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The works of a well-known poet and dramatist Stanisław Wyspiański (1867–1907) were performed in Vilnius theatres some years after the theatrical events in his native Krakow. The first drama written by this author, the shortened version of The Wedding (Wesele) was staged (on the 19th and 22nd of April, 1906) in Vilnius by the ensemble of Józef Puchniewski. During the summer season, on the 22nd of July 1906, the troupe from Kalisz, conducted by Stanisław Knake-Zawadzki, staged two pieces (a full version, without cuts) of the play Wesele. After a break, the most famous of Wyspianski’s plays was staged by the group conducted by Nuna (Antonina) Młodziejowska, the director of Polish Theatre in Vilnius. (the premiere was held on the 10th of November, 1907). They were staging this play until the end of their cultural activity in Vilnius (the 13th of March, 1910). In December 1907, the message about Wyspiański’s death was delivered to Vilnius. The Młodziejowska ensemble prepared a prapremiere of The Judges (Sędziowie), another play by Wyspiański. This drama was in repertoire of the Polish Theatre in Vilnius during the two years of their activity, until the 18th of February, 1910. Other Wyspiański’s plays, except for the Wesele and Sędziowie, were performed on the stages of Vilnius a few years later. In February, 1911, the ensemble of Bronisław Oranows¬ki staged the play Bolesław Śmiały. The other group, managed by Józef Popławski and Julian Strycharski, again staged the play Wesele in the circus pavilion at Lukiski Square (15th of November, 1911), a year later – the play Warszawianka was put on stage by Ferdynand Ruszczyc (premiere 23rd of October, 1912). The same play, Warszawianka, was staged again on the 30th of November, 1913 in a newly rebuilt theatre in the Pohulanka in commemoration of the 6th anniversary of Wyspiański death. Wyspiański’s works were in the repertoire of the theatre in Pohulanka from the Au¬tumn of 1919 (excerpts from Zygmunt August and Legion), and, from January, 1921, the previously mentioned plays (Warszawianka, Sędziowie) were also staged in the Lutnia Theatre, conducted by Franciszek Rychłowski.
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In this study, the term of urbanization is understood in a broad sense, not only as the concentration of the population in cities or urban planning, but as a process closely linked to modernization and broad social changes during the transition period from agrarian (rural) to industrial (urban) society, which were changing everyday life, social relations and identity forms. The aim of this work – to investigate the processes of internal migration from countryside to the cities and social and cultural consequences of urbanization related to it. The article analyzes the demographic indicators of urban change and municipal policy in the face of growing urbanization. We intended to discover what were the signs of the modern city in general and whether these metropolitan cultural changes were felt in Lithuania.
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This article aims to expand on our knowledge of interpreting and interpreters in the early years of the Republic of Estonia’s creation of symbolic capital (1918–1940). The authors’ point of departure is the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s definition of symbolic capital. She has researched the evolution in interpreting in Estonia during three phases (1918–1940, 1944–1991 and 1991 to the present day) and, although the article is limited to diplomatic interpreting and the growth of the newly independent Republic of Estonia’s symbolic capital via interpreting in diplomatic intercourse, it represents a new approach in the descriptive history of interpretation in Estonia. During that period, diplomatic interpreting supported the Republic of Estonia’s aspirations to be recognised and accepted as an independent state in world politics. The years 1918–1940 were studied by analysing 36 memoirs, newspaper articles covering interpreting from the Estonian Literary Museum’s collection, diplomatic correspondence as well as the minutes of the Tartu Peace negotiations with Russia in 1919–1920, which are preserved in the State Archive of Estonia.
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Review of: Jarosław Rubacha, Renata Rozbicka, Bułgarska epopeja (1915-1918). Armia bułgarska na frontach I wojny światowej w świetle publikacji dziennika „Czas”, t. 1: Kampanie serbska i rumuńska, ss. 184, il. 45, mapy 8; t. 2: Front salonicki, ss. 168, il. 45, mapy 6, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego, Olsztyn 2017-2018
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The article describes the activities of Jewish women teaching religion in Galician public schools. The first women performed this profession in the 1870s, in the 1890s they were listed for the first time in the schematisms (the official lists of civil servants), in the next decade the first woman received a permanent teaching position, and in 1913 they were for the first time directly addressed in the job announcement for teachers of religion. Therefore, their position became more established toward the end of the autonomous period, although they still constituted an absolute minority in this professional group. The emergence of female teachers of religion raised protests among the male members of this professional group. They voiced three main arguments against granting women teaching positions: their alleged insufficient qualifications, the tradition of Judaism, and what they understood to be the “social justice” (according to which men deserved permanent teaching contracts more than women). The article discusses the chronology of granting women the positions of teachers of religion, describes the public debate on the subject, and addresses the issue of women’s professional qualifications. It is based on both printed and archival sources and on historical press.
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During the 1905 Revolution in the Grodno Guberniya, the Bund was the most popular and best organized political party. The Bund, a party composed of Jewish proletariat, small craftsmen and intellectuals, and seeking to overthrow tsarism, not only influenced the consolidation of Jews, but also tried to organize the non-Jewish proletariat, peasants and the army. An analysis of the Bund’s political practice in the Guberniya of Grodno conducted on the basis of archival materials from Grodno and Vilnius, supplemented with memories of participants in events, makes it possible for us to speak of an extremely wide array of both oral and written agitation and propaganda actions undertaken by revolutionaries. In the Grodno region, according to the ideology of social democracy, Bundists established trade unions, participated in electoral campaigns to the State Duma, constantly raising awareness and radicalizing the ‘Jewish street’. Similarly to other regions, in Grodno Guberniya Bund created a new public sphere through a network of party ‘clubs’ (canteens, teahouses) and workers’ ‘exchanges’. During the revolution, the Bund competed, on the one hand, with other political parties (Polish Socialist Party, Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland Lithuania, Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, Poale-Zion, Socialist Revolutionaries, anarchists), while on the other hand, it was oft en forced to cooperate with them, depending on local conditions. Among the Bund’s usual practices there were not only joint demonstrations and strikes, but also help to political prisoners and participation in self-defence units. At the same time, the party was exposed to constant reprisals on the part of the authorities, to which it responded with revolutionary terror. Despite the recommendations of the party’s leadership, local activists often resorted to economic terror and expropriation. This radicalism resulted from the party’s revolutionary culture, its contacts with maximalists and anarchists popular in the guberniya, and the fact that the significant majority of the party was made up of young people.
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Following the treaty concluded on 9 February 1918 in Brest-Litovsk, the German and Austro-Hungarian Armies entered Ukraine as its allies in the war against Bolsheviks. Relations between the Quadruple Alliance states and the Ukrainian People’s Republic, however, were not harmonious. For this reason, the Germans supported a coup by Pavlo Skoropadsky. As the coup’s result, the Ukrainian People’s Republic was replaced by the Ukrainian State. It was headed by Skoropadsky himself, who took on the title of hetman. According to a popular in Ukraine opinion, the Hetmanate period was the time of stabilisation and order. Some researchers indicate the fact that under Skoropadsky, the Ukrainian judicial system was developed, as well as the education system, culture, and even that of the armed forces. For this purpose, they compare the Ukrainian State with the Ukrainian People’s Republic led by the Central Council at the turn of 1918, and by the Directorate during an exceptionally bloody period between December 1918 and November 1920. Indeed, presented against such a background, Hetman Skoropadsky’s rule seems to be an oasis of peace, development, and order. Detailed archival research, however, tarnishes this idealised image. The image based on archival materials kept in the Ukrainian institutions reveals the Ukrainian State trying to fight against lawlessness, but with no success. The presence of Central State armies was not always favourable to bringing order on the Dnieper, especially that there were many Ukrainians hostile towards German and Austro-Hungarian troops. The search query makes it also possible to notice discrepancies and information disorder in documents prepared by different departments of the Ukrainian State government, including the Ministry of Justice.
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Alexandr Smalianchuk, a renowned and respected Belarusian historian, wrote a book important not only for the Belarusian historiography but also for the Polish one. In a captivating and unordinary way, it presents the fi gure of an interesting and original man who, in his love for his Country, combined both the Polishness and Belarusness as two integral elements of his personality. We have been given the book that presents the life and activity of this politician and social activist most fully. It seems that its author is too modest in writing in his conclusions that “I am not sure that I have come to discover the secret of Raman Skirmunt’s life.” In my opinion, Smalianchuk wrote a brilliant book that keeps the reader’s attention to the end. A precise, scientific vocabulary does not affect the reader’s desire to find out what is on the next page of the biography. It is not easy to combine a scholarly description with an intriguing narrative.
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The assassination of Franz Ferdinand on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo justifiably continues to attract the attention of historians as one of the key events in the history of the modern world. This review essay examines several recent scholarly contributions published in a collection of essays devoted to the theme. It highlights the ongoing controversies and contradictory interpretations surrounding the subject.
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That the Community of Union and Progressive included the Ottoman officers, who had gotten to know the committee organization by following the gangs in the Balkans, was taken the opposition to a different dimension for Sultan Abdulhamid. These officers, who called the rules of Abdulmamid II "despotism", thought that opposition did not work, and it should revolt the state with military units in order to be able to have the constitutional administration redeclared. In 1908, thus, some officers went up the mountain. The Sultan had assigned Şemsi Pasha, who was his most trusted soldier against this rebellion, to take the situation under control and provide security. However, the assassination of Şemsi Pasha by a Unionist officer in Manastır destroyed one of the sultan's greatest pillars. As a result of the fact that the control in Rumelia could not be fully achieved, together with the events that followed, constitutionalism was declared again on July 24, 1908. The subject of this study is the role and fate of Şemsi Pasha in the 1908 Revolution and the evaluation of the effects of this outcome on the revolution process.
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During the First World War, institutions like hospitals, convalescence and healing houses were established by the Red Crescent Society to help the wounded and sick soldiers. One of the institutions founded for this purpose was the Zincidere Hilal-i Ahmer Convalescence/Healing House, established in Zincidere, Kayseri, which is close to the Caucasian Front. This institution, first set up in Erzurum, was transferred to Erzincan, Kemah and Kayseri, respectively, due to the withdrawal during the war. Zincidere Hilal-i Ahmer Convalescence/Healing House, one of the largest sanitary institutions in the region with its 2,000-bed capacity, has served not only the soldiers, but also the refugees and orphans who had to leave their homeland during the war and the people of the region, not only in the sanitary field, but also in the humanitarian field. The aim of this study is to discuss the activities of Zincidere Convalescence/Healing House behind the front by means of the documents from especially the Red Crescent Archive, the Ottoman Archive, reports and related literature.
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From 1909 to 1919, historian Ioan Lupaș wasthe parish priest of the great church of Săliște and archpriest of the Săliște Orthodox Deanery. In this capacity, he carried out prodigious pastoral, social, educational and cultural work, the fruits of which became apparent in both the short and the longterm. Among the projects initiated by Ioan Lupaș that live on to this day is Cartea de aur a ctitorilor și binefăcătorilor Sf. Biserici Române Gr. Or. din Săliște (The Golden Book of Founders and Benefactors of the Holy Greek-Orthodox Romanian Church of Săliște), which began on January 1st, 1911. The Golden Bookis preserved in the Săliște Parish Museum of Săliște town as an object of inestimable historical, memorial and sentimental value, one that gives testimony as to the centuries-old history of Săliște and represents a fundamental source of information regarding the town’s history during the 20th century. Religiously guarded and carefully filled in by those who succeeded Ioan Lupaș at the head of the parish, the Golden Book of the great church of Săliște tells the story of unique events that occurred in the life of the community, of Romanian and international figures of cultural, political, national, academic, military and ecclesiastical life who paid memorable visits to the heart of Mărginimea Sibiului in the 20th and early 21st century. The present work is the first one to discuss the odyssey of the Golden Book of Săliște, presenting its contents and mentioning the names of the main personalities who signed its pages during the century that unfurled between 1919 and 2019. An annex to the study provides a rendition of theso far unpublished introduction written by priest and historian Ioan Lupaș in 1918.
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The present paper aims to review the measures taken by the authorities of the Hungarian state in an attempt to provide the daily bread during the troubled years 1914–1918; some of the state orders were also communicated in the traditional way, through the Church. Among those communicated by the clergy from the pulpit were orders concerning the agricultural process, the harvesting of agricultural products, the production and consumption of bread, but also the need to involve believers and students in the work of fields and gardens. The involvement of the civilian authorities was all the more grounded, as during the war one of the main problems faced by all the belligerent states was ensuring the provision of food for the army and the civilian population. Rational agriculture was supported by the Budapest government, and the measures taken aimed at implementing a centralized agricultural policy, through the distribution of quality seeds, the provision of labor (soldiers, prisoners, townspeople or villagers who did not have their own agricultural land), timely harvesting and supervised takeover of crops, as well as supplying of those who did not have their own agricultural products.
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The fact that the vast majority of apt men were mobilised on the front led to a growing disorganisation in the industrial, agrarian and military areas, which in turn caused an acute lack of labour force in these sectors. A number of issues concerning the women who remained at home and the occupations that they learned during the belligerent years in order to support themselves and the rest of the family were revealed from the analysis of the period’s press. The growing interest demonstrated during this period for the establishment and re-establishment of girls’ schools is worthy of note, particularly as these schools were meant to provide a future for young Romanian girls. The importance of educating these girls beginning with primary classes represented a constant preoccupation of women’s reunions ever since they were founded and they continued to pursue this goal during these troublesome times. Alongside women’s reunions, the church played a central role in educating and shaping the character of little girls, the future Romanian mothers. This presentation is based on the analysis of three contemporary periodicals, namely Transilvania (Transylvania), Biserica și Școala (Church and School) and Unirea (The Union), all of them abounding in information about the establishment of schools, boarding houses and even orphanages.
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The ASTRA Association had an important contribution to the development of cultural and artistic life in Transylvania by inaugurating the Museum of the Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and the Culture of the Romanian People, in August 1905, in Sibiu. The opening of the National House – which housed the Association Museum, offices and library – on the occasion of the Sibiu Celebrations, in August 1905, was an unprecedented cultural event, which brought together thousands of participants from all lands inhabited by Romanians. On the same occasion, the inauguration of the first Romanian theater scene in Transylvania took place, as a result of the collaboration between the ASTRA Association and the Society for the Romanian National Theater Fund. The National House hosted a space dedicated to cultural and artistic events held in order to cultivate and awaken the national consciousness among the Romanian people in Transylvania. Our study brings unique documents from the Sibiu County Branch of the National Archives regarding the establishment of the National House and the correspondence between the ASTRA Association and the Society for the Romanian National Theater Fund, which shows the steps taken by the two cultural societies to establish the first Romanian theater stage in Transylvania and their concern for supporting the cultural and artistic activity of the Romanian population in Transylvania. The inauguration of the National House and the first Romanian stage in Transylvania supported the shaping of a Romanian theatrical movement in Sibiu and in Transylvania and determined the inclusion of the theater among the cultural propaganda of the Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and the Culture of the Romanian People. After 1905, the divisions of the Association showed a real concern for the organization of cultural-theatrical events and for the promotion of this art amongt he Romanian population in the province.
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The purpose of the article is based on the documents, the main trends in the policy of Hetman P. Skoropadsky and his government towards national minorities have been analyzed. Methodology. In terms of preparing the research, methods of analysis, comparison, analogy, generalization, structuring were used. As well as methods of Document Science, Archival Science. The scientific novelty is due to the fact that for the first time analysis was made on the basis of a documentary array of the main policy trends in relation to national minorities of the Hetmanate; the reasons for the repeal of the Law on National-Personal Autonomy and the abolition of national ministries in Russian, Jewish and Polish affairs were clarified. In all the studied documents (Missive Letter to All Ukrainian People, Law on Elections of Provincial and County Zemstvo Councillors, Order on Internal Relations in the Ukrainian Army), the emphasis was made on the loyalty of citizens to the Ukrainian State, not on their ethnic origin, and on the tolerant attitude of the state towards both the national and religious feelings of citizens. Admission to higher educational establishments was also democratic in the Ukrainian state. Based not on ethnic but on territorial-state principles, the Hetmanate did not see the point in the existence of national ministries established by the Ukrainian Central Rada, but there was its general understanding of the national minorities’ needs and, thus, it often responded to their requests. Considerable attention has been paid to the coverage of cultural and educational activities of national minorities. Conclusions. Having analyzed the national policy of the Hetmanateon on the basis of the documents, we found out that despite some uncertainty it was moderate and did not lead to interethnic conflicts. By repealing the Law on National Personal Autonomy and National Ministries in Great Russian, Jewish, and Polish Affairs, Hetman P. Skoropadsky, and his government were guided by the territorial-state principle, according to which all citizens of the state were equal, regardless of their nationality and religion. Meanwhile, there was some sufficient support, including financial one, for the national and cultural revival of national minorities.
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The public figures who proclaimed Lithuanian independence at the end of the First World War treated their move as a restoration of the state, thereby presenting modern Lithuania as a continuation of the Medieval grand duchy. Previous research has already discussed an important prerequisite to further strengthen that continuity: in the interwar period, historians contributed significantly to the understanding that the grand duchy continued to exist after the Union of Lublin, as part of the Commonwealth of the Two Nations. However, less is known about how the period between the third partition of the Commonwealth and the proclamation of the modern Lithuanian state was approached. This article analyses how history textbooks published before 1940 represented the milestones of national oppression and revival during that period. Based on an analysis of several dozen history textbooks, the article aims to show how their authors contributed to the homogenisation of attitudes towards the period 1795 to 1918 in Lithuanian history, and addresses the question of how those who had ‘lived through the history’ tried to present it to the younger generation.
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Lithuania was included in the scope of international humanitarian organizations in the early post-war period. Although the mission of the American Aid Administration, the American Red Cross and Lady Murielė Paget helped to alleviate Lithuania’s difficult social situation, humanitarian aid to Lithuania was provided without much enthusiasm. This was due to funding problems and political factors, as well as competition between international humanitarian organizations, and not always peaceful relations between the Lithuanian government and humanitarian organizations. Only Lady Paget’s mission has had closer ties with local authorities and long-term results.
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The translation of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel Without Dogma into Finnish, entitled Anielka (1913), generated considerable interest in the Finnish press, evidenced by as many as twelve reviews of the work. The article analyses these reviews, describes them in terms of a paradigm and presents their functioning on the book market. Taking into account cultural distance between Poles and Finns, the reviews are approached as a testimony to intercultural communication, which was enabled thanks to community – the paradigm of European culture and its common motifs, such as the mal du siècle or l’improductivite slave, the latter highlighted by Sienkiewicz and particularly interesting for Finnish reviewers. Cultural distance turns out to be a factor that reveals new aspects of interpretation of Without Dogma and, more broadly, the specificity of Finnish thinking about Poland.
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