted to answer the question: Which elements of the then current American conception of international relations were implemented in the hammering out of the Versailles Order and which were rejected and why? Assuming that some of the conceptions survived, even those which were not realized at the time, the forms of their continuation are described. The author attempts to demonstrate that being active on the international arena and performing the role of a world leader, the US has repeatedly drawn on the idea of Wilsonism, often treating it as a justification of controversial actions motivated by America’s particular interest. On the other hand, much of President Wilson’s vision permanently entered international relations becoming a valuable legacy of his involvement with the peace conference.
More...
The First World War, the Russian Revolution, the Bolshevik coup and the subse-quent establishment of the Bolshevik regime, the German occupation and independent Latvia followed one another in quick succession within the territory of Latvia over the course of six years. The change of regimes significantly affected all spheres of life, including higher education. In late 19th century Riga had become an important centre for higher technical education in the Russian Empire. The conditions of war and German occupation brought significant changes in the work of Riga Polytechnical Institute, as it was evacuated to Russia. As the powers changed, the institute was not restored; however, its human resources and, to an extent, material base served as foundations for the creation of the Baltic Technical University (Baltische Technische Hochschule), the Bolshevik Higher School of Latvia (Latvijas Augstskola), the Technical Higher School in Riga (Technische Hochschule in Riga) and the Higher School of Latvia (Latvijas Augst-skola; later University, Latvijas Universitāte). Over a short period of time, four political regimes sought to establish higher education institutions appropriate to their system of political values and governance. This article will compare circumstances and goals, as well as provide an over-view of how the respective regimes initiated and implemented the activities of the universities in these extraordinary circumstances (war and revolution).
More...
Review of: Nikica Barić - GIAN LUIGI GAID, DOPO CAPORETTO - GLI UFFICIALI P NELLA GRANDE GUERRA: PROPAGANDA, ASSISTENZA, VIGILANZA, Libreria Editrice Goriziana, Gorizia, 2000., 202 str.
More...
The aim of the article is to present the origins of the Polish Committee in Stockholm during the First World War. The author verifies all the findings that researchers in this field have made so far. Józefa Ledóchowska, an Ursuline nun, stated that the Polish Committee in Stockholm was established on the initiative of Aleksander Lednicki, President of the Council of Polish Organisation Congresses for War Victims and the Polish Committee in Moscow. Andrzej Nils Uggla presented a different view on the origins of the Stockholm Committee. He argued that the organization was established on the initiative of Polish emigration in Sweden, which originated from the descendants of emigrants who came to this country after the January Uprising, supported by national democrats. The above-mentioned researchers did not present the sources on which they based their findings. Based on primary sources stored in Swedish and Polish archives, as well as Swedish and Polish press, the author of the article confronted both aforementioned claims. A detailed analysis of the above-mentioned primary sources allowed to determine that the initiative to establish the Polish Committee in the Swedish capital was taken during the mission of Józef Evert, Vice-President of the Polish Committee in Moscow, who went to Stockholm. The mission took place at the end of November and beginning of December 1915. In Stockholm, Evert met the representatives of the ‘old emigration’, as well as the ‘new emigration’ caused by the First World War. The talks resulted in an offer made by Evert to allocate a certain amount of money from the funds of aid organizations operating in Russia to a charity to be established in Sweden. The goal of this new organisation was to help the Poles living in Sweden regardless of their citizenship.
More...Rekonesans badawczy
The article raises the issue of the structure of employment in Toruń (Thorn) at the turn of the twentieth century. The address books used for the analysis came from 1884 and 1908. The occupations were classified under major HISCO groups. It is an international method which enables making comparisons with the results obtained by other researchers. The aim of the text, which is to constitute a basis for more in-depth sociotopographic studies, is to present the structure of employment of heads of households in Toruń in 1884 and 1908, and to analyse the changes taking place therein. The analysis does not refer only to the changes occurring between the major HISCO groups, but also within them, as well as among people who were not employed. The above-mentioned issues provide the context for presenting the dynamic economic, social and spatial development of the city from the mid-nineteenth century until the outbreak of the First World War. They also allowed to demonstrate the expansion of the workers’ district of the city, the creation of a new district for municipal and military officials and the development of the suburbs. The important factors that influenced the development of the city included the creation of new industrial plants, the expansion of fortifications and the inclusion of Toruń in the railroad network. All this influenced the changes in the structure of employment of heads of households between 1884 and 1908. Some of the most significant changes included: a significant increase in employment among women and suburban residents; the formation of a new social group – the factory workers; and an increase in the number of people employed as domestic workers and in the service sector.
More...
In the paper the author outlines from the aspect of the history of institutions the structure and the activity of the Danube-Sava Vicinal Railway Stock Company during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Like the majority of other vicinal railways, the company had its headquarters in Budapest. The stock company’s tasks were performed by: the stockholders’ general assembly, headquarters and the inspecting committee. The company’s railway lines were: Vukovar-Ilača and Šid-Rača-Sava. These private railway lines were exploited i.e. administrated by the state. During the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy the company’s railway lines came under the jurisdiction of the Traffic Administration of the Royal Hungarian State Railways in Pecs. The railway’s purpose was to connect Sava with Danube through fertile Syrmia, as well as to make accessible the famous oak woods of the Petrovaradin Proprietary District Council, which were situated between Morović and Rača. Apart from that the railway line had the direction to cross by Rača into Bosnia and through the rich Bosnian Posavina through Bjeljina and Janja by Glavčica to connect the upper Drina and the main roads that intersect from southern Serbia. More precisely, the plan was to establish a trade-traffic railway link that would connect the entire Podrinje, particularly the rich Serbian Mačva and the fertile Bosnian plain, entering in Rača into the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia and further to world markets (Budapest, Vienna, etc.). The construction of railway opened the possibility for rational exploitation of the vast layers of pebbles lying around Rača. Due to the stock company’s capital of 8.252,00 crowns and being solvent we can conclude that the stock company represented a minor, but successful private vicinal railway.
More...
The article analyzes the “April Fool’s Day” edition of Belgrader Nachrichten, an Austro-Hungarian-controlled newspaper published in Belgrade, Serbia during World War I. Functionally satirical, this edition of the newspaper contains fictional accounts of absurd future events. This paper highlights selections from the issue’s fictionalized news reports and deconstructs their satirical content.
More...
The study highlights three types of underestimated issues in regards to the Bulgarian reception of foreign historiography on modern Bulgaria: first – the attitude of the Bulgarian historical science towards what has been written about Bulgarian history from the 19th to the 20th century abroad; second – the reasons for the limitations of the foreign research view on Bulgarian history; third – the benefit of knowing foreign studies of national history. Some signs of the negative attitude twards foreign publications are analyzed. Examples of foreign contributions to the war history from the second decade of the 20th century, in which Bulgaria participates, are shown. The text is ispired by an article by Bernard Lory, published in the same issue of the journal.
More...
The Hungarian philosopher, Georg Lukács, recognized the crisis-consciousness of his generation at the turn of the 20th century and began to search for solutions in the art. However, his theory about art proved to be illusory, being unable to reshape society. After many philosophical attempts to realize his theory in praxis, in 1918 Lukács turned to Marxism and later became one of the most influential Marxist thinkers of his time. In 1919, when the Hungarian Soviet Republic fell, Lukács, like many other intellectuals, had to flee abroad. In emigration, he started to summarize the experiences of the fallen revolution and referred to Lenin’s ideas in his early Marxist works, in ‘History and Class Consciousness’ (1923) and ‘Lenin: A Study on the Unity of his Thought’ (1924). This paper aims to follow Lukács’ path, how he became a Marxist from an Essayist, and what solutions he found for the social crises of his era.
More...
Under the Treaty of Bucharest, Romania experienced significant territorial losses and the country’s natural resources were practically surrendered to Germany and Austria-Hungary in the long run. Militarily, the treaty imposed not only the demobilization of the Romanian army, which was understandable given that Romania was no longer a belligerent country, but also a substantial reduction in the stocks of weapons, ammunition, horses and equipment, something that significantly decreased the combat capacity of the Romanian army, despite the fact that the First World War was still in full swing. In addition, the treaty called for the demobilization of the army to take place as soon as possible, hindering Romania’s plans for an eventual reentry into war.
More...
Slavko Burzanović, MONTENEGRO IN ITALIAN FOREIGN POLICY 1861–1923, Montenegrin Academy of Science and Arts, Podgorica, 2019, p. 589
More...
The article raises the issue of populism in Lesya Ukrainka’s literary-critical heritage and the formation of neo-romanticism as a new ideological and aesthetic phenomenon. The specific focus is on Lesya Ukrainka’s articles, in which the modernist populist opposition is vividly presented. The basic principles of populism, which are examined by the writer on the basis of Ukrainian, Polish and German literatures, are analyzed. The term “populism” is understood as a set of ideological, aesthetic and stylistic features of the XIX century literature which to a great extent influenced realism and positivism. According to Lesya Ukrainka, both realism and positivism felt a considerable impact of populist school. Lesya Ukrainka used the term “populism” quite actively, implying a whole set of ideological, aesthetic and stylistic flaws in the XIX century literature alongside its thematic limitations. She was also interested in Herder’s idea of the Slavs’ honorable mission of implementing humanity in history, which had not been realized by the Romans and Germans.
More...
General (Field marshal) Radomir Putnik was one of the most prominent military leaders that Serbia had in its whole history. Together with the king Milan Obrenović, Putnik was the main creator of the professional Serbian military organization. Although this two personalities staid on opposite sides regarding the views on Serbian internal and foreign policies, first Serbian king after Kosovo prized Putnik as a great military mind and theorist. Within the Serbian military history Putnik will be remembered as a war commandant, professor of tactics and general staff service, strategist and creator of Serbian war plans against Ottomans, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. For whole his work was of a great value his commanding experience from the wars Serbia fought against Turky in 1876-1878 and Bulgaria 1885/86 in which he acted as a brigade commander and chief of staff of infantry division. During the 1880’s and 1890’s Putnik was a professor on Serbian war collage and deputy chief of Main General staff. Because of political reasons he was retired in 1896. Reactivated after Coup d'état from 1903 on he was the main figure of Serbian military. In that period he managed to create and fully implement new military doctrine based on German mission type tactics, adopted to the Serbian specifics. His contribution to modernization of Serbian army in the period between 1903 and 1912 was also tremendous. In that period, thanks to his work, Serbia managed to create an army in strength of 10 infantry and one cavalry division obtaining 12% of its all population. Thanks to Putnik’s understanding this army was also very well equipped with modern rapid - fire artillery and guns, airplains, signal equipment and motor cars. Putnik was creator of Serbian mobilization, concentration and operational plans, and one of the most responsible persons for battle success Serbia gained during the wars fought from 1912 to 1918.
More...
The author highlights various discrepancies in literature concerning numerical data from the recent past. There are a number of examples which demonstrate their long-lasting and complex character. This complexity often stems from an emotional connection with previous interpretations, as in the case of the number of Serbian casualties in World War I. A thorough analysis of previous interpretations reveals significant differences and discrepancies. This paper discusses the diverging interpretations, as well as certain newly discovered sources, indicating that the total number of Serbian casualties in World War I needs to be reconsidered.
More...